Hydrocarbon

Mae Purfa Olew yn allweddol i estyn hydrocarbonnau. Mae Olew crai yn cael ei brosesu trwy nifer o gyfnodau i ffurfio mathau gwahanol o hydrocarbonnau sy'n cael eu defnyddio mewn tanwyddau a nifer o gynhyrchion masnachol arall.

Cyfansoddyn yw hydrocarbon sy'n cynnwys yr elfennau cemegol carbon a hydrogen yn unig. Mae cemeg organig wedi ei seilio ar y cyfansoddion hyn a'r cyfansoddion sy'n deillio ohonynt. Mae miloedd ohonynt yn bodoli, ond gellir eu dosbarthu i nifer fach o deuluoedd cemegol: alcanau, alcenau, alcynau a chyfansoddion aromatig. Mae nwy naturiol ac olew crai yn gymysgeddau cymhleth o hydrocarbonau.

Adeiledd hydrocarbonau

Mae gan carbon y gallu i ffurfio bondiau cemegol i'w hun i ffurfio cadwyn neu gylch o atomau carbon. Gall yr elfen hon ffurfio cyfansoddion tebyg yn cynnwys unrhyw nifer o atomau o garbon gyda hydrogen yn cwblhau plisgyn falens bob atom carbon trwy ffurfio bondiau cofalent iddo. Mae nifer o deuluoedd o gyfansoddion yn cael eu creu, yn dibynnu ar natur y bondio cofalent rhwng yr atomau carbon.

Teulu o hydrocarbonau dirlawn, sef hydrocarbonau sydd yn cynnwys bondiau cofalent sengl yn unig yw'r alcanau. Fformiwla cyffredinol y rhain yw CnH2n+2.

Teulu o hydrocarbonau annirlawn, sef hydrocarbonau sydd yn cynnwys bondiau cofalent dwbl yw alcenau. Mae pob alcen yn cynnwys un bond dwbl rhwng pâr o atomau carbon, felly nid oes alcen yn bodoli gydag un carbon yn unig. Mae pob bond arall yn bond cofalent sengl. Fformiwla cyffredinol y rhain yw CnH2n.

Teulu o hydrocarbonau annirlawn yw'r rhain hefyd. Maent yn cynnwys bond triphlyg rhwng pâr o atomau carbon, felly nid oes alcyn yn bodoli gydag un carbon yn unig. Yr alcyn lleiaf yw ethyn, a gelwir yn aml yn acetylen, a llosgir y moleciwl hwn wrth weldio. Mae pob bond arall yn bond cofalent sengl. Fformiwla cyffredinol y rhain yw CnH2n-2.

Hydrocarbonau sy'n cynnwys systemau wedi eu seilio ar y cylch bensen a systemau aml-gylch tebyg yw cyfansoddion aromatig. Sefydlir cymylau o ddwysedd electronau dadleoledig ynddynt sydd yn creu systemau sefydlog gyda phriodweddau tra wahanol i'r hydrocarbonau eraill.

Ffynonellau hydrocarbonau

Tanwyddau ffosil yw'r ffynonellau ar gyfer bron bob hydrocarbon rydym yn ei ddefnyddio. Mae'r hydrocarbonau i'w ddarganfod mewn nwy naturiol neu olew crai, yn dibynnu ar eu berwbwyntiau. Mae nwy naturiol yn bennaf yn gymysgedd o hydrocarbonau gyda phedwar atom carbon neu lai, ac mae gan yr hydrocarbonau mewn olew crai pum atom carbon neu fwy. Gwahanir yr hydrocarbonau o'i gilydd ar sail eu berwbwyntiau gwahanol trwy ddefnyddio distylliad ffracsiynol. Ffurfiwyd yr hydrocarbonau allan o ddefnydd biolegol dros filiynau o flynyddoedd. Carbon a hydrogen, ynghyd ag ocsigen, yw'r elfennau sy'n ffurfio'r mwyafrif o foleciwlau biolegol. Wrth i'r deunydd biolegol bydru'n anaerobig gall yr ocsigen gael ei ddileu o'r moleciwlau i ffurfio hydrocarbonau gwahanol.

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