Wizardry began as a simple dungeon crawl by Andrew C. Greenberg and Robert Woodhead. It was written when they were students at Cornell University and published by Sir-Tech. The game was influenced by earlier games from the PLATO system, most notably Oubliette.[4] The earliest installments of Wizardry were very successful, as they were the first graphically-rich incarnations of Dungeons & Dragons-type gameplay for home computers. The release of the first version coincided with the first wave of Dungeons & Dragons' popularity in North America.
The first five games in the series were written in Apple Pascal, an implementation of UCSD Pascal. They were ported to many different platforms by writing UCSD Pascal implementations for the target machines (Mac II cross-development). David W. Bradley took over the series after the fourth installment, adding a new level of plot and complexity. In 1998, the rights were transferred to 1259190 Ontario Inc., and in 2006, to Aeria IPM. In 2008, Aeria IPM merged with Gamepot, the developer of Wizardry Online[5] and in 2017, Gamepot was shut down and absorbed into its parent company GMO Internet.[6][7]Drecom announced they had acquired Wizardry from GMO Internet on October 29, 2020.[8]
Datamost released the menu-driven WizPlus, a utility program that allowed users to make changes to both the characters and also to the playing environment of Wizardry; Bob Reams reviewed the utility for Computer Gaming World, and said that "WizPlus should be used with great caution or the spirit of adventuring will be diluted and, more importantly, you will not be able to continue with this exciting series".[9]
The original Wizardry series is composed of eight different titles. All of the titles were first released in North America, and then ported to Japanese computers. Some of the titles were also officially released in Europe. The first three games are a trilogy, with similar settings, plots, and gameplay mechanics. A second trilogy is formed by installments 6 through 8 – Bane of the Cosmic Forge, Crusaders of the Dark Savant and Wizardry 8 – with settings and gameplay mechanics that differed greatly from the first trilogy. The fourth game, The Return of Werdna, was a significant departure from the rest of the series. In it, the player controls Werdna ("Andrew", one of the game's developers, spelled backwards), the evil wizard slain in the first game, and summons groups of monsters to aid him as he fights his way through the prison in which he had been held captive. Rather than monsters, the player faced typical adventuring parties, some of which were pulled from actual user disks sent to Sir-Tech for recovery. Further, the player had only a limited number of keystrokes to use to complete the game.
In Japan, the Wizardry series was translated by ASCII Entertainment, and became very influential during the 1980s, even as its popularity at home declined.[10] When first introduced, the games suffered from the culture barrier compounded by low-quality translation. This meant that the game was taken seriously by players who overlooked the in-game jokes and parodies. For example, Blade Cusinart was introduced in early games as "a legendary sword made by the famous blacksmith, Cusinart [sic]" but its meaning was misinterpreted because Cuisinartfood processors were virtually unknown in Japan. However, this misconception appealed to early computer gamers who were looking for something different and made the Wizardry series popular. Conversely, the fourth game, The Return of Werdna, was poorly received, as, lacking the knowledge of subcultures necessary to solving the game, Japanese players had no chance of figuring out some puzzles.
Also available for the PC Engine as part of Wizardry I + II (1993), for the Super Famicom as part of Wizardry I-II-III: Story of Llylgamyn (1999), and for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation and Sega Saturn as part of Wizardry: Llylgamyn Saga (1998).
Part of Wizardry Trilogy (1987), a compilation of the first three Wizardry games, released for Apple II and Commodore 64.
Part of The Ultimate Wizardry Archives (1998), a compilation of the first seven Wizardry games plus the 1996 remake of the seventh game, Wizardry Gold, released for Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS.
Owners of the WonderSwan Color port could download 10 extra stages exclusive to this version through a connection between the Mobile Wonder Gate add-on and a PDC mobile phone.
Ported to Macintosh, Sharp MZ-2500, Sharp X1 Turbo, FM-7, FM-77, PC-8801, PC-9801, MSX2, NES, Game Boy Color, Commodore 64.
Also available for the PC Engine as part of Wizardry I + II (1993), for the Super Famicom as part of Wizardry I-II-III: Story of Llylgamyn (1999), and for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation and Sega Saturn as part of Wizardry: Llylgamyn Saga (1998).
Part of Wizardry Trilogy (1987) and The Ultimate Wizardry Archives (1998).
Ported to Sharp X1 Turbo, FM-7, FM-77, PC-8801, PC-9801, MSX2, Famicom, Game Boy Color, Commodore 64.
Also available for the PC Engine as part of Wizardry III + IV (1994), for the Super Famicom as part of Wizardry I-II-III: Story of Llylgamyn (1999), and for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation and Sega Saturn as part of Wizardry: Llylgamyn Saga (1998).
Part of Wizardry Trilogy (1987) and The Ultimate Wizardry Archives (1998).
Last game in the main series, originally released for Microsoft Windows.
American spin-off game
In 1996, the series received the first (and, so far, only) spin-off developed in North America, titled Wizardry Nemesis. Every other Wizardry spin-off has been developed in Japan.
Nemesis is played as a solo adventure: one character only, with no supporting party or monsters. All players use the same character, without the ability to choose class or attributes. In addition, the game contains only 16 spells, compared to 50 in the first four adventures, and more in the subsequent ones. It is also the first Wizardry title where the player saw enemies in advance and thus could try to avoid them.
The popularity of Wizardry in Japan inspired several original sequels, spin-offs, and ports, with the series long outliving the American original.[10] As of 2022, thirty-nine different spin-offs were released in Japan, with five of them being localized and released worldwide. The latest is also the last original game produced in the series, released in Japan in 2014 and in English in 2017.
Wizardry Gaiden
Title
Original release date
Japan
North America
PAL region
Wizardry Gaiden I: Joō no Junan
October 1, 1991 (Game Boy)
—
—
Notes:
Also known as Wizardry Gaiden I: Suffering of the Queen.
The full Japanese title is ウィザードリィ外伝I ~女王の受難~.
Success ported the game to cell phones in Japan in 2005 as Nether Domain: Second Chapter – Suffering of the Queen (ネザードメイン 第二章 女王の受難), dropping the connection with Wizardry.
Wizardry Gaiden II: Kodai Kōtei no Noroi
December 26, 1992 (Game Boy)
—
—
Notes:
Also known as Wizardry Gaiden II: Curse of the Ancient Emperor.
The full Japanese title is ウィザードリィ外伝II ~古代皇帝の呪い~.
Success ported the game to cell phones in Japan in 2005 as Nether Domain: Third Chapter – Curse of the Ancient Emperor (ネザードメイン 第三章 古代皇帝の呪い), dropping the connection with Wizardry.
Wizardry Gaiden III: Yami no Seiten
September 25, 1993 (Game Boy)
—
—
Notes:
Also known as Wizardry Gaiden III: Scripture of the Dark.
The full Japanese title is ウィザードリィ外伝III ~闇の聖典~.
Wizardry Gaiden IV: Taima no Kodō
September 20, 1996 (Super Famicom)
—
—
Notes:
Also known as Wizardry Gaiden IV: Throb of the Demon's Heart.
The full Japanese title is ウィザードリィ外伝IV ~胎魔の鼓動~.
Wizardry Dimguil
April 20, 2000 (PlayStation)
—
—
Notes:
Available only in Japanese, though the original release allows changing of enemy names, item names, spells and stats to English.
Players can transfer characters from Wizardry Gaiden III and IV through a password system.
First Japanese spin-off to be officially translated to English and released in North America.
Released in Japan as Busin: Wizardry Alternative.
Busin 0: Wizardry Alternative Neo
November 13, 2003 (PlayStation 2)
—
—
Notes:
Prequel to Wizardry: Tale of the Forsaken Land.
Wizardry XTH
Title
Original release date
Japan
North America
PAL region
Wizardry XTH: Academy of Frontier – Zensen no Gakufu
February 24, 2005 (PlayStation 2)
—
—
Notes:
Also known as Wizardry Ekusu (ウィザードリィ エクス).
The full Japanese title is ウィザードリィ エクス ~前線の学府~.
Wizardry XTH 2: Unlimited Students – Mugen no Gakuto
March 23, 2006 (PlayStation 2)
—
—
Notes:
Direct sequel to Wizardry Xth.
The full Japanese title is ウィザードリィエクス2 ~無限の学徒~.
Upon developer/publisher Michaelsoft's dissolution, many of the developers of Xth and Xth 2 stayed together as "Team Muramasa", and joined Experience, Inc. as an in house development studio.
Experience, Inc. would later release a PC remake of Xth and Xth 2 as the Generation Xth trilogy. Experience, and Team Muramasa specifically, have since become known for creating DRPG titles.
Wizardry Xth 2 was also seemingly ported to the PSP and re-branded as Class of Heroes (jp: 剣と魔法と学園モノ。). "PSP Wiz XTH" is notably mentioned in the program's data files. Class of Heroes would go on to spawn three sequels, a Switch remaster, and a strategy RPG spin-off.
Wizardry Renaissance
Title
Original release date
Japan
North America
PAL region
Wizardry: Seimei no Kusabi
November 19, 2009 (Nintendo DS)
—
—
Notes:
Seimei no Kusabi (生命の楔) translates as "Wedge of Life".
Wizardry Online Mobile
May 24, 2010 (Mobile phone)
—
—
Notes:
First MMORPG adaptation of the franchise.
Adopts an isometric view instead of the traditional first person view.
Wizardry: Bōkyaku no Isan
July 29, 2010 (Nintendo DS)
—
—
Notes:
Bōkyaku no Isan (忘却の遺産) translates as "Legacy of Oblivion".
Released in Japan as Wizardry: Torawareshi Tamashii no Meikyū (ウィザードリィ 囚われし魂の迷宮, literally "Wizardry: Labyrinth of Imprisoned Souls").
Second Japanese spin-off to be officially translated to English and released in North America.
An expansion titled Shūdō On'na no Akaki Kage (修道女の赤き影), also known as "The Red Shadow of the Sister", was made available for the PlayStation 3 in Japan on July 19, 2011.
The original game and its expansion were also released as standalone versions for the iPhone in Japan.
A retail release with the game and the expansion titled Wizardry: Full Pack was released for the PlayStation 3 and iPhone in Japan on July 6, 2011.
A retail release with the game, the expansion and extra items sold individually as downloadable content titled Wizardry: Perfect Pack was released only for the PlayStation 3 in Japan on December 8, 2011.
The game was made available for Windows by Xseed Games in January 2020.
Wizardry: Torawareshi Bōrei no Machi
January 27, 2011 (PlayStation 3)
—
—
Notes:
Torawareshi Bōrei no Machi (囚われし亡霊の街) translates as "City of Imprisoned Ghosts".
A retail release with Wizardry: Torawareshi Tamashii no Meikyū and Wizardry: Torawareshi Bōrei no Machi titled Wizardry: Twin Pack was released for the PlayStation 3 in Japan on January 27, 2011.
Fourth Japanese spin-off to be officially translated to English and released in North America.
Implements an isometric, Roguelike system instead of the traditional first-person elements of Wizardry.
Had "free to play" and "stamina" elements common to smartphone RPGs.
Also ported to iOS devices.
The original Android and iOS versions have been discontinued, and cannot be played anymore.
In 2017, the game was translated to English and made available worldwide through the Steam digital distribution platform; this version implements a more traditional "buy once" business model instead of the stamina and free-to-play elements.
The Android version was re-released under the same "buy once" model in 2017.
An arcade version titled Wizrogue: Labyrinth of Wizardry – Samayoeru Meiō (彷徨える冥王) was planned, but eventually cancelled.
Standalone Japanese games
Title
Original release date
Japan
North America
PAL region
Wizardry Chronicle
March 23, 2001 (PC)
—
—
Wizardry Summoner
December 21, 2001 (Game Boy Advance)
—
—
Notes:
Ported to the PlayStation 2 with enhanced 3D dungeon graphics and new music (2005).
Wizardry Variants Daphne
October 2024 (iOS, Android, PC)
October 2024 (iOS, Android, PC)
October 2024 (iOS, Android, PC)
Notes:
Upcoming first-person mobile dungeon crawler featuring full 3D character models and environments.[12]
Initially to be released in 2022 for iOS and Android worldwide,[13] later Drecom postponed to fiscal year ending of March 2023,[14] and later decided on October along with pre-registration starting on August.[15]
Tentatively known as Wizardry VA. The official full title was unveiled as Wizardry Variants Daphne.[16]
The closed beta test was announced in September 22, 2023 only in Japan with the addition of PC Steam version being currently developed.[17] Its testing period started on October 10 lasted within 9 days.
Wizlite: Everybody loved RPGs
TBA (PC)
TBA (PC)
TBA (PC)
Notes:
An indie game being officially licensed by Wizardry IP.[18]
Japan-only mobile games
Due to the nature of the Japanese mobile system, English localisations of the following games are unlikely.
Title
Original release date
Japan
North America
PAL region
Monthly Wizardry: Shōnen-Ō no Yūutsu
March 1, 2002 (Mobile phones)
—
—
Notes:
First of a two-part episodic series.
Also known as Getsugaku Wizardry Scenario I (月額ウィザードリィ シナリオI).
Shōnen-Ō no Yūutsu (少年王の憂鬱) translates to "Melancholy of the Young King".
Available for users of EZweb and J-Sky mobile services.
Monthly Wizardry: Andēru no Mori no Shin'nyū-sha
October 15, 2003 (Mobile phones)
—
—
Notes:
Second of a two-part episodic series.
Also known as Getsugaku Wizardry Scenario II (月額ウィザードリィ シナリオII).
Andēru no Mori no Shin'nyū-sha (アンデールの森の侵入者) translates to "Intruders of the Annedale Forest".
Available for users of the Vodafone mobile service.
DoCoMo Wizardry 1–1: Baitokku Īhai no Hokora
December 1, 2003 (Mobile phones)
—
—
Notes:
Available for users of the services provided by NTT DoCoMo in Japan.
First part in a series of six chapters.
Baitokku Īhai no Hokora (バイトック・イーハイの祠) translates to "Shrine of Bytek Irhai".
DoCoMo Wizardry 1–2: Nazo no Chika Iseki
February 2, 2004 (Mobile phones)
—
—
Notes:
Available for users of the services provided by NTT DoCoMo in Japan.
Second part in a series of six chapters.
Nazo no Chika Iseki (謎の地下遺跡) translates to "Mystery of the Underground Ruins".
DoCoMo Wizardry 1–3: Fushi Ryū no Shinden
March 1, 2004 (Mobile phones)
—
—
Notes:
Available for users of the services provided by NTT DoCoMo in Japan.
Third part in a series of six chapters.
Fushi Ryū no Shinden (不死竜の神殿) translates to "Temple of the Immortal Dragon".
Wizardry Traditional I: Jū-ni Shinshō
May 12, 2004 (Mobile phones)
—
—
Notes:
First of a two-part episodic series.
Also known as "Wizardry Traditional: Twelve of a Kind".
The full Japanese title is ウィザードリィ トラディショナル1 十二神将.
Wizardry Traditional II: Gekkō no Saji
June 16, 2004 (Mobile phones)
—
—
Notes:
Second of a two-part episodic series.
Also known as "Wizardry Traditional: Grace of the Moonspoon".
The full Japanese title is ウィザードリィ トラディショナル2 月光の匙.
DoCoMo Wizardry 2–1: Īdisu no Tō
June 7, 2004 (Mobile phones)
—
—
Notes:
Available for users of the services provided by NTT DoCoMo in Japan.
Fourth part in a series of six chapters.
Īdisu no Tō (イーディスの塔) translates to "Tower of Edith".
DoCoMo Wizardry 2–2: Shin'en no Rīdo Seresuto-gō
July 20, 2004 (Mobile phones)
—
—
Notes:
Available for users of the services provided by NTT DoCoMo in Japan.
Fifth part in a series of six chapters.
Shin'en no Rīdo Seresuto-gō (深淵のリードセレスト号) translates to "The Issue of the Abyss of Lead Celest".
DoCoMo Wizardry 2–3: Īdisu no Tō Jōsō-bu
September 13, 2004 (Mobile phones)
—
—
Notes:
Available for users of the services provided by NTT DoCoMo in Japan.
Final part in a series of six chapters.
Īdisu no Tō Jōsō-bu (イーディスの塔上層部), translated as "Upper Part of the Tower of Edith".
Reception
The original Wizardry game was a success, selling 24,000 copies by June 1982, just nine months after its release according to Softalk's sales surveys.[19][20] In the June 1983 issue of Electronic Games, Wizardry was described as "without a doubt, the most popular fantasy adventure game for the Apple II at the present time". While noting limitations such as the inability to divide the party, or the emphasis on combat over role-playing, the magazine stated that "no other game comes closer to providing the type of contest favored by most players of non-electronic role-playing games... one outstanding programming achievement, and an absolute 'must buy' for those fantasy gamers who own an Apple".[21] In the May–June 1982, issue of Computer Gaming World, the reviewer praised Wizardry as setting a standard by which all fantasy role playing games should be compared to, and call it an all time classic.[22] The series had sold over 1.5 million copies by 1987,[23] 2 million by 1992,[24] and over 5 million by 1996.[25]
Spin-offs originally released in Japan received generally positive reviews in North America. GameSpot reviewed Wizardry: Tale of the Forsaken Land in 2002, and awarded it a score of 8.5 out of 10.[26] In 2011, Wizardry: Labyrinth of Lost Souls was also reviewed by GameSpot and received a score of 7.5 out of 10.[27] In Japan, readers of Famitsu magazine considered the Famicom port of the original Wizardry I to be one of the 100 best games of all time.[28] The series was ranked as the 60th top game (collectively) by Next Generation in 1996. They cited the huge dungeons with elaborate quests and tons of differing enemies.[29] Fans of the series included Robin Williams, Harry Anderson, and the Crown Prince of Bahrain; the latter even called Sir-Tech on the phone.[30]
Legacy
Innovation in gameplay
Together with the Ultima series, Wizardry established the conventions of role-playing video games.[31] The command-driven battle system with a still image of the monster being fought would be emulated in later games, such as The Bard's Tale, Dragon Slayer, Shining Force, Fire Emblem, Dragon Quest, and Final Fantasy. The party-based combat in Wizardry also inspired Richard Garriott to include a similar party-based system in Ultima III: Exodus.[32] Other user interface elements were influential in Japanese role-playing games. The later Wizardry games implemented multiple endings, some of which were only accessible to people who imported characters from previous games.[33]
Wizardry features what would later be called prestige classes. Aside from the traditional character classes, such as fighter, players could take more advanced ones that combined the abilities of multiple classes if they had the right attributes and alignment. In the early Wizardry games, some classes were inaccessible during character creation due to the high requirements; this meant the player needed to first gain levels and then change their class.[33]Wizardry VI allowed starting with any class if the player invested enough time during the random character attribute generation.
Influence on subsequent games
Wizardry inspired many clones and served as a template for role-playing video games. Some notable series that trace their look and feel to Wizardry include 1985's The Bard's Tale and the Might and Magic series. The specific Wizardry formula, that of a turn based RPG taking place primarily in a dungeon via first person exploration, is referred to as a dungeon crawl.
Wizardry is the major inspiration to the Nintendo DS title The Dark Spire.[34] While the game follows its own story and maps, much of the game uses the same game play mechanics, even going so far as including a "classic" mode that removes all of the game's graphics, replacing them with a wireframe environment, 8-bit-style sprites for monsters and characters, and chiptune music. The game's publisher, Atlus, also published another Wizardry spin-off, Wizardry: Tale of the Forsaken Land.
While designing the popular Japanese role-playing game Dragon Quest, Yuji Horii drew inspiration from the Wizardry series, 1986's Mugen no Shinzou (Heart of Phantasm), and the Ultima series of games. Horii's obsession with Wizardry was manifested as an easter egg in one of his earlier games, The Portopia Serial Murder Case in 1983. In a dungeon-crawling portion of that adventure game, a note on the wall reads "MONSTER SURPRISED YOU".
Wizardry's legacy continued in Japan after the parent company ended, with titles such as Wizardry Gaiden, Wizardry Empire, and Wizardry XTH, being developed after the original games were released and generally keeping the same tropes, themes, and mechanics.
Notably Wizardry XTH: Academy of Frontier swapped the original's Gothic themes for a modern day military school setting, adding item crafting and party member compatibility to the Wizardry formula. Much like the original Wizardry, XTH spawned a direct storyline sequel, Wizardry XTH: Unlimited Students. The second XTH game was used as the basis for and shared code with Class of Heroes, which swapped the modern science fiction elements for a combination of High School, High Fantasy, and Anime aesthetics. Class of Heroes would go on to spawn several sequels and spinoffs itself.
Following the shutdown of Michaelsoft, the director of Wizardry XTH, Motoya Ataka took a group of programmers he called "Team Muramasa" that had worked on Empire and XTH and went on to found Experience Inc., creating a series of PC games with Wizardry XTH's mechanics called Generation Xth. These would later be ported to the PlayStation Vita, their ports localized as Operation Abyss and Operation Babel. Experience would go on to create several other DRPGs using Wizardry's mechanics as a starting point, including Students of the Round, Stranger of Sword City, and Demon Gaze.
Starfish, the development team behind Wizardry Empire, would later go on to create Elminage, a series of DRPGs that retained the original Gothic aesthetic (and difficulty) of the western Wizardry games. Elminage was notable for using the expanded "kemonojin" races from Wizardry Asterisk, also by Starfish, as well as the summoner class from Wizardry: Summoner —these included "Were-Beast", "Dragonnewt", "Fairy", and "Devilkin" as well as expanded classes such as "Brawler" (a hand to hand melee specialist), "Alchemist" (a combination crafting class and spellcaster), and "Summoner" (a spellcasting class that can tame and summon monsters from the dungeon). These "expanded" Japanese Wizardry mechanics would be reused in future Elminage games as well as notably Class of Heroes.
After cancellation of Wizardry: Stones of Arnhem in the mid 1990s, one of the developers, Cleveland Mark Blakemore, started work on the game Grimoire: Heralds of the Winged Exemplar which is heavily inspired by Wizardry. It was eventually released in August 2017.
Wizardry Renaissance
In 2009, several Japanese publishers and development teams started a "Brand Revitalization plan", which they called the "Wizardry Renaissance". After Sir-Tech, the original Wizardry creator in the US, was dissolved, several semi-official games were created in Japan of varying quality and thematic elements. "Wizardry Renaissance" aimed to "rebuild" the brand by agreeing to a certain "worldview" and quality standards to these semi-official Wizardry games.
Wizardry Renaissance titles include:
Wizardry Online, a PC MMORPG, shut down in 2016.
Wizardry: Torawareshi Tamashii no Meikyū, a PlayStation 3, iOS, Vita, and PC RPG (localized in the West as Wizardry: Labyrinth of Lost Souls).
Wizardry: Seimei no Kusabi, a Nintendo DS title.
Wizardry: Bōkyaku no Isan, a Nintendo DS title, which re-used elements from Seimei no Kusabi.
Wizardry Online Mobile, a mobile phone MMORPG, shut down in 2011.
Wizardry: Torawareshi Bōrei no Machi, a PlayStation 3 RPG.
Tōkyō Meikyū – Wizardry 0, a social-networking card-battle RPG using the Mobage service on smartphones, shut down sometime in 2012.
Wizardry: Senran no Matō, a social-networking RPG for smartphones, shut down in 2015.
Wizardry Schema, an incremental game RPG for smartphones, shut down in 2017.
Wizrogue: Labyrinth of Wizardry, an isometric roguelike RPG with gacha game elements, originally shut down in 2015, it was re-launched in 2017 with the gacha elements removed.
These titles were released from late 2009 to 2016; the latest activity is the port of Wizardry: Labyrinth of Lost Souls to the PC in January 2020.
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Klaus Siebert Data i miejsce urodzenia 29 kwietnia 1955 Schlettau Data i miejsce śmierci 24 kwietnia 2016 Altenberg Klub SG Dynamo Zinnwald Debiut w PŚ 13.01 1978, Ruhpolding (1. miejsce – b.indywidualny) Dorobek medalowy Reprezentacja NRD Igrzyska olimpijskie srebro Lake Placid 1980 sztafeta Mistrzostwa świata złoto Hochfilzen 1978 sztafeta złoto Ruhpolding 1979 b.indywidualny złoto Ruhpolding 1979 sztafeta brąz Anterselva 1975 sprint brąz Vingrom 1977 sztafeta brą...
Part of the LGBT rights seriesLegal status ofsame-sex unions Marriage Andorra Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Ecuador Estonia* Finland France Germany Iceland Ireland Luxembourg Malta Mexico Nepal Netherlands1 New Zealand2 Norway Portugal Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United Kingdom3 United States4 Uruguay Civil unions andregistered partnerships Bolivia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lie...
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Navarro and the second or maternal family name is García. Nieves NavarroNavarro in Death Walks on High Heels (1971)BornNieves Navarro García (1938-11-11) 11 November 1938 (age 85)Almería, SpainOther namesSusan Scott Suzanne ScottOccupation(s)Actress ModelYears active1964–1989SpouseLuciano Ercoli (1972–2015; his death) Nieves Navarro García (born 11 November 1938) is a retired Spanish-born Italian actress and...
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1986 United States Supreme Court caseCommodity Futures Trading Commission v. SchorSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued April 29, 1986Decided J...
Style of hat popularized by Brazilian performer Carmen Miranda For the British dessert, see Fruit hat (pudding). This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2010) Carmen Miranda in The Gang's All Here (1943 film) A fruit hat is a festive and colorful hat type popularized by Carmen Miranda and associated with warm locales. This type o...
Executable Java file format This article is about the data format. For classes in Java, see Class (computer programming). Java class fileInternet media typeapplication/java-vm, application/x-httpd-java, application/x-java, application/java, application/java-byte-code, application/x-java-class, application/x-java-vmDeveloped bySun Microsystems A Java class file is a file (with the .class filename extension) containing Java bytecode that can be executed on the Java Virtual Machine (JV...
Hospital in Rawalpindi Hospital in Rawalpindi, PakistanHoly Family Hospital, RawalpindiGeographyLocationRawalpindi, PakistanOrganisationCare systemPublicAffiliated universityRawalpindi Medical UniversityHistoryConstruction started1927LinksListsHospitals in Pakistan Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi is one of the largest healthcare hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.[1][2] It is the 864-bed hospital and has 12 operational departments.[1] The hospital is affiliated with Raw...
Trade union in India This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2020) TUCCTrade Union Coordination CentreFounded1970; 53 years ago (1970)HeadquartersNew Delhi, IndiaLocationIndiaMembers 1.6 millionKey peopleProbir Banerjee, PresidentG.R. Shivashankar, General SecretaryAffiliationsWFTUWebsitetucc.forwardbloc.org Trade Union Coordination Centre is a central trade union federation in India. T...
For other PBN programs, see Paris By Night. For the parent company, see Thúy Nga. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Paris by Night 90 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Episode of Paris by Night Chân Dung Người Phụ Nữ Việ...
Primeira Divisão 1938-1939 Competizione Primeira Divisão Sport Calcio Edizione 1ª Organizzatore FPF Date dall'8 gennaio 1939al 23 aprile 1939 Luogo Portogallo Cronologia della competizione 1939-40 Manuale L'edizione 1938-39 della Primeira Divisão vide la vittoria finale del Porto. Fu la prima edizione riconosciuta “ab initio” dalla Federazione. Nel 1938 infatti, il vecchio Campionato del Portogallo fu sostituito dalla Coppa del Portogallo, e alla Liga passò il titolo nazion...
2013 studio album by Ernie Haase & Signature SoundGlorious DayStudio album by Ernie Haase & Signature SoundReleasedMarch 29, 2013Recorded2012-2013Genre Southern gospel gospel country Length40:46LabelStowTown RecordsProducer Ernie Haase Wayne Haun Ernie Haase & Signature Sound chronology Here We Are Again(2012) Glorious Day(2013) Christmas Live!(2013) Glorious Day is a studio album by Ernie Haase & Signature Sound.[1] This album is the first to feature their new...
Bayerischer Poetentaler – Ausgezeichnete 2013: Hanns Meilhamer, Ilse Neubauer, Gustl Bauer, Zither-Manä Der Bayerische Poetentaler ist eine Auszeichnung der süddeutschen Literatenvereinigung Münchner Turmschreiber. Der Poetentaler wird jährlich an Institutionen und Personen vergeben, die sich um die bayerische Kultur verdient gemacht haben. Von 1961 bis 1973 wurden jährlich drei Preise vergeben, seit 1968 können es auch vier oder fünf sein. Ausgezeichnet werden überwiegend Autoren, ...