Михаил Марул

Михаил Марул
Роден
1453 г.
Починал
около 12 април 1500 г. (47 г.)
Михаил Марул в Общомедия

Михаил Марул Тарханиот (на гръцки: Μιχαήλ Μάρουλλος Ταρχανειώτης, на италиански: Michelle Marullo Tarcaniota, ок. 1453 – 10 април 1500) е гръцки ренесансов учен,[1] новолатински поет, хуманист и военен.

Живот

Михаил Марул Тарханиот е роден в семейство с гръцки произход.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Подробностите от неговата биография са неясни: роден е или в Константинопол[10], или близо до мястото на Древна Спарта в Морейското деспотство, на полуостров Пелопонес. Баща му е известен като Маноли Марул (Μανώλης Μάρουλλος), а майка му е Ефросина Тарханиотиса (Ευφροσύνη Ταρχανειώτισσα).[11] Името Тарханиот принадлежи на знатен византийски род и вероятно произлиза от Тарханион - село в Тракия.[12] Друг Тарханиот на име Йоан, който е автор на няколко литературни произведения на гръцки и латински език през XVI век, е роднина на Марул.[13][14]

И двамата родители на Марул са били гръцки бежанци, които избягали от Константинопол, когато той е завладян от турците през 1453 г.[15]

Поради османската експанзия през 60-те години на XV век Марул бяга с родителите си в Република Рагуза, където прекарва най-ранните си години. Оттам семейството пътува до Италия, където Марул получава образованието в Анкона, а вероятно също и във Венеция и Падуа.[16] Марул пътува от град на град като автор на латинска поезия и пламенен защитник на идеята за кръстоносен поход срещу османските турци. През 70-те години на XV век той воюва като обикновен стратиот срещу турците в Крим.[15] За да освободи покорената си родина, бил готов сам да вземе оръжие и да се съюзи с краля на Франция, когато последният планирал да тръгне на кръстоносен поход. В Италия Марул служи при кавалерийския капитан Никола Рола, който бил лакедемонец.[17]

Чрез своята поезия Марул влиза в контакт с много влиятелни хора на своето време, включително папи, крале и членове на семейство Медичи. Във Флоренция през 1494 г.[18] той се жени за Алесандра Скала (1475 – 1506),[19] дъщеря на Бартоломео Скала.[20] На 10 април 1500 г., след посещение при хуманиста Рафаело Мафей във Волтера, Марул язди в пълно снаряжение, за да се присъедини към въоръжените сили срещу Чезаре Борджия, когато се удавя с коня си в река Чечина близо до Волтера.[15]

Единствената съществена биография на Марул е от Карол Кидуел. В Marullus, Soldier Poet of the Renaissance (Лондон, 1989) тя разкрива живота на войник-поет, който скита из екзотични земи, пише стихове на границите на Черно море и участва във военна кампания на Влад Цепеш. И все пак Кидуел не проявява критичност към лъжите в „автобиографичните“ стихотворения на Марул. Те са изследвани по-подробно от Карл Ененкел в неговата глава за поета (вж. Die Erfindung des Menschen: Die Autobiographik des frühneuzeitlichen Humanismus von Petrarca bis Lipsius, Berlin, 2008, стр. 368 – 428). Ененкел твърди, че е малко вероятно Марул да е роден в Константинопол. Напротив, той предполага, че поетът е роден след падането на града под властта на султана през 1453 г. Френският поет Пиер дьо Ронсар (1524 – 1585) пък смята Марул за един от своите учители и му посвещава една епитафия.[21]

Твотчество

Марул съставя голяма и разнообразна колекция от епиграми в четири книги. Някои от най-добрите му любовни стихове по-късно си присвоили от Пиер дьо Ронсар и други поети. Марул също съставя колекция от химни, Hymni naturales, в които прославя древния олимпийски пантеон. Своите Institutiones principales, или Образованието на принцовете, той оставя недовършени.[22] Пламенен почитател на римския философ-поет Лукреций, той предлага някои ценни редакции, които не били публикувани до 1513 г.[23]

Opera omnia на Марул е редактирана за първи път от Алесандро Пероса през 1951 г. Химните и Институциите му са преведени на немски от Ото Шьонбергер (Вюрцбург 1996 и 1997). Освен това Химните са преведени на италиански от Донатела Копини (Флоренция, 1995 г.) и на френски от Жак Шомара (Женева, 1995 г.).[24] През 2012 г. поредицата Harvard I Tatti публикува първия английски превод на поезията на Марул от Шарл Фантаци.

Бележки

  1. Hole, Charles (1866). A Brief Biographical Dictionary. Hurd and Houghton, pp. 271, https://archive.org/details/briefbiographica00inhole, "Marullus, Michael Tarchaniotes. Greek Scholar in Italy – ..1500" 
  2. Rabil, Albert (1988). Renaissance Humanism: Humanism beyond Italy. University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 269, ISBN 0-8122-8064-4, https://archive.org/details/renaissancehuman01rabi, "The famed Neolatin poet of Greek origin, Michael Marullus, lived for a while in Dubrovnik, as did several noted Jewish humanists." 
  3. Moss, Ann (2003). Renaissance truth and the Latin language turn. Oxford University Press, p. 270, ISBN 0-19-924987-3, "For others, notably the Greek, Michael Marullus, it was the experience of exile." 
  4. Hallam, Henry (2009). Introduction to the Literature of Europe. BiblioBazaar, LLC, p. 129, ISBN 978-1-115-16877-9, "Marullus, a Greek by birth, has obtained a certain reputation for his Latin poems" 
  5. Revard, Stella Purce (2001). Pindar and the Renaissance hymn-ode, 1450-1700. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, p. 147, ISBN 0-86698-263-9, "Like the teachers of Greek who had also emigrated from Constantinople and the eastern empire in the fifteenth century, Marullo was of Greek stock" 
  6. Williams, Jonathan; Cheesman, Clive (2004). Classical love poetry. J. Paul Getty Museum, p. 91, ISBN 0-89236-786-5, "Michael Marullus (ad 1453—1500): Classicizing poet of the Renaissance. Born to a noble Greek family in Constantinople and raised in Ragusa (Dubrovnik), he made his home in Italy where he fought as a mercenary." 
  7. Harrison, S. J. Homage to Horace: a bimillenary celebration. Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-814954-9. с. 330–331. As well as being a poet, Marullus was by birth a Greek
  8. McFarlane, Ian Dalrymple (1986). Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Sanctandreani: proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, p. 145, ISBN 0-86698-070-9, https://archive.org/details/sanctaactaconvent00inteuoft, "The inference seems clear: as Marullus was a Byzantine Greek and Constantinople fell on 29 May, his conception occurred shortly before that date, say around the middle of May." 
  9. David, Loth (2005). Lorenzo the Magnificent. Kessinger Publishing, p. 275, ISBN 0-7661-9979-7, "She married Michael Marullus, a handsome Greek whose writings had brought him the patronage of Lorenzo and, in happier days, the praise of Poliziano as well." 
  10. Williams, Jonathan; Cheesman, Clive (2004). Classical love poetry. J. Paul Getty Museum, p. 91, ISBN 0-89236-786-5, "Michael Marullus (ad 1453—1500): Classicizing poet of the Renaissance. Born to a noble Greek family in Constantinople and raised in Ragusa (Dubrovnik), he made his home in Italy where he fought as a mercenary." 
  11. Harrison, S. J. (1995). Homage to Horace: a bimillenary celebration. Oxford University Press, pp. 330–331, ISBN 0-19-814954-9, "As well as being a poet, Marullus was by birth a Greek…he was born in the Morea c, 1461, around the time of its subjugation by the Turks, the son of a man variously known as Manoli Marulo, Emmanuel Marulla…The poets mother was Euphrosyne Tarchaniotissa, bearer of a more distinguished family name than her husband's and friend of Francesca Marzano, niece of Ferrante I, king of Naples, and second wife of Leonardo III Tocco, despot of Arta." 
  12. ((en)) Polemis, Demetrios I. (1968). The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography. London: The Athlone Press, OCLC 299868377, https://www.scribd.com/doc/41622882/The-Doukai-D-I-Polemis 
  13. Ioannes Tarchaniotes
  14. Ioannes Tarchaniotis (Ιωάννης Ταρχανιώτης), article in the Greek Wikipedia.
  15. а б в Pierio Valeriano on the ill fortune of learned men: a Renaissance humanist and his world. University of Michigan Press, 1999. ISBN 0-472-11055-1. с. 306.
  16. Maddison, Carol (1960). Apollo and the nine: a history of the ode. Johns Hopkins Press, p. 70, OCLC 330874, "Marullus, however, despite the fact that he was Ronsard's favourite neolatin poet – and Ronsard's judgment is not to be despised—Marullus is hardly known at all…In English Marullus has been neglected along with almost all other humanists. Yet he was an interesting person as well as an extremely fine poet. A Byzantine Greek by origin – he was born in 1453 as his family fled from the fall of Byzantium – he grew up in the little, but beautiful republic of Ragusa in the days of its glory. He was educated in Italy, in Ancona, and perhaps also in Venice and Padua. Then he became a soldier of fortune and fought in the Slavic countries and in Italy for various Italian states." 
  17. A New and general biographical dictionary, 1795, vol.
  18. Robin, Diana Maury; Larsen, Anne R.; Levin, Carole (2007). Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. ABC-CLIO, pp. 332–333, ISBN 978-1-85109-772-2, https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_m4x6/page/332, "Scala, Alessandra (1475-1506) Alessandra Scala was born in 1475, the fifth daughter of the chancellor of Florence, Bartholomeo Scala… In 1494, Scala did marry, and the mate she chose was the Greek poet Michele Marullo. Six years later, Marullo drowned while fording the Cecina River. Abandoning her Greek studies and her home, Scala entered the convent of San Pier Maggiore in Florence. She died there in 1506." 
  19. Stevenson, Jane (2005). Women Latin poets: language, gender, and authority, from antiquity to the eighteenth century. Oxford University Press, p. 164, ISBN 0-19-818502-2, "Alessandra Scala (1475-1506) married a fellow Greek scholar, Michael Marullo" 
  20. Eliot, George (2008). The Writings of George Eliot, Volume 1. BiblioBazaar, p. 191, ISBN 978-0-559-29442-6, "Bartolommeo Scala gave his Alessandra to the Greek Marullo…" 
  21. Pierre de Ronsard, Oeuvres complètes (1866). Paris: Librairie A. Franck, https://books.google.com/books?id=S4MxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA238 
  22. De Beer, Susanna (2013). Michael Marullus. Poems. Ed. And trans. Charles Fantazzi. The I Tatti Renaissance Library 54. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. Xx + 476 pp. $29.95.. – Renaissance Quarterly, 66(3), 951–953, doi:10.1086/673590, ISBN 978-0-674-05506-3, JSTOR 673590, http://jstor.org/stable/673590 
  23. Rahe, Paul (2007). In the Shadow of Lucretius: the Epicurean Foundations of Machiavelli's Political Thought. – History of Political Thought, 28(1), 42, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233642240 
  24. Steiner-Weber, Astrid; Römer, Franz (2018-03-22). Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Vindobonensis. BRILL, pp. 559, ISBN 9789004361553, https://books.google.com/books?id=qHtTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA559 

Литература

  • Kidwell, C. (1989). Marullus. Soldier Poet of the Renaissance. London: Duckworth 
  • Lefèvre, E. (2008), Schäfer, E. (ed). Michael Marullus: ein Grieche als Renaissancedichter in Italien, NeoLatina. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag 

Външни връзки

  Тази страница частично или изцяло представлява превод на страницата Michael Tarchaniota Marullus в Уикипедия на английски. Оригиналният текст, както и този превод, са защитени от Лиценза „Криейтив Комънс – Признание – Споделяне на споделеното“, а за съдържание, създадено преди юни 2009 година – от Лиценза за свободна документация на ГНУ. Прегледайте историята на редакциите на оригиналната страница, както и на преводната страница, за да видите списъка на съавторите. ​

ВАЖНО: Този шаблон се отнася единствено до авторските права върху съдържанието на статията. Добавянето му не отменя изискването да се посочват конкретни източници на твърденията, които да бъдат благонадеждни.​

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