The legal position of women in Austria has improved since the mid-1970s. With regard to women's rights, the priority in Austria is based on the equal treatment of both genders, rather than having equal rights only. Thus, Austrian women benefit from their government's attempt to compensate for gender-specific inequality of burdens. However, the concept of traditional roles, influenced by Roman Catholicism in Austria, is still prevalent within Austrian society.
As in other European countries, marriage was traditionally based on the husband's legal authority over the wife. Until the late 1970s, married women's freedoms were legally restricted.[5] Austria made marital rape illegal in 1989.[6] Austria was one of the last Western countries to decriminalize adultery, in 1997.[7] In 2004 marital rape became a state offense, meaning it can be prosecuted by the state even in the absence of a complaint from the spouse, with procedures being similar to stranger rape.[8]
In recent years, new ways of living have emerged, with unmarried cohabitation increasing, as more young people are questioning traditional ways. In the European Values Study (EVS) of 2008 the percentage of Austrian respondents who agreed with the assertion that "Marriage is an outdated institution" was 30.5%,[9] and as of 2012, 41.5% of children were born outside of marriage.[10] The total fertility rate is 1.46 children/women (as of 2015),[11] which is below the replacement rate of 2.1.
Employment
Most women are employed, but many work part-time. In the European Union, only the Netherlands has more women working part-time.[12] As in other German-speaking areas of Europe, social norms regarding gender roles are quite conservative. In 2011, Jose Manuel Barroso, then president of the European Commission, stated "Germany, but also Austria and the Netherlands, should look at the example of the northern countries […] that means removing obstacles for women, older workers, foreigners and low-skilled job-seekers to get into the workforce".[13]
Infrastructure changes
In the early 1990s, most of the pedestrian traffic and public transportation in Vienna was accounted for by women. Eva Kail organized "Who Owns Public Space – Women's Everyday Life in the City" in 1991. This exhibit, coupled with a 1999 survey conducted by the City Women's Office, demonstrated that women, in general, had more varied destinations and needed safety measures in travel more than the men in the city. These led to a change in Vienna's urban planning. Some of the changes implemented by the city include widening the sidewalks and adding pedestrian overpasses in certain areas.
Vienna started the Frauen-Werk-Stadt, a project to produce housing complexes designed by female architects specifically to account for the needs of women. These complexes have easy access to public transportation, as well as on-site facilities, such as kindergartens and pharmacies. Similar efforts with a heavy emphasis on aiding women were conducted following Vienna's success.[14]
The changes in infrastructure served to significantly increase pedestrian traffic. As a result, the streets were more densely packed with witnesses of potential crimes. This served to reduce the number of minor crimes committed in public spaces.[15]
Linda McDowell argued that such efforts are counterproductive and act to deepen the existing class struggles in locations such as Vienna. McDowell's main contention is these efforts were not careful enough to account for both women's rights, as well as poverty.[16]
^Whitzman, Carolyn; Andrew, Caroline; Viswanath, Kalpana (2014-06-10). "Partnerships for women's safety in the city: "four legs for a good table"". Environment and Urbanization. 26 (2): 443–456. doi:10.1177/0956247814537580. ISSN0956-2478. S2CID154524338.
^McDowell, Linda; Perrons, Diane; Fagan, Colette; Ray, Kath; Ward, Kevin (March 2005). "The Contradictions and Intersections of Class and Gender in a Global City: Placing Working Women's Lives on the Research Agenda". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. 37 (3): 441–461. doi:10.1068/a3781. ISSN0308-518X. S2CID36969525.
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