Питагоров триъгълник

Питагоров триъгълник е правоъгълен триъгълник, на който дължините на страните са цели числа. Такъв е например триъгълникът с дължини на страните 3, 4 и 5 (наричан също египетски триъгълник):

Анимация, показваща
най-малката Питагорова тройка 32 + 42 = 52.

3² + 4² = 5²

От Питагоровата теорема следва, че всички питагорови триъгълници съответстват на решенията в естествени числа на уравнението:

 

 

 

 

(1)

Решенията на уравнението (1) се наричат питагорови тройки. Когато числата в питагорова тройка са взаимно прости, тя се нарича примитивна; например тройката 6,8,10 не е примитивна тъй като 2 е техен общ делител. За числа по малки от 100 има 16 примитивни питагорови тройки:

(3, 4, 5) (5, 12, 13) (8, 15, 17) (7, 24, 25)
(20, 21, 29) (12, 35, 37) (9, 40, 41) (28, 45, 53)
(11, 60, 61) (16, 63, 65) (33, 56, 65) (48, 55, 73)
(13, 84, 85) (36, 77, 85) (39, 80, 89) (65, 72, 97)

Общо решение

Нека и са взаимно прости естествени числа и . Тогава числата:

са решение на уравнението (1) и всяко примитивно решение може да получи по гореописания начин.

Дължини на страните и хипотенузата в някои примитивни питагорови триъгълници:

  • 5² + 12² = 13²
  • 7² + 24² = 25²
  • 8² + 15² = 17²
  • 9² + 40² = 41²

Бергрен[1] е показал, че всички примитивни питагорови тройки могат да бъдат получени от най-малката, (3, 4, 5), използвайки три линейни пробразувания T1, T2, T3:

нова страна a нова страна b нова страна c
T1: a − 2b + 2c 2ab + 2c 2a − 2b + 3c
T2: a + 2b + 2c 2a + b + 2c 2a + 2b + 3c
T3: a + 2b + 2c −2a + b + 2c −2a + 2b + 3c

Така, започвайко с a = 3, b = 4, и c = 5, T1 задава новата тройка:

(3 − (2×4) + (2×5), (2×3) − 4 + (2×5), (2×3) − (2×4) + (3×5)) = (5, 12, 13), и аналогичноT2 и T3 задават съответно (21, 20, 29) и (15, 8, 17).

Вижте също

Бележки

  1. Berggren, B. (1934), "Pytagoreiska trianglar", Tidskrift för Elementär Matematik, Fysik och Kemi, 17: 129–139

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