Llengües bora

Infotaula de llenguaLlengües bora
Tipusfamília lingüística Modifica el valor a Wikidata
Ús
EstatColòmbia i Brasil Modifica el valor a Wikidata
Classificació lingüística
llengua humana
llengua indígena
llengües ameríndies
llengües bora–witoto Modifica el valor a Wikidata
Codis
Glottologbora1262 Modifica el valor a Wikidata

Les llengües bora constitueixen una de les dues branques de la família bora-huitoto, actualment només sobreviuen dues llengües d'aquesta branca, totes dues parlades en Colòmbia, amb un total d'uns mil cinc-cents parlants.[1][2]

Llengües

Les dues llengües bora són

Loukotka (1968) també llista el Nonuya, parlada a les fonts del riu Cahuinari, com una llengua bora. Només s'han documentat unes poques paraules.[3]

Jolkesky (2016) assenyala que hi ha semblances lèxiques amb les famílies lingüístiques Choko, Guahibo, Tukano, Witoto-Okaina, Yaruro, Arawak, i Tupi a causa del contacte a la regió de la conca del riu Caquetá.[4] Una anàlisi computacional automatitzada (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[5] van trobar semblances lèxiques amb els arawaks (especialment la llengua resígaro en particular) a causa del contacte.

Descripció lingüística

Fonologia

L'inventari consonàntic del bora ve donat per:

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glotal
Oclusiva simple p t k ʔ
Oclusiva aspirada
Coarticulada c č kp
Africada aspirada čʰ
Fricativa β x
Aproximants r (i)
Nasal m n (ɲ)

La majoria de consonants tenen al·lòfons palatals davant /i/ (i a vegades davant algunes /a/). De fet l'estatus fonèmic de /ɲ/ i /i/ és dubtós perquè podrien ser considerats com els al·lòfons palatals de /n/ i /r/. A més d'aquestes consonants existeixen 6 vocals /i, e; a, ɨ; o, ɯ/ i existeix dos tons de nivell (altoy baix). Només en posició final es toleren dos tons baixos consecutius.

Comparació lèxica

La següent llista compara els numerals en quatre llengües bora:[6]

GLOSSA Bora Miraña Muinave proto-
borano
1 ʦʰane ʦʰane sááno *ʦʰanV
2 mínʲéékʰii míñéékʰi míínokki *mína-kʰi
3 pʰápʰiʔʧʰii maakʰíni [2] + [1] *ʦʰa-məna-
4 iinee-
ʔoxʦʰitʰi
ʦʰanénáʔ-
péβahkʰáʦʰi
[2] + [2] ?
5 ʦʰaʔoxʦʰitʰi ʦʰá-ʔoxʦʰi sa-ʔúse *ʦʰa-ʔoxʦʰi-
6 íʔoxʦʰitʰi + [1] gotzehihnwa xúúga-ʔuse-ti+[1] *-ʔoxʦʰi-tʰi+[1]+[1]
7 íʔoxʦʰitʰi + [2] zohógatigá xúúga-ʔuse-ti+[2] *-ʔoxʦʰi-tʰi+[2]
8 íʔoxʦʰitʰi + [3] rowiʦka xúúga-ʔuse-ti+[2]+[1] *-ʔoxʦʰi-tʰi+[1]+[2]
9 íʔoxʦʰitʰi + [4] zömötʰohʦa xúúga-ʔuse-ti
igéénemeʔexé
?
10 pʰaʔoxʦʰikʰi
neβa
pʰáʔohʦʰíkʰi ɸa-ʔúsee-kki *pʰa-ʔoxʦʰi(-kʰi)

Referències

  1. Anatole V. Lyovin (1997). An Introduction to the Languages of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 340. ISBN 0-19-508116-1.
  2. Adelaar & Muysken, 2004, p. 449
  3. Loukotka, Čestmír. Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1968. 
  4. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. 2. Brasília: University of Brasília, 2016. 
  5. Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
  6. Numerals in Bora-Witotoan languages (Rosenfelder's Metaverse)

Bibliografia

  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. Nova York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509427-5.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46-76). London: Routledge.

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