Sturm und Drang

Sturm und Drang ("Oluja i nagon") jeste njemački književni pravac koji je trajao od 1770. do 1785. Odlikuje ga izražen kult ličnosti, osjećanja i prirode. Predstavlja nastavak francuskog racionalizma od kojeg preuzima osloboditeljske ideje, ali se u isto vrijeme zalaže za slobodu osjećanja i protivi racionalističkom dogmatizmu. Pokret predstavlja završetak prosvjetiteljstva i nagovještava dolazak romantizma.

Glavna izreka tog književnog pokreta je "Osjećaj je sve" ("Osjećam, dakle jesam"). Sturm und Drang je protest protiv svih dotadašnjih socijalnih, političkih i estetičkih ideala/normi. Ideali predstavnika ovog pokreta jesu sloboda i humanost. Literarni uzori tog pravca su Homer i Shakespeare. Glavni predstavnici bili su Friedrich Schiller i Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Ime

Naziv Sturm und Drang preuzet je od istoimene drame Friedricha Maximiliana Klingera.

Glavne odlike

Sturm und Drang je istodobno bio protestni, kao i omladinski pokret protiv svih dotadašnjih socijalnih, političkih i estetskih normi. Pripadnici ovog pokreta preuzimaju učenje Rousseaua, koji se u vrijeme slavljenja razuma stavlja u odbranu prava osjećanja i srca. Rousseau je usred zanosa tekovinama civilizacije proslavljao prvobitno stanje, idealizirao selo, pjevao himne prirodi. Pobudio je sve njemačke pisce tog vremena: Herdera, Hamanna, mladog Goethea, Schillera, Hölderlina. Predstavnici ovog perioda nazivani su divljim ili burnim genijima. Okupljali su se u grupe. Goethea je u strazburšku grupu uveo Herder.

Pripadnici ovog pokreta težili su originalnosti, isticanju svoje ličnosti i ideju individualizma doveli do krajnosti. Nisu podnosili stege razuma. Zahtijevali su neobuzdanu slobodu osjećanja. Priroda je za njih postala predmet obožavanja. Traže povratak prirodi. To su glavne ideje na kojima su se razvili i učvrstili kultovi ličnosti, osjećanja i prirode. Romantizam s kultom ličnosti i historijskim i nacionalnim težnjama vodi porijeklo iz ovog pokreta.

Književni oblici

Književnici su ideje Sturm und Dranga najbolje mogli predstaviti u drami. Glavni likovi predstavljaju genije, ljubavnike, te jake junake koje se bore bez kompromisa protiv stvarnosti. Piše se po uzoru na Shakespearea, ne obazirući se na stara pravila o jedinstvu mjesta, vremena i radnje, o jasnoj granici između komedije i tragedije.

Djela

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Friedrich Schiller

Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz

  • Upravitelj dvora (drama) (1774)
  • Vojnici (drama) (1776)

Također je u tom periodu djelovala i grupa pisaca Göttinger Hainbund, čiji su osnivači bili Johann Heinrich Voß, Ludwig Christoph Heinrich Hölty, Johann Martin Miller, Gottlieb Dieterich von Miller, Johann Friedrich Hahn i Johann Thomas Ludwig Wehrs.

Također pogledajte

Reference

Grabert/Mulot, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur Bayrischer Schulbuch-Verlag, München, 1959.

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