Tetrachloronikelnatany

Tetraedrický tetrachloronikelnatanový ion

Tetrachloronikelnatany jsou komplexní sloučeniny, soli aniontu [NiCl4]2−. Tyto soli mohou obsahovat řadu různých kationtů, nejčastější je tetraethylamonný.[1]

Vzorek (Et4N)2NiCl4

Smícháním koncentrovaných roztoků chloridu lithného a nikelnatého ve vodě vzniká pouze pentaaquachlorokomplex, [Ni(H2O)5Cl]+; v organických rozpouštědlech nebo při smíchání roztavených solí se ale může vytvořit tetrachloronikelnatan. Nikl lze z vodných nebo methanolových roztoků oddělit vytřepáním do cyklohexanového roztoku aminu.[2]

Organické amonné soli typu (R3NH)2[NiCl4] (R = Me, Et, Pr) jsou často termochromické. Za pokojové teploty mají žlutou barvu, ale při zahřátí na přibližně 70 °C se zbarví do modra. Výrazná modrá barva je pro tetraedrické sloučeniny [NiCl4]2− charakteristická a jedná se o důsledek Laportova pravidla. Žlutou barvu vytváří polymer obsahující oktaedrická Ni centra. Tetraedrickou strukturu i termochromické vlastnosti mají také tetrabromnikelanatany, z jedné formy do druhé ovšem přecházejí za nižších teplot.[3]

Modré zbarvení způsobené tetrachloronikelnatanovým iontem bylo poprvé pozorováno v roce 1944 po smíchání tavenin chloridu cesného a cesno-nikelnatého.[4]

Příklady sloučenin

Vzorec Název Struktura Poznámky reference
Cs2NiCl4 tetrachloronikelnatan cesný modrý, stabilní pouze nad 70 °C [4]
[(CH3)4N]2NiCl4 Tetrachloronikelnatan tetramethylamonný tmavě modrý [5]
[(C2H5)4N]2NiCl4 Tetrachloronikelnatan tetraethylamonný [6][4]
[H2NN(CH3)3]2NiCl4 Tetrachloronikelnatan 1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinia nad 145 °C modrý, za nižších teplot žlutý [7]
[(C6H5)4As]2NiCl4 Tetrachloronikelnatan bis-tetrafenylarsonia modrý, taje při 199,5 °C [5]
[(C6H5)3CH3As]2NiCl4 Tetrachlornikelatan bis-trifenylmethylarsonia modrý [4]
[C2mim]2NiCl4 Tetrachloronikelnatan 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolia tetragonální I41/a a=14,112 c=19,436 V=3871,1 Z=8; hustota 1,47 g/cm3, molární hmotnost 422,84 g/mol taje při 92 °C [8][9]
[C4mim]2NiCl4 Tetrachloronikelnatan 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolia tmavě modrý, taje za teploty 56 °C [8]
[C5mim]2NiCl4 Tetrachloronikelnatan 1-pentyl-3-methylimidazolia tmavě modrá kapalina [8]
[C6mim]2NiCl4 tetrachloronikelnatan 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolia tmavě modrá kapalina [8]
[C7mim]2NiCl4 Tetrachloronikelnatan 1-heptyl-3-methylimidazolia tmavě modrá kapalina [8]
[C8mim]2NiCl4 Tetrachloronikelnatan 1-oktyl-3-methylimidazolia tmavě modrá kapalina [8]
[NH3CH2CH2NH3]NiCl4 Tetrachloronikelnatan ethylendiamonia vytváří vrstvy podobné perovskitu, prostorová grupa P21/c a=8,441, b=6,995, c=6,943, β=92,925 Z=2 hnědý, izostrukturní s odpovídajícími sloučeninami Mn, Cu, Pd a Cd [10]

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Tetrachloronickelate na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Naida S. Gill; F. B. Taylor. Tetrahalo Complexes of Dipositive Metals in the First Transition Series. Inorganic Syntheses. 1967, s. 136–142. ISBN 978-0-470-13240-1. DOI 10.1002/9780470132401.ch37. 
  2. T. M. Florence; Yvonne J. Farrar. Liquid-liquid extraction of nickel with long-chain amines from aqueous and nonaqueous halide media. Analytical Chemistry. 1968, s. 1200–1206. DOI 10.1021/ac60264a010. 
  3. John R. Ferraro; Anne T. Sheren. Some new thermochromic complexes of Nickel(II) of the type [R/sub x/NH/sub 4-x/]2NiCl4. Inorganic Chemistry. 1978-02-03, s. 2498–2502. DOI 10.1021/ic50187a032. 
  4. a b c d Naida S. Gill; R. S. Nyholm. 802. Complex halides of the transition metals. Part I. Tetrahedral nickel complexes. Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed). 1959, s. 3997. DOI 10.1039/JR9590003997. 
  5. a b F. A. Cotton; O. D. Faut; D. M. L. Goodgame. Preparation, Spectra and Electronic Structures of Tetrahedral Nickel(II) Complexes Containing Triphenylphosphine and Halide Ions as Ligands. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1961, s. 344–351. DOI 10.1021/ja01463a021. 
  6. Guy W. Inman; William E. Hatfield; Edwin R. Jones. The magnetic properties of tetraethylammonium tetrachloronickelate(II) and tetraethylammonium tetrabromonickelate(II). Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1971, s. 721–723. DOI 10.1016/0020-1650(71)80078-8. 
  7. V. L. Goedken; L. M. Vallarino; J. V. Quagliano. Cationic ligands. Coordination of the 1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinium cation to nickel(II). Inorganic Chemistry. 1971, s. 2682–2685. DOI 10.1021/ic50106a011. 
  8. a b c d e f M. Brett Meredith; C. Heather McMillen; Jonathan T. Goodman; Timothy P. Hanusa. Ambient temperature imidazolium-based ionic liquids with tetrachloronickelate(II) anions. Polyhedron. 2009, s. 2355–2358. DOI 10.1016/j.poly.2009.04.037. 
  9. Peter B. Hitchcock; Kenneth R. Seddon; Thomas Welton. Hydrogen-bond acceptor abilities of tetrachlorometalate(II) complexes in ionic liquids. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions. 1993, s. 2639. DOI 10.1039/DT9930002639. 
  10. Steen Skaarup; Rolf Willestofte Berg. Structural properties and vibrational spectra of the ethylene-diammonium family of perovskite layer-type crystals: [NH3CH2CH2NH3] [MCl4], M = Ni, Pd, Cu, Cd, Mn. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 1978, s. 59–67. DOI 10.1016/0022-4596(78)90133-0. Bibcode 1978JSSCh..26...59S. 

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