Studije mira i sukoba

Kopija skulpture Pomirenje autorke Josefine de Vasconcellos (1977), prvobitno predstavljena Odsjeku za mirovne studije Univerziteta Bradford, smještena ispred Kapele pomirenja na nekadašnjem mjestu Berlinskog zida

Studije mira i sukoba su oblast društvenih nauka koja identificira i analizira nasilna i nenasilna ponašanja, kao i strukturalne mehanizme koji prate sukobe (uključujući društvene sukobe), sa ciljem da se razumiju oni procesi koji dovode do poželjnijeg ljudskog stanja .[1] Varijacija ovoga, mirovne studije (irenologija), su interdisciplinarni napor koji ima za cilj prevenciju, deeskalaciju i rješavanje sukoba mirnim sredstvima, tražeći na taj način "pobjedu" za sve strane uključene u sukob.

Ova društvena nauka je u suprotnosti s vojnim studijama, koje za cilj imaju efikasno postizanje pobjede u sukobima, prvenstveno nasilnim sredstvima na zadovoljstvo jedne ili više, ali ne svih uključenih strana. Uključene discipline mogu uključivati filozofiju, političke nauke, geografiju, ekonomiju, psihologiju, komunikologiju, sociologiju, međunarodne odnose, historiju, antropologiju, vjeronauku i rodne studije, kao i niz drugih. Relevantne poddiscipline takvih oblasti, kao što je mirovna ekonomija, također se mogu smatrati pripadajućim studijama mira i konflikta.

Historijska pozadina

Studije mira i konflikta su i pedagoška aktivnost, u kojoj nastavnici prenose znanje učenicima; i istraživačku aktivnost, u kojoj istraživači stvaraju nova saznanja o izvorima sukoba. Studije mira i sukoba podrazumijevaju razumijevanje koncepta mira koji se definira kao političko stanje koje osigurava pravdu i društvenu stabilnost kroz formalne i neformalne institucije, prakse i norme.

Istraživačka aktivnost

Norveški akademik Johan Galtung naširoko se smatra osnivačem studija mira i sukoba.

Iako su individualni mislioci kao što je Immanuel Kant već dugo prepoznavali središnji značaj mira (vidi Perpetual Peace ), tek 1950-ih i 1960-ih godina su se studije mira počele pojavljivati kao akademska disciplina sa vlastitim istraživačkim alatima, specijaliziranim skupom koncepata, i forume za diskusiju kao što su časopisi i konferencije. Počevši od 1959. godine, osnivanjem Instituta za istraživanje mira u Oslu, povezanog sa Johanom Galtungom, počeli su da se pojavljuju brojni istraživački instituti.[2]

Godine 1963. Walter Isard, glavni osnivač regionalne nauke, okupio je grupu naučnika u Malmeu, Švedska, u svrhu osnivanja Društva za istraživanje mira. Grupu početnih članova činili su Kenneth Boulding i Anatol Rapoport. Godine 1973. ova grupa je postala[3] Društvo za nauku o miru. Nauka o miru je posmatrana kao interdisciplinarni i međunarodni napor da se razvije poseban skup koncepata, tehnika i podataka za bolje razumijevanje i ublažavanje sukoba. Nauka o miru pokušava da koristi kvantitativne tehnike razvijene u ekonomiji i političkim naukama, posebno u teoriji igara i ekonometriji, tehnikama koje inače rijetko koriste istraživači u mirovnim studijama.[4] Na web stranici Peace Science Society nalazi se drugo izdanje Correlates of War, jedne od najpoznatijih zbirki podataka o međunarodnim sukobima.[5] Društvo održava godišnju konferenciju, kojoj prisustvuju naučnici iz cijelog svijeta, i izdaje dva naučna časopisa: Journal of Conflict Resolution i Conflict Management i Peace Science.

Opis

Mirovne studije se mogu klasifikovati na:

  • Multidisciplinarni, koji obuhvata elemente politike i međunarodnih odnosa (posebno kritička teorija međunarodnih odnosa ), sociologije, geografije, psihologije, antropologije i ekonomije . Kritička teorija se također široko koristi u studijama mira i sukoba.
  • Multilevelni. Studije mira ispituju intrapersonalni mir, mir između pojedinaca, susjeda, etničkih grupa, brakova, država i civilizacija.
  • Multikulturalno. Gandhi se često navodi kao paradigma mirovnih studija. Međutim, pravi multikulturalizam ostaje težnja jer se većina centara za mirovne studije nalazi na Zapadu.
  • Analitičke i normativne. Kao normativna disciplina, mirovne studije uključuju vrijednosne prosudbe, kao što su "bolje" i "loše".
  • Teorijski i primijenjeni.[6]

Reference

  1. ^ Dugan, 1989: 74
  2. ^ Harris, Fisk, and Rank 1998
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ Peace Studies Program – Student Information- Graduate Minor Field
  5. ^ "Correlates of War 2". Arhivirano s originala, 2007-08-23. Pristupljeno 2007-09-03.
  6. ^ Miall, Ramsbotham, & Woodhouse 2005

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