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Rugby World Cup
Upcoming tournament; 2025 Rugby World Cup
	Rugby World Cup logo
Sport	Women's rugby union
Instituted	6 April 1991; 33 years ago
Number of teams	12; 1991 — 1994 & 2006 — 2021 ; 16; 1998 — 2002 & 2025
Regions	Worldwide (World Rugby)
Holders	New Zealand (6th title)
Most titles	New Zealand (6 titles)
Website	rugbyworldcup.com

The Women's Rugby World Cup is the women's rugby union world championship which is organised by World Rugby. The first Rugby World Cup for women was held in 1991, but it was not until the 1998 tournament that the tournament received official backing from the International Rugby Board (IRB, now World Rugby); by 2009, the IRB had retroactively recognized the 1991 and 1994 tournaments and their champions.^[1]

Normally, the tournament is held every four years; it was moved forward in 2017 so that the competition could be held in the year before the Commonwealth Games. The 2021 tournament was postponed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but still marketed as the 2021 tournament.

Three countries have won the Women's Rugby World Cup since its establishment, with New Zealand having won the tournament a record six times.

History

1990s

Before the first Women's Rugby World Cup officially sanctioned by the International Rugby Board there had been three previous tournaments of a similar nature. The first of these was an event held in August 1990 in New Zealand. Though not considered a world cup, the tournament was referred to as the World Rugby Festival for Women. The competition included teams representing the United States, the Netherlands, Russia, and the hosts, New Zealand – who emerged as winners after defeating the United States in the final.

The first tournament referred to as the Women's Rugby World Cup was held in 1991 and hosted by Wales. Twelve countries were divided into four groups of three. The United States, against expectations, took the first championship with a 19–6 victory over England.^[2] In the Plate competition Canada prevailed over Spain 18–4. Following the first tournament, it was decided to move the tournament schedule to the year prior to the next men's world cup, therefore reducing the quadrennial cycle to just three years.

The next event was originally scheduled to take place in Amsterdam but ended up being moved to Scotland. Eleven countries competed in the tournament with the English meeting the United States in the final for the second time; however, in this instance England emerged as winners.^[3]

The 1998 tournament became the first women's world cup officially sanctioned by the International Rugby Board. Amsterdam, who were originally scheduled to host the previous world cup, hosted the largest ever tournament with all matches played at the new National Rugby Centre in the city's west end.^[4] The tournament also saw a record sixteen teams compete. New Zealand, who withdrew from the previous tournament, also competed. The final saw New Zealand defeat the United States and claim their first world cup title.

2000–present

The next event was taken to Spain in 2002. New Zealand won the title for the second time by defeating England 19–9 in the final.

The 2006 World Cup took place in Edmonton, Canada, and was the first major international rugby union tournament and women's world cup held in North America. New Zealand defeated England in the final to win their third successive world cup title.^[5]

A record four countries expressed interest in hosting the 2010 World Cup. After considering bids from England, Germany, Kazakhstan and South Africa, the IRB announced that the 2010 event would take place in England.^[6] The tournament was staged in London, with the final played at the Twickenham Stoop.^[7]

The 2017 World Cup was hosted by the Irish Rugby Football Union, which governs the sport on an All-Ireland basis. Games were held in Dublin in the Republic of Ireland and in Belfast in Northern Ireland.^[8]^[9] The tournament was held one year earlier than usual in order to re-align the Women's Rugby World Cup's scheduling for greater synergy with the Summer Olympics (which added rugby sevens in 2016) one year prior, and Rugby World Cup Sevens held the following year. The tournament was to return to a four-year cycle afterward,^[10] with the 2021 Women's Rugby World Cup awarded to New Zealand.^[11]

In August 2019, World Rugby announced that in an effort to "elevate the profile of the women's game", the women's championship will be marketed under the "Rugby World Cup" branding, with no gender designation, beginning in 2021. World Rugby stated that the decision was intended to promote gender equality and "[eliminate] any inherent or perceived bias" towards men's events, with chairman Bill Beaumont explaining that it "demonstrates our ongoing and unwavering commitment to advancing women in rugby both on and off the field in line with our ambitious strategic plan." World Rugby became the first major sports federation to rebrand its events in such a way.^[11]

The 2021 tournament in New Zealand was postponed by one year to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; it will still be branded as the 2021 Rugby World Cup.^[12]

From 2025 the competition finals will be expanded to 16 teams, from the 12 competing in 2021.^[13] On 12 May 2022, World Rugby announced that England, Australia and the United States would host the next three women's tournaments in 2025, 2029, and 2033 respectively. As part of a new strategy, Australia and the United States were also awarded the preceding men's tournaments in 2027 and 2031 respectively—marking the first time that the men's and women's Rugby World Cup will be held successively in the same host nation.^[14]

In October 2023, as part of a new brand identity unveiled for the tournaments, World Rugby reverted its decision to drop the gender designation from the women's tournament, returning to the previous "Women's Rugby World Cup" title beginning 2025, but rebranding the Rugby World Cup as the "Men's Rugby World Cup" beginning 2027. World Rugby stated that the rebranding was meant to "promote unity across the tournament and provide clarity and consistency for fans".^[15]

Results

Tournaments

Ed.	Year	Host	First place game			Third place game			Num. teams
Ed.	Year	Host	Champion	Score	Runner-up	Third	Score	Fourth	Num. teams
1	1991	Wales	United States	19–6 Cardiff Arms Park, Cardiff	England	France	Shared^[16]	New Zealand	12
2	1994	Scotland	England	38–23 Edinburgh Academicals, Edinburgh	United States	France	27–0 Edinburgh Academicals, Edinburgh	Wales	12
3	1998	Netherlands	New Zealand	44–12 NRCA Stadium, Amsterdam	United States	England	31–15 NRCA Stadium, Amsterdam	Canada	16
4	2002	Spain	New Zealand	19–9 Olympic Stadium, Barcelona	England	France	41–7 Olympic Stadium, Barcelona	Canada	16
5	2006	Canada	New Zealand	25–17 Commonwealth Stadium, Edmonton	England	France	17–8 Commonwealth Stadium, Edmonton	Canada	12
6	2010	England	New Zealand	13–10 Twickenham Stoop, London	England	Australia	22–8 Twickenham Stoop, London	France	12
7	2014	France	England	21–9 Stade Jean-Bouin, Paris	Canada	France	25–18 Stade Jean-Bouin, Paris	Ireland	12
8	2017	Ireland^[17]	New Zealand	41–32 Ravenhill Stadium, Belfast	England	France	31–23 Ravenhill Stadium, Belfast	United States	12
9	2021^[18]	New Zealand	New Zealand	34–31 Eden Park, Auckland	England	France	36–0 Eden Park, Auckland	Canada	12
10	2025	England	To be determined	Twickenham Stadium, London	To be determined	To be determined	Twickenham Stadium, London	To be determined	16
11	2029	Australia	To be determined			To be determined			16
12	2033	United States	To be determined			To be determined			16

Team records

Team	Champions	Runners-up	Third place	Fourth place	Total top 4
New Zealand	6 (1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2017, 2021)	–	–	1 (1991)	7
England	2 (1994, 2014)	6 (1991, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2017, 2021)	1 (1998)	–	9
United States	1 (1991)	2 (1994, 1998)	–	1 (2017)	4
Canada	–	1 (2014)	–	4 (1998, 2002, 2006, 2021)	5
France	–	–	7 (1991, 1994, 2002, 2006, 2014, 2017, 2021)	1 (2010)	8
Australia			1 (2010)		1
Wales	–	–	–	1 (1994)	1
Ireland	–	–	–	1 (2014)	1

Participating nations

Team	1991	1994	1998	2002	2006	2010	2014	2017	2021	2025	2029	2033
Australia	–	–	5th	7th	7th	3rd	7th	6th	6th	Q	Q
Brazil	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	Q
Canada	5th	6th	4th	4th	4th	6th	2nd	5th	4th	Q
England	2nd	1st	3rd	2nd	2nd	2nd	1st	2nd	2nd	Q
Fiji	–	–	–	–	–	w	–	e	9th	Q
France	3rd	3rd	8th	3rd	3rd	4th	3rd	3rd	3rd	Q
Germany	–	w	14th	16th	–	e	–	–	–	–
Hong Kong	–	–	–	e	e	e	e	12th	w	e
Ireland	–	7th	10th	14th	8th	7th	4th	8th	e	Q
Italy	8th	w	12th	12th	–	e	e	9th	5th	Q
Japan	11th	8th	–	13th	e	e	e	11th	12th	Q
Kazakhstan	–	9th	9th	11th	11th	11th	12th	–	e	e
Netherlands	7th	w	13th	15th	–	e	e	e	e	e
New Zealand	3rd	w	1st	1st	1st	1st	5th	1st	1st	Q
Russia	11th^[a]	11th	16th	–	–	e	e	e	e	–
Samoa	–	–	–	9th	10th	e	11th	–	w	Q
Scotland	–	5th	6th	6th	6th	8th	e	e	10th	Q
South Africa	–	–	–	–	12th	10th	10th	–	11th	Q
Spain	6th	w^[b]	7th	8th	9th	e	9th	10th	e	Q
Sweden	10th	10th	15th	–	–	12th	e	–	–	–
United States	1st	2nd	2nd	5th	5th	5th	6th	4th	7th	Q		Q
Wales	9th	4th	11th	10th	–	9th	8th	7th	8th	Q

^ as Soviet Union
^ replaced by Scottish Students

Q = nation qualified for Final Tournament not yet played
w = nation withdrew from (final) Tournament
e = nation eliminated in qualifying stage and did not reach Final Tournament
– = nation did not enter competition.

The following nations have participated in qualifying stages, but have never reached the Final Tournament:

Team	1991	1994	1998	2002	2006	2010	2014	2017	2021	2025
Belgium	–	–	–	–	–	e	–	e	–	–
China	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	–
Cameroon	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	e
Colombia	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	e
Czech Republic	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	–	–
Finland	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	–	–	–
India	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	–
Kenya	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	–	e	e
Laos	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	–	–	–
Madagascar	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	e
Papua New Guinea	–	–	–	–	–	w	–	e	e	e
Philippines	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	–	e	–
Singapore	–	–	–	–	–	e	e	–	e	–
Switzerland	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	–	–
Thailand	–	–	–	–	e	–	e	–	–	–
Tonga	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	w	e
Uganda	–	–	–	–	–	–	e	–	e	–

e = nation eliminated in qualifying stage and did not reach Final Tournament
w = nation withdrew from qualifying stage
p = nation possibly eliminated in qualifying stage and will need to be successful in Repechage in order to reach Final Tournament
– = nation did not enter qualifying stage competition.

Apart from the African region, the nations involved in the continental qualifying stages have not been announced as at 20 October 2019.

Refereeing

Final referees

Format

The format for the 2006 tournament split the 12 participating nations into four pools of three teams. Each nation played three games, after the completion of which a re-seeding process took place. Nations were moved into divisions dictated by their respective overall tournament ranking with the top teams proceeding to the knockout stages.

The 2010 event maintained the number of teams participating at twelve, with regional qualifying tournaments.^[20] The 2021 tournament retained the same format, but with the classification round replaced with quarter-finals, as with the men's Rugby World Cup.^[21]^[22] In 2025, the tournament will expand to 16 teams.^[13]

Media coverage

The tournament has grown considerably in the past fifteen years although television audiences and event attendance still remain relatively low, especially in comparison to other women's world cup events. The final of the 2006 event in Canada was broadcast in a number of countries and streamed live via the internet.

Sky Sports broadcast 13 live matches from the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup, including the semi-finals, the third and fourth place play-off match and the final. The pool matches shown included all of England's matches, while each of the home nations' featured live too. There were also highlights shown from all other matches during the pool stages.^[23]

In Ireland the Women's Rugby World Cup was broadcast by TG4 in 2014, the Irish language channel received praise for airing the tournament. TG4 provided coverage to all of the Irish matches as well as the final and semi-final.^[24]

Certain matches in the 2017 WRWC knockout phases drew strong TV viewership in England and France, and were broadcast live in the United States.^[25]

In 2017, ITV started televising Women's Rugby Union World Cup matches on free-to-air TV for the first time in history, starting with the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup in Ireland, followed by the 2021 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.

From 2025, all Women's Rugby Union World Cup matches will be shown on the BBC, starting with the 2025 Women's Rugby World Cup in England.

References

^ "IRB press release". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
^ "Women's Rugby World Cup – History". BBC Sport. 13 May 2002. p. 1. Archived from the original on 26 February 2003. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
^ "1994 Women's Rugby World Cup – results". Uniweb. p. 1. Retrieved 14 December 2008. ^{[dead link‍]}
^ "Rugby Femenino (Women's Rugby)". Iespena.es. p. 1. Archived from the original on 19 December 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
^ "New Zealand retain crown". International Rugby Board. p. 1. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
^ Woods, Penny (12 November 2008). "Women's rugby looking to sidestep the doubters". The Guardian. London. p. 1. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
^ "History of the Women's Rugby World Cup". p. 1. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
^ Ryan, Padraic (13 May 2015). "Ireland to host 2017 Women's World Cup". RTÉ Sport. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
^ "2017 Womens Rugby World Cup to be held in Ireland". 13 May 2015. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
^ "Bidding process opened for 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup". Inside the Games. 28 November 2014. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Top Story: World Rugby drops gender titles for World Cups". SportsPro. 22 August 2019. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ "2021 World Cup set to be postponed for year". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b Orchard, Sara (30 November 2020). "Women's Rugby World Cup to expand to 16 teams from 2025". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
^ "U.S. to host 2031 and 2033 Rugby World Cups". ESPN.com. 12 May 2022. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ "New visual identity revealed as Rugby World Cup embraces exciting future and rugby's unique energy". www.world.rugby. World Rugby. 29 October 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
^ A third place match was played – won by France, probably by 3–0. However, the game can only be considered as "unofficial" as it was not part of the original tournament plan, and the result was not recorded in any official tournament reports. The game is also not included in NZRFU international records.
^ Was played in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (United Kingdom).
^ Taking place in 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Hollie Davidson appointed referee for Rugby World Cup 2021 final ｜ Rugby World Cup 2021". www.rugbyworldcup.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
^ "England to host Women's Rugby World Cup". rugbyheaven.co.nz. p. 1. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
^ "Women's Rugby World Cup: Format changes announced for 2021 tournament". BBC Sport. 10 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
^ Orchard, Sara (2018). "Women's Rugby World Cup: Format changes announced for 2021 tournament". BBC. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
^ "WRWC live on Sky!". Sky Sports. 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
^ "News Releases - 17.07 - Women's Rugby World Cup to be broadcast LIVE on TG4 - TG4 - Irish language television channel - Teilifis Gaeilge". Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
^ "The rugby gender divide is too real" Archived 12 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 18 September 2017.