Seznam velkoplošných teplotních rekonstrukcí dvou posledních tisíciletí

Tento seznam velkoplošných teplotních rekonstrukcí dvou posledních tisíciletí zahrnuje ty rekonstrukční studie klimatu, které přispěly výrazně k moderní shodě o průběhu teplot za posledních 2000 let.

Instrumentální měření teplot pokrývá v globálním měřítku pouze posledních 150 let. Rekonstrukce teplot ze starších období pochází z klimatických proxy dat. Koncept výzkumu historických klimatických dat z vaver v jezerních usazeninách a z letokruhů vznikl ve 30. letech 20. století.[1] První, kdo přišel s myšlenou zkoumat teploty v minulosti byl Hubert Lamb, jeden z prvních paleoklimatologů, který publikoval výzkum na základě údajů z botaniky, z výzkumu historických dokumentů a meteorologických dat. Podle jeho výzkumů bylo období 1000-1200 teplé a bylo následováno studeným obdobím v letech 1500-1700. Teplé středověké období bylo označeno Středověká teplá perioda, studené období Malá doba ledová[2] Následující kvantitativní rekonstrukce používaly statistické techniky uplatněné na různá proxy data a vytvořily tak velkoplošné rekonstrukce teplot.

Kvantitativní rekonstrukce ukázaly konsistentní závěr, že teploty v minulých 2000 letech byly nižší, než teploty dosažené na konci 20. století. Toto poznání vyjádřila studie MBH99[3] v tzv. hokejkovém grafu. Závěry této práce později potvrdilo více, než 20 dalších studií, používajících různé kombinace proxy dat a statistických metod.[4]

Jednotlivé rekonstrukce

První rekonstrukce

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  • JACOBY, Gordon C., D'Arrigo, Rosanne. Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America. Climatic Change. 1989-02-01, roč. 14, čís. 1, s. 39–59. DOI 10.1007/BF00140174. 
  • BRADLEY, Raymond S.; JONES, Philip D. 'Little Ice Age' summer temperature variations; their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends. The Holocene. December 1993, s. 367–376. Dostupné online. 
  • HUGHES, Malcolm K., Diaz, Henry F. Was there a ?medieval warm period?, and if so, where and when?. Climatic Change. 1994-03-01, roč. 26, čís. 2–3, s. 109–142. DOI 10.1007/BF01092410. 
  • MANN, Michael E., Park, Jeffrey; Bradley, R. S. Global interdecadal and century-scale climate oscillations during the past five centuries. Nature. 1995-11-16, roč. 378, čís. 6554, s. 266–270. DOI 10.1038/378266a0. 
  • OVERPECK, J. Arctic Environmental Change of the Last Four Centuries. Science. 1997-11-14, roč. 278, čís. 5341, s. 1251–1256. DOI 10.1126/science.278.5341.1251. 
  • FISHER, D. A. High resolution reconstructed Northern Hemisphere temperatures for the last few centuries: using regional average tree ring, ice core and historical annual time series. Paper U32C-7 in Supplement to EOS. Transactions. 1997. 

Citované ve Třetí hodnotící zprávě IPCC a ve zprávě NRC

  • MANN, Michael E., Bradley, Raymond S.; Hughes, Malcolm K. Nature. 1998-04-23, roč. 392, čís. 6678, s. 779–787. DOI 10.1038/33859. 
  • JONES, P.D., Briffa, K.R.; Barnett, T.P.; Tett, S.F.B. High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures. The Holocene. 1998-07-01, roč. 8, čís. 4, s. 455–471. DOI 10.1191/095968398667194956. 
  • POLLACK, H. N. Climate Change Record in Subsurface Temperatures: A Global Perspective. Science. 1998-10-09, roč. 282, čís. 5387, s. 279–281. DOI 10.1126/science.282.5387.279. 
  • MANN, Michael E., Bradley, Raymond S.; Hughes, Malcolm K. Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters. 1999-03-15, roč. 26, čís. 6, s. 759–762. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1029/1999GL900070. 
  • BRIFFA, Keith R. Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2000-01-01, roč. 19, čís. 1–5, s. 87–105. DOI 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00056-6. 
  • CROWLEY, Thomas J., Lowery, Thomas S. How Warm Was the Medieval Warm Period?. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. 2000-02-01, roč. 29, čís. 1, s. 51–54. DOI 10.1579/0044-7447-29.1.51. 
  • POLLACK, Henry N., Huang, Shaopeng; Shen, Po-Yu. Nature. 2000-02-17, roč. 403, čís. 6771, s. 756–758. DOI 10.1038/35001556. 

Citované ve Čtvrté hodnotící zprávě IPCC

  • JONES, P.D., Briffa, K.R.; Barnett, T.P.; Tett, S.F.B. High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures. The Holocene. 1998-07-01, roč. 8, čís. 4, s. 455–471. DOI 10.1191/095968398667194956. 
  • MANN, Michael E., Bradley, Raymond S.; Hughes, Malcolm K. Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters. 1999-03-15, roč. 26, čís. 6, s. 759–762. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1029/1999GL900070. 
  • BRIFFA, Keith R. Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2000-01-01, roč. 19, čís. 1–5, s. 87–105. DOI 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00056-6. 
  • CROWLEY, Thomas J., Lowery, Thomas S. How Warm Was the Medieval Warm Period?. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. 2000-02-01, roč. 29, čís. 1, s. 51–54. DOI 10.1579/0044-7447-29.1.51. 
  • BRIFFA, Keith R., Osborn, Timothy J.; Schweingruber, Fritz H.; Harris, Ian C.; Jones, Philip D.; Shiyatov, Stepan G.; Vaganov, Eugene A. Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree ring density network. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2001-02-01, roč. 106, čís. D3, s. 2929. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1029/2000JD900617. 
  • ESPER, J. Low-Frequency Signals in Long Tree-Ring Chronologies for Reconstructing Past Temperature Variability. Science. 2002-03-22, roč. 295, čís. 5563, s. 2250–2253. DOI 10.1126/science.1066208. 
  • POLLACK, Henry N. Borehole climate reconstructions: Spatial structure and hemispheric averages. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2004-01-01, roč. 109, čís. D11. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1029/2003JD004163. 
  • MOBERG, Anders, Sonechkin, Dmitry M.; Holmgren, Karin; Datsenko, Nina M.; Karlén, Wibjörn. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature. 2005-02-10, roč. 433, čís. 7026, s. 613–617. DOI 10.1038/nature03265. 
  • OERLEMANS, J. Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records. Science. 2005-04-29, roč. 308, čís. 5722, s. 675–677. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1126/science.1107046. 
  • RUTHERFORD, S., Mann, M. E.; Osborn, T. J.; Briffa, K. R.; Jones, P D.; Bradley, R. S.; Hughes, M. K. Proxy-Based Northern Hemisphere Surface Temperature Reconstructions: Sensitivity to Method, Predictor Network, Target Season, and Target Domain. Journal of Climate. 2005-07-01, roč. 18, čís. 13, s. 2308–2329. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1175/JCLI3351.1. 
  • D'ARRIGO, Rosanne, Wilson, Rob; Jacoby, Gordon. On the long-term context for late twentieth century warming. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2006-01-01, roč. 111, čís. D3. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1029/2005JD006352. 
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  • HEGERL, Gabriele C., Crowley, Thomas J.; Hyde, William T.; Frame, David J. Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries. Nature. 2006-04-20, roč. 440, čís. 7087, s. 1029–1032. DOI 10.1038/nature04679. 

Citované v Páté hodnotící zprávě IPCC

  • BRIFFA, Keith R., Osborn, Timothy J.; Schweingruber, Fritz H.; Harris, Ian C.; Jones, Philip D.; Shiyatov, Stepan G.; Vaganov, Eugene A. Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree ring density network. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2001-02-01, roč. 106, čís. D3, s. 2929. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1029/2000JD900617. 
  • CHRISTIANSEN, Bo, Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier. Reconstruction of the Extratropical NH Mean Temperature over the Last Millennium with a Method that Preserves Low-Frequency Variability. Journal of Climate. 2011-12-01, roč. 24, čís. 23, s. 6013–6034. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1175/2011JCLI4145.1.  (odpověď na komentáře A. Moberga)
  • D'ARRIGO, Rosanne, Wilson, Rob; Jacoby, Gordon. On the long-term context for late twentieth century warming. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2006-01-01, roč. 111, čís. D3. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1029/2005JD006352. 
  • FRANK, David, Esper, Jan; Cook, Edward R. Adjustment for proxy number and coherence in a large-scale temperature reconstruction. Geophysical Research Letters. 2007-08-28, roč. 34, čís. 16. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1029/2007GL030571. 
  • HEGERL, Gabriele C., Crowley, Thomas J.; Hyde, William T.; Frame, David J. Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries. Nature. 2006-04-20, roč. 440, čís. 7087, s. 1029–1032. DOI 10.1038/nature04679. 
  • JUCKES, M. N., Allen, M. R.; Briffa, K. R.; Esper, J.; Hegerl, G. C.; Moberg, A.; Osborn, T. J.; Weber, S. L. Millennial temperature reconstruction intercomparison and evaluation. Climate of the Past. 2007-10-05, roč. 3, čís. 4, s. 591–609. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.5194/cp-3-591-2007. 
  • LECLERCQ, Paul Willem, Oerlemans, Johannes. Global and hemispheric temperature reconstruction from glacier length fluctuations. Climate Dynamics. 2011-07-29, roč. 38, čís. 5–6, s. 1065–1079. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1007/s00382-011-1145-7. 
  • LJUNGQVIST, FREDRIK CHARPENTIER. A NEW RECONSTRUCTION OF TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY IN THE EXTRA-TROPICAL NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DURING THE LAST TWO MILLENNIA. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. 2010-09-06, roč. 92, čís. 3, s. 339–351. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00399.x. 
  • LOEHLE, Craig, McCulloch, J. Huston. Correction to: A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-Tree Ring Proxies. Energy & Environment. 2008-01-01, roč. 19, čís. 1, s. 93–100. DOI 10.1260/095830508783563109. 
  • MANN, Michael E. Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia. Geophysical Research Letters. 2003-01-01, roč. 30, čís. 15. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1029/2003GL017814. 
  • MANN, Michael E., Zhihua Zhang, Scott Rutherford, Raymond S. Bradley, Malcolm K. Hughes, Drew Shindell, Caspar Ammann, Greg Faluvegi, Fenbiao Ni. Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science. 2009, s. 1256–1260. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. 
  • MOBERG, Anders, Dmitry M. Sonechkin, Karin Holmgren, Nina M. Datsenko, Wibjörn Karlén. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low-and high-resolution proxy data. Nature. 2005, s. 613–617. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. 
  • POLLACK, Henry N. Borehole climate reconstructions: Spatial structure and hemispheric averages. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2004-01-01, roč. 109, čís. D11. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1029/2003JD004163. 
  • SHI, Feng, Bao Yang, Aurélien Mairesse, Lucien von Gunten, Jianping Li, Achim Bräuning, Fengmei Yang, Xia Xiao. Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction during the last millennium using multiple annual proxies. Clim Res. 2013, s. 231–244. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. 

Ostatní rekonstrukce

  • SMITH, Claire L., Baker, Andy; Fairchild, Ian J.; Frisia, Silvia; Borsato, Andrea. Reconstructing hemispheric-scale climates from multiple stalagmite records. International Journal of Climatology. 2006-08-01, roč. 26, čís. 10, s. 1417–1424. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1002/joc.1329. , Figure 1
  • HUANG, S. P., Pollack, H. N.; Shen, P.-Y. A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record. Geophysical Research Letters. 2008-07-04, roč. 35, čís. 13. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2012-02-27. DOI 10.1029/2008GL034187.  Archivováno 27. 2. 2012 na Wayback Machine.
  • LEE, Terry C. K., Zwiers, Francis W.; Tsao, Min. Evaluation of proxy-based millennial reconstruction methods. Climate Dynamics. 2007-12-20, roč. 31, čís. 2–3, s. 263–281. DOI 10.1007/s00382-007-0351-9. 
  • KAUFMAN, D. S., Schneider, D. P.; McKay, N. P.; Ammann, C. M.; Bradley, R. S.; Briffa, K. R.; Miller, G. H.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L.; Overpeck, J. T.; Vinther, B. M.; Abbott, M.; Axford, Y.; Bird, B.; Birks, H. J. B.; Bjune, A. E.; Briner, J.; Cook, T.; Chipman, M.; Francus, P.; Gajewski, K.; Geirsdottir, A.; Hu, F. S.; Kutchko, B.; Lamoureux, S.; Loso, M.; MacDonald, G.; Peros, M.; Porinchu, D.; Schiff, C.; Seppa, H.; Thomas, E. Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling. Science. 2009-09-03, roč. 325, čís. 5945, s. 1236–1239. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1126/science.1173983. 
  • TINGLEY, Martin P., Huybers, Peter. A Bayesian Algorithm for Reconstructing Climate Anomalies in Space and Time. Part I: Development and Applications to Paleoclimate Reconstruction Problems. Journal of Climate. 2010-05-01, roč. 23, čís. 10, s. 2759–2781. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1175/2009JCLI3015.1. 
  • LJUNGQVIST, F. C., Krusic, P. J.; Brattström, G.; Sundqvist, H. S. Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries. Climate of the Past. 2012-02-03, roč. 8, čís. 1, s. 227–249. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.5194/cp-8-227-2012. 
  • CHRISTIANSEN, B., Ljungqvist, F. C. The extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere temperature in the last two millennia: reconstructions of low-frequency variability. Climate of the Past. 2012-04-18, roč. 8, čís. 2, s. 765–786. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.5194/cp-8-765-2012. Bibcode 2012CliPa...8..765C. 
  • MARCOTT, S. A., Shakun, J. D.; Clark, P. U.; Mix, A. C. A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years. Science. 2013-03-07, roč. 339, čís. 6124, s. 1198–1201. DOI 10.1126/science.1228026. 
  • AHMED, Moinuddin, et al. Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience. 2013-04-21, roč. 6, čís. 5, s. 339–346. DOI 10.1038/ngeo1797. 

Další literatura

1990

1996

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1998

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1999

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2000

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2001

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2004

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2006

  • MOBERG, Anders, Sonechkin, Dmitry M.; Holmgren, Karin; Datsenko, Nina M.; Karlén, Wibjörn; Lauritzen, Stein-Erik. Corrigendum: Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature. 2006-02-23, roč. 439, čís. 7079, s. 1014–1014. Dostupné online [cit. 2014-02-09]. DOI 10.1038/nature04575. 
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2007

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2009

  • BELLO, David. Global Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling. Scientific American [webpage]. 2009-09-04. Dostupné online [cit. 2011-05-19]. 
  • APPELL, David. Novel Analysis Confirms Climate "Hockey Stick" Graph. Scientific American [webpage]. 28 October 2009. Dostupné online [cit. 27 May 2011]. 
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2010

  • TINGLEY, Martin P., Huybers, Peter. A Bayesian Algorithm for Reconstructing Climate Anomalies in Space and Time. Part II: Comparison with the Regularized Expectation–Maximization Algorithm. Journal of Climate. 2010-05-01, roč. 23, čís. 10, s. 2782–2800. DOI 10.1175/2009JCLI3016.1. 
  • FRANK, David, Esper, Jan; Zorita, Eduardo; Wilson, Rob. A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high-resolution paleoclimatology. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2010-07-01, roč. 1, čís. 4, s. 507–516. DOI 10.1002/wcc.53. 
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2011

2013

  • LEMONICK, Michael D. Climate to Warm Beyond Levels Seen for 11,300 Years [online]. Climate Central, 7 March 2013 [cit. 2013-03-10]. Dostupné online. 
  • GILLIS, Justin. Global Temperatures Highest in 4,000 Years, Study Says - NYTimes.com [online]. New York Times, 7 March 2013 [cit. 2013-03-10]. Dostupné online. 

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. WEART, Spencer R. The Discovery of Global Warming. [s.l.]: [s.n.], February 2013. Dostupné online. Kapitola Changing Sun, Changing Climate. 
  2. LAMB, H.H. The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 1965-01-01, roč. 1, s. 13–37. DOI 10.1016/0031-0182(65)90004-0. 
  3. MANN, Michael E., Bradley, Raymond S.; Hughes, Malcolm K. Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters. 1999-03-15, roč. 26, čís. 6, s. 759–762. DOI 10.1029/1999GL900070. 
  4. FRANK, David, Esper, Jan; Zorita, Eduardo; Wilson, Rob. A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high-resolution paleoclimatology. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2010-07-01, roč. 1, čís. 4, s. 507–516. DOI 10.1002/wcc.53. 

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Pontiac Grand Am Datos generalesFabricante GMPeríodo 1973-2005.ConfiguraciónCarrocerías Coupe 5 puertasOtros modelosPredecesor Pontiac PhoenixSucesor Pontiac G6[editar datos en Wikidata] El Pontiac Grand Am es un auto de tamaño medio y más tarde, un auto compacto que fue producido por Pontiac. El Grand Am se produjo 3 años y se ejecutó en los años 70: desde 1973 hasta 1975 y nuevamente desde 1978 hasta 1980. La producción de la Grand Am fue cancelada en 1980, cuando fue sus...

2011 Jamaican filmOut the GateRelease PosterDirected byR. Steven Johnson and QmillionWritten byQmillionEverton DennisProduced byKeith LewisEverton DennisSusanne Lovejoy Philippo FrancinniR. Steven JohnsonCynthia EnriquezStarringPaul CampbellOliver Samuels Shelli Boone Everton DennisCinematographyLivingston SiwellEdited byNorem FuriaMusic byQmillionProductioncompanyFar I FilmsDistributed byFar I Films (Theatrical)Release dates 19 October 2011 (2011-10-19) (Jamaica) 13 M...

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع جراند ثفت أوتو (توضيح). جراند ثفت أوتوGrand Theft Auto (بالإنجليزية: Grand Theft Auto)‏، و(باليابانية: グランド・セフト・オート)‏  المطور روكستار نورث، روكستار لينكولن الناشر روكستار جيمز الموزع تيك-تو إنترأكتيف،  وستيم،  ونينتندو  الرخصة برمجيات مجانية  ...

 

HMS «Монтроз» (D01) HMS Montrose (D01) Лідер ескадрених міноносців «Монтроз». 1932 Служба Тип/клас лідер ескадрених міноносців типу «Адміралті» Держава прапора  Велика Британія Належність  Військово-морські сили Великої Британії На честь перший корабель флоту на ім'я «Монтроз»&...

Красный номер Numero rosso (ит.) Premio della Combattività (ит.) Страна  Италия Награда за агрессивность гонщика Учредитель Джиро д’Италия Основание 2001 Последний обладатель Маттео Трентин Наиболее титулован Массимо Страццер Стефано Гарцелли Марк Кавендиш по 2 раза Приз самому агресси...

 

2018 soundtrack album by Devi Sri PrasadRangasthalamSoundtrack album by Devi Sri PrasadReleased15 March 2018Recorded2017–2018GenreFeature film soundtrackLength27:24LanguageTeluguLabelLahari MusicT-SeriesProducerDevi Sri PrasadDevi Sri Prasad chronology Middle Class Abbayi(2017) Rangasthalam(2018) Bharat Ane Nenu(2018) Rangasthalam is the soundtrack of the 2018 Indian Telugu-language film of the same name directed by Sukumar. Composed by Devi Sri Prasad, the soundtrack contains 6 son...

 

Title character from Disney's 1959 animated film Sleeping Beauty Fictional character AuroraSleeping Beauty characterAurora as she appears in Sleeping Beauty (1959), wearing the blue version of her color-changing ballgown.First appearanceSleeping Beauty (1959)Created by Marc Davis Hal Ambro Les Clark Iwao Takamoto Walt Disney Based onBriar Roseby Charles PerraultVoiced by Mary Costa (1959 film) Erin Torpey (speaking voice; Disney Princess Enchanted Tales) Cassidy Ladden (singing voice; Disney ...

1994 shooting massacre in Hebron Cave of the Patriarchs massacrePart of Israeli settler violenceThe compound in 2009Hebronclass=notpageimage| Location of Hebron within the West BankShow map of the West BankHebronclass=notpageimage| Location of Hebron within the de jure State of PalestineShow map of State of PalestineLocationHebron, West BankCoordinates31°32′00″N 35°05′42″E / 31.53333°N 35.09500°E / 31.53333; 35.09500DateFebruary 25, 1994; 29 ye...

 

Tribe of trees Tecomeae Tabebuia aurea Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Bignoniaceae Tribe: Tecomeae Genera See text Tecomeae is a tribe with 44 genera of trees, shrubs, and vines in the family Bignoniaceae.[1] Genera Argylia Astianthus Campsidium Campsis Catalpa Catophractes Chilopsis Cybistax Delostoma Deplanchea Digomphia Dinklageodoxa Dolichandrone Ekmanianthe Fernandoa Godman...

 

County in Minnesota, United States County in MinnesotaPennington CountyCountyOld Carnegie Library, downtown Thief River Falls, Minnesota.Location within the U.S. state of MinnesotaMinnesota's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 48°04′N 96°02′W / 48.07°N 96.04°W / 48.07; -96.04Country United StatesState MinnesotaFoundedNovember 23, 1910Named forEdmund PenningtonSeatThief River FallsLargest cityThief River FallsArea • Total618 sq ...

American baseball player (1928–2019) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Baseball player Joe PreskoPitcherBorn: (1928-10-07)October 7, 1928Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.Died: February 5, 2019(2019-02-05) (aged 90)Kansas City, Missouri, U.S...

 

1973 film by Ron O'Neal Super Fly T.N.T.Film poster by John SolieDirected byRon O'NealScreenplay byAlex HaleyStory byRon O'NealSig ShoreProduced bySig ShoreStarringRon O'NealRoscoe Lee BrowneSheila FrazierRobert GuillaumeJacques SernasWilliam BergerCinematographyRobert GaffneyJames SignorelliEdited byBob BradyMusic byOsibisaProductioncompanySuperfly Ltd.[1]Distributed byParamount Pictures[1]Release date June 15, 1973 (1973-06-15) [1]Running time87 minute...

 

2007 British filmSugarhousePromotional movie posterDirected byGary LoveWritten byDominic LeytonProduced byRachel Connors Arvind DavidArvind Ethan DavidBen DixonMatthew JusticeOliver MilburnMichael RileyStarringAndy SerkisAshley WaltersSteven MackintoshAdam Deacon[1]CinematographyDaniel BronksEdited byChris GillMusic byMichael PriceDistributed bySlingshot StudiosRelease date 24 August 2007 (2007-08-24) Running time90 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishBudget£250...

The following is a list of football stadiums that are in regular use for official matches in Armenia. The minimum capacity is 1,000. # Image Stadium Capacity City Province Home team(s) Opened Turf Seats 1 Hrazdan Stadium 54,208 Yerevan n/a none 1970 natural all-seater 2 Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium 14,403 Yerevan n/a Armenia, Ararat Yerevan, Pyunik 1935 natural all-seater 3 Mika Stadium 7,000 Yerevan n/a Lokomotiv Yerevan 2008 natural 4 Alashkert Stadium 6,850 Yerevan n/a Alashkert, Ala...

 

Ландшафтний парк «Косівський» (втрачений) був оголошений рішенням Івано-Франківського Облвиконкому №451 від 15.07.1996 року на землях Косівського району. Характеристика Площа – 50000 га. Створення природоохоронної території з категорією ландшафтний парк є невідповідністю чи...

 

1934 film Among the MissingDirected byAlbert S. RogellWritten byHerbert Asbury Fred Niblo Jr. Florence WagnerProduced bySid RogellStarringRichard Cromwell Henrietta Crosman Billie SewardCinematographyJoseph H. AugustEdited byJohn RawlinsProductioncompanyColumbia PicturesDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease dateSeptember 25, 1934Running time62 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Among the Missing is a 1934 American drama film directed by Albert S. Rogell and starring Richard Cromwell,...

American politician Pete LopezRegion 2 Regional Administrator of the Environmental Protection AgencyIncumbentAssumed office October 1, 2017PresidentDonald TrumpAdministratorAndrew R. WheelerPreceded byCatherine McCabe (Acting)Member of the New York State Assemblyfrom the 102nd districtIn officeJanuary 1, 2013 – October 1, 2017Preceded byJoel M. MillerSucceeded byChris TagueMember of the New York State Assemblyfrom the 127nd districtIn officeJanuary 1, 2007 – December...

 

非常尊敬的舒格勋爵舒格在2010年英国电影学院奖(英语:63rd British Academy Film Awards)上出生Alan Michael Sugar (1947-03-24) 1947年3月24日(77歲)英格兰伦敦东区哈克尼区职业商业巨头媒体名人作家政治家政治顾问政党 工党[1](1997—2015)[2] 无党派(2015至今) 配偶安·西蒙斯(Ann Simons)(1968年结婚)儿女3亲属丽塔·西蒙斯(英语:Rita Simons)(内侄女)商务与贸易大臣...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!