Insulin

INS
Dostupne strukture
PDBPretraga ortologa: PDBe RCSB
Spisak PDB ID kodova

1A7F, 1AI0, 1AIY, 1B9E, 1BEN, 1EV3, 1EV6, 1EVR, 1FU2, 1FUB, 1G7A, 1G7B, 1GUJ, 1HIQ, 1HIS, 1HIT, 1HLS, 1HTV, 1HUI, 1IOG, 1IOH, 1J73, 1JCA, 1JCO, 1K3M, 1KMF, 1LKQ, 1LPH, 1MHI, 1MHJ, 1MSO, 1OS3, 1OS4, 1Q4V, 1QIY, 1QIZ, 1QJ0, 1RWE, 1SF1, 1T1K, 1T1P, 1T1Q, 1TRZ, 1TYL, 1TYM, 1UZ9, 1VKT, 1W8P, 1XDA, 1XGL, 1XW7, 1ZEG, 1ZEH, 1ZNJ, 2AIY, 2C8Q, 2C8R, 2CEU, 2H67, 2HH4, 2HHO, 2HIU, 2JMN, 2JUM, 2JUU, 2JUV, 2JV1, 2JZQ, 2K91, 2K9R, 2KJJ, 2KJU, 2KQQ, 2KXK, 2L1Y, 2L1Z, 2LGB, 2M1D, 2M1E, 2M2M, 2M2N, 2M2O, 2M2P, 2OLY, 2OLZ, 2OM0, 2OM1, 2OMG, 2OMH, 2OMI, 2QIU, 2R34, 2R35, 2R36, 2RN5, 2VJZ, 2VK0, 2W44, 2WBY, 2WC0, 2WRU, 2WRV, 2WRW, 2WRX, 2WS0, 2WS1, 2WS4, 2WS6, 2WS7, 3AIY, 3BXQ, 3E7Y, 3E7Z, 3EXX, 3FQ9, 3I3Z, 3I40, 3ILG, 3INC, 3IR0, 3Q6E, 3ROV, 3TT8, 3U4N, 3UTQ, 3UTS, 3UTT, 3V19, 3V1G, 3W11, 3W12, 3W13, 3W7Y, 3W7Z, 3W80, 3ZI3, 3ZQR, 3ZS2, 3ZU1, 4AIY, 4AJX, 4AJZ, 4AK0, 4AKJ, 4EFX, 4EWW, 4EWX, 4EWZ, 4EX0, 4EX1, 4EXX, 4EY1, 4EY9, 4EYD, 4EYN, 4EYP, 4F0N, 4F0O, 4F1A, 4F1B, 4F1C, 4F1D, 4F1F, 4F1G, 4F4T, 4F4V, 4F51, 4F8F, 4FG3, 4FKA, 4GBC, 4GBI, 4GBK, 4GBL, 4GBN, 4IUZ, 5AIY, 2LWZ, 3JSD, 3KQ6, 3P2X, 3P33, 1JK8, 2MLI, 2MPG, 2MPI, 2MVC, 2MVD, 4CXL, 4CXN, 4CY7, 4NIB, 4OGA, 4P65, 4Q5Z, 4RXW, 4UNE, 4UNG, 4UNH, 4XC4, 4WDI, 4Z76, 4Z77, 4Z78, 2N2W, 5CO6, 5ENA, 4Y19, 5BQQ, 5BOQ, 2N2V, 5CNY, 5CO9, 5EN9, 4Y1A, 2N2X, 5BPO, 5CO2, 5BTS, 5HYJ, 5C0D,%%s1EFE, 1SJT, 1SJU, 2KQP,%%s1T0C,%%s2G54, 2G56, 3HYD, 2OMQ

Identifikatori
AliasiINS, IDDM, IDDM1, IDDM2, ILPR, IRDN, MODY10, insulin, inzulin, PNDM4
Vanjski ID-jeviOMIM: 176730 MGI: 96573 HomoloGene: 173 GeneCards: INS
Lokacija gena (čovjek)
Hromosom 11 (čovjek)
Hrom.Hromosom 11 (čovjek)[1]
Hromosom 11 (čovjek)
Genomska lokacija za INS
Genomska lokacija za INS
Bend11p15.5Početak2,159,779 bp[1]
Kraj2,161,221 bp[1]
Lokacija gena (miš)
Hromosom 7 (miš)
Hrom.Hromosom 7 (miš)[2]
Hromosom 7 (miš)
Genomska lokacija za INS
Genomska lokacija za INS
Bend7 F5|7 88.0 cMPočetak142,232,393 bp[2]
Kraj142,297,118 bp[2]
Obrazac RNK ekspresije
Više referentnih podataka o ekspresiji
Ontologija gena
Molekularna funkcija insulin receptor binding
vezivanje identičnih proteina
protease binding
insulin-like growth factor receptor binding
GO:0001948, GO:0016582 vezivanje za proteine
hormone activity
Ćelijska komponenta endoplasmic reticulum lumen
transport vesicle
Golđijeva membrana
secretory granule lumen
Golgi lumen
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
endosome lumen
extracellular region
Vanćelijsko
Biološki proces negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity
positive regulation of DNA replication
positive regulation of MAPK cascade
positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
positive regulation of cell differentiation
MAPK cascade
positive regulation of respiratory burst
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling
negative regulation of protein oligomerization
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response
cell-cell signaling
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of glycolytic process
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity
positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation
activation of protein kinase B activity
Zarastanje rana
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division
negative regulation of feeding behavior
positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion
GO:1903363 negative regulation of protein catabolic process
positive regulation of cell migration
acute-phase response
regulation of protein secretion
positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
negative regulation of lipid catabolic process
positive regulation of cell growth
negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process
GO:1903106 positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
glucose metabolic process
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response
negative regulation of protein secretion
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
glucose homeostasis
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
fatty acid homeostasis
GO:0051247, GO:0051200 positive regulation of protein metabolic process
regulation of transmembrane transporter activity
negative regulation of gluconeogenesis
negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
regulation of protein localization
GO:0009373 regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of proteolysis
alpha-beta T cell activation
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus
positive regulation of glucose import
GO:1901047 insulin receptor signaling pathway
GO:1901313 positive regulation of gene expression
regulation of signaling receptor activity
positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
regulation of synaptic plasticity
kognitivna funkcija
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation
positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance
regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
neuron projection maintenance
response to L-arginine
GO:0072468 Transdukcija signala
Izvori:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolozi
VrsteČovjekMiš
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNK)

NM_000207
NM_001185097
NM_001185098
NM_001291897

NM_001185083
NM_001185084
NM_008387

RefSeq (bjelančevina)
NP_000198
NP_001172026
NP_001172027
NP_001278826
NP_000198.1

NP_001172026.1
NP_001172027.1
NP_001278826.1
NP_000198
NP_000198
NP_000198
NP_000198

NP_001172012
NP_001172013
NP_032413

Lokacija (UCSC)Chr 11: 2.16 – 2.16 MbChr 7: 142.23 – 142.3 Mb
PubMed pretraga[3][4]
Wikipodaci
Pogledaj/uredi – čovjekPogledaj/uredi – miš

Insulin je proteinski hormon kojega luči žlijezda gušterača (pankreas), a služi za regulaciju nivoa šećera u krvi, te metabolizam ugljikohidrata i masti u tijelu. Skladištenje glukoze u mišićima i u jetri (glikogeneza) je omogućeno zahvaljujući insulinu,kao i regulisanje sinteze novog šećera koji ulazi iz jetre u krvotok (glikogenoliza). U tijelu postoje tri skladišna mjesta: mišićni glikogen, jetreni glikogen i masno tkivo. Šećer, bez insulina ili ako ga je premalo, ne može nikako, ili samo djelomično, dospjeti u tjelesne ćelije. Razina šećera u krvi mjeri se nakon 12 sati gladovanja (natašte). Normalna koncentracija šećera u krvi iznosi 3,75 - 6,0 mmol/L (67 – 108 mg%). Insulin se ubraja u skupinu tvari koje se zovu hormoni. To znači da se hormoni izlučuju u krvotok, kojim dospijevaju u sve dijelove organizma. Na taj način nadgledaju rad organa. Gušterača se sastoji od dva dijela:

  • veći dio, (egzokrini dio) gušterače, proizvodi i u tanko crijevo luči niz enzima potrebnih za razgradnju hrane
  • manji dijelovi gušterače zovu se Langerhansovi otočići, jer izgledaju kao mali otočići rasprostranjeni po egzokrinom dijelu gušterače.

Za kontrolu razine šećera u krvi zaduženi su upravo ti otočići, te ih proizvodnjom i izlučivanjem dva hormona stalno održavaju unutar granica normale. Ako razina glukoze ide prema gornjoj granici, počinje se u krv otpuštati insulin, a učinak toga je spuštanje razine glukoze. Kada se razina glukoze približava donjim granicama, prestaje otpuštanje insulina i počinje se lučiti drugi hormon, glukagon. Njegov je učinak suprotan učinku insulina. Glukagon podiže razinu šećera u krvi.

Kada dođe do povećanja nivoa šećera u krvi,usljed nepravilnog lučenja insulina u tijelu razvija se dijabetes ili šećerna bolest (latinski: diabetes melitus).Dijabetes postoji u dva oblika:

  • kod šećerne bolesti tipa 1 dolazi do prestanka rada Langerhansovih otočića,te tijelo ne može proizvoditi vlastiti insulin pa ga je neophodno nadomjestiti; u ovu grupu spada 5-10% bolesnika.
  • Kod pacijenata sa šećernom bolesti tipa 2 tijelo ne može održati normalne vrijednosti insulina, tako da organizam nema dovoljnu količinu ovog hormona. Kada se kod takvih pacijenata više ne uspije održati normalna razina glukoze u krvi započinje se s insulinskom terapijom; u ovu grupu spada 90-95% bolesnika. Dijabetes se danas ubraja među najčešća endokrinska oboljenja, s učestalošću u stalnom porastu.

Struktura

Insulin je peptid koji se sastoji od 51 aminokiseline, a izgrađen je u obliku dva lanca koja su međusobno povezana s dva disulfidna mosta. Prvi lanac, A ima 21 aminokiselinu, a drugi (lanac B) 30 aminokiselina. Za lučenje insulina odgovorne su ß-ćelijee Langerhansovih otočića u gušterači. Insulin je dobio naziv od latinske riječi “insula” ,što znači otok. Struktura ljudskog insulina razlikuje se od strukture kod životinja. Strukturno najsličniji ljudskom insulinu je svinjski,koji se razlikuje od ljudskog samo u jednoj aminokiselini,dok se goveđi insulin razlikuje od ljudskog u tri aminokiseline. Insulin se ranije izolirao ekstrakcijom iz svinjske ili goveđe gušterače. Takav insulin nije bio najučinkovitiji,jer je zbog mogućih onečišćenja i različite strukture moglo doći do jakih i po život opasnih alergijskih reakcija. Čak insulin nekih vrsta riba je dovoljno sličan ljudskom, da bi bio klinički učinkovit. U prosjeku, gušterača proizvodi dnevno oko osamdeset do sto jedinica insulina. Tehnologijom rekombinantne DNK, danas se insulin proizvodi kao čist ljudski insulin (proizvodnja uz pomoć genetički modificiranih gljivica kvasca ili bakterije Escherichia coli). Insulin se u tijelu proizvodi i pohranjuje kao heksamer (jedinica od šest insulinskih molekula).Insulin može vezati cink, pri čemu nastaju dimeri ili dolazi do stvaranja još većih agregata.

Djelovanje

Aktivnost insulina može se podijeliti u dvije faze. Prva faza je karakteristična po otpuštanju velikih količina insulina, kao reakcija na veće razine glukoze u krvi koje nastaju unošenjem hrane u organizam. Insulin, u visokoj razini u tijelu stimuliše ćelije mišića i jetre da upijaju glukozu iz krvi. Odmah nakon tog procesa razina šećera u krvi pada. Kada se nivo glukoze u krvi smanji, onda se i njegova razina otpuštanja smanjuje. U drugoj fazi, insulin se u nešto nižoj količini otpušta u krv. Ovo osigurava normalan rad tijela koje zalihe energije dobija iz šećera koji se otpušta u tijelu. Plazma u krvi apsorbira izlučeni insulin, nakon čega se on kombinira s beta globulinom. Povećane količine insulina u krvi automatski smanjuju razinu vežućeg globulina spolnih hormona, što za posljedicu ima povećanje slobodnog, fiziološki djelotvornog testosterona.

Podjela

Insulin, u čistom obliku, počinje djelovati vrlo brzo, u toku 30 minuta. U većini slučajeva, insulin je najbolji kada brzo djeluje, ali da se to djelovanje ne zadržava dugo.

S obzirom na brzinu, intenzitet i trajanje inzuline dijelimo na 5 skupina:

  • Insulini brzog djelovanja:

- počinju djelovati u roku od 5 do 15 minuta,vrhunac djelovanja dostižu nakon 45 do 90 minuta, maksimalna dužina djelovanja 3 do 5 sati.

  • insulini kratkog djelovanja:

- ljudski insulini: počinju djelovati u roku od 30 minuta, vrhunac djelovanja dostižu u toku 2 do 5 sati, maksimalna dužina djelovanja od 5 do 8 sati

  • insulini srednje dugog djelovanja:

ljudski insulini (NPH insulin): - početak djelovanja u toku 1 do 2 sata, vrhunac djelovanja od 4 do 12 sati, dužina djelovanja do 24 sata.

  • insulini dugog djelovanja:

- ljudski insulini (ultratard insulini): početak djelovanja nakon 4 sata, vrhunac djelovanja od 8 do 24 sata, dužina djelovanja do 28 sati,

  • Insulinski analog jako dugog djelovanja:

- početak djelovanja u toku 1 sata, dužina djelovanja do 24 sata.

Historija

Inzulin je prvi put izolirao Rumun Nicolae Pautescu 1921. godine,te ga nazvao pankrein. Prvi koji su primjenili insulin iz volovske gušterače u medicinske svrhe bili su kanadski doktori Fredrick Banting i Charles H. Best na 14-to godišnjem pacijentu, koji je ubrzo nakon toga otpušten iz bolnice. U 1922. počela je proizvodnja insulina iz volovske gušterače. 1950. godine otkrivena je aminokiselinska sekvenca u ljudskom insulinu, dok je 1. insulin dobijen iz ljudskih izvora, tehnologijom rekombinantne DNK proizveden 1982. godine.

Također pogledajte

Vanjski linkovi

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000254647 - Ensembl, maj 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000215 - Ensembl, maj 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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2014 filmAbove and BeyondDirected byRoberta GrossmanWritten bySophie SartainProduced byNancy SpielbergCinematographyHarris DoneEdited byChris CallisterMusic by Lorne Balfe Hans Zimmer's Studio ProductioncompanyPlaymount ProductionsDistributed byInternational Film CircuitRelease date July 15, 2014 (2014-07-15) Running time90 minutesCountries United States United Kingdom Israel LanguageEnglishBox office$288,751 (US)[1] Above and Beyond is a 2014 documentary film about Mah...

 

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