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Wood gas is a fuel gas that can be used for furnaces, stoves, and vehicles. During the production process, biomass or related carbon-containing materials are gasified within the oxygen-limited environment of a wood gas generator to produce a combustible mixture. In some gasifiers this process is preceded by pyrolysis, where the biomass or coal is first converted to char, releasing methane and tar rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

In stark contrast with synthesis gas, which is almost pure mixture of H₂ / CO , wood gas also contains a variety of organic compound ("distillates") that require scrubbing for use in other applications. Depending on the kind of biomass, a variety of contaminants are produced that will condense out as the gas cools. When producer gas is used to power cars and boats^[1] or distributed to remote locations it is necessary to scrub the gas to remove the materials that can condense and clog carburetors and gas lines. Anthracite and coke are preferred for automotive use, because they produce the smallest amount of contamination, allowing smaller, lighter scrubbers to be used.

History

The first wood gasifier was apparently built by Gustav Bischof in 1839. The first vehicle powered by wood gas was built by T.H. Parker in 1901.^[2] Around 1900, many cities delivered fuel gases (centrally produced, typically from coal) to residences. Natural gas came into use only in the 1930s.

Wood gas vehicles were used during World War II as a consequence of the rationing of fossil fuels. In Germany alone, around 500,000 "producer gas" vehicles were in use at the end of the war. Trucks, buses, tractors, motorcycles, ships, and trains were equipped with a wood gasification unit. In 1942, when wood gas had not yet reached the height of its popularity, there were about 73,000 wood gas vehicles in Sweden,^[3] 65,000 in France, 10,000 in Denmark, and almost 8,000 in Switzerland. In 1944, Finland had 43,000 "woodmobiles", of which 30,000 were buses and trucks, 7,000 private vehicles, 4,000 tractors and 600 boats.^[4]

Wood gasifiers are still manufactured in China and Russia for automobiles and as power generators for industrial applications. Trucks retrofitted with wood gasifiers are used in North Korea^[5] in rural areas, particularly on the roads of the east coast.

Production

A wood gasifier takes wood chips, sawdust, charcoal, coal, rubber or similar materials as fuel and burns these incompletely in a fire box, producing wood gas, solid ash and soot, the latter of which have to be removed periodically from the gasifier. The wood gas can then be filtered for tars and soot/ash particles, cooled and directed to an engine or fuel cell.^[6] Most of these engines have strict purity requirements of the wood gas, so the gas often has to pass through extensive gas cleaning in order to remove or convert, i.e., "crack", tars and particles. The removal of tar is often accomplished by using a water scrubber. Running wood gas in an unmodified gasoline-burning internal combustion engine may lead to problematic accumulation of unburned compounds.

The quality of the gas from different "gasifiers" varies a great deal. Staged gasifiers, where pyrolysis and gasification occur separately instead of in the same reaction zone as was the case in the World War II gasifiers, can be engineered to produce essentially tar-free gas (less than 1 mg/m³), while single-reactor fluidized bed gasifiers may exceed 50,000 mg/m³ tar. The fluidized bed reactors have the advantage of being much more compact, with more capacity per unit volume and price. Depending on the intended use of the gas, tar can be beneficial, as well by increasing the heating value of the gas.

The heat of combustion of "producer gas" – a term used in the United States, meaning wood gas produced for use in a combustion engine – is rather low compared to other fuels. Taylor (1985)^[7] reports that producer gas has a lower heat of combustion of 5.7 MJ/kg versus 55.9 MJ/kg for natural gas and 44.1 MJ/kg for gasoline. The heat of combustion of wood is typically 15–18 MJ/kg. Presumably, these values can vary somewhat from sample to sample. The same source reports the following chemical composition by volume which most likely is also variable:

**"Producer gas" composition**^[7]
Chemical name	Formula	Fraction
Nitrogen	N₂	50.9%
Carbon monoxide	CO	27.0%
Hydrogen	H₂	14.0%
Carbon dioxide	CO₂	4.5%
Methane	CH₄	3.0%
Oxygen	O₂	0.6%

The composition of the gas is strongly dependent on the gasification process, the gasification medium (air, oxygen or steam), and the fuel moisture. Steam-gasification processes typically yield high hydrogen contents, downdraft fixed bed gasifiers yield high nitrogen concentrations and low tar loads, while updraft fixed bed gasifiers yield high tar loads.^[6]^[8]

During the production of charcoal for blackpowder, the volatile wood gas is vented. Extremely-high-surface-area carbon results, suitable for use as a fuel in black powder.

References

^ Farmer, Weston (1979). From My Old Boatshop. International Marine Publishing. p. 176-198.
^ "Thomas Hugh Parker". localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk. Genealogy. Archived from the original on 2013-05-05. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
^ Ekerholm, Helena (2012). "Cultural meanings of wood gas as automobile fuel in Sweden, 1930–1945". In Möllers, Nina; Zachmann, Karin (eds.). Past and Present Energy Societies: How energy connects politics, technologies, and cultures. Bielefeld, DE: Transcript Verlag.
^ "Wood gas vehicles: Firewood in the fuel tank". Low-Tech Magazine. 18 January 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
^ Wogan, David (2 January 2013). "How North Korea fuels its military trucks with trees". Scientific American (scientificamerican.com) (blog). Retrieved June 22, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Nagel, Florian (2008). Electricity from wood through the combination of gasification and solid oxide fuel cells (Ph.D. thesis). Zurich, CH: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Taylor, Charles Fayette (1985). Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-262-70027-6.
^ Handbook of Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems (PDF). Solar Technical Information Program (Report). Solar Energy Research Institute. U.S. Department of Energy. 1988. Section 5.2, paragraph 2, page 30.