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The White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is a Ku Klux Klan (KKK) organization which is active in the United States. It originated in Mississippi and Louisiana in the early 1960s under the leadership of Samuel Bowers, its first Imperial Wizard.^[1] The White Knights of Mississippi were formed in December 1963,^[2] when they separated from the Original Knights of Mississippi after the resignation of Imperial Wizard Roy Davis.^[3] Roughly 200 members of the Original Knights of Louisiana also joined the White Knights. Within a year, their membership was up to around six thousand, and they had Klaverns (local branches of the Ku Klux Klan) in over half of the counties in Mississippi. By 1967, the number of active members had declined to around four hundred.^[4] Similar to the United Klans of America (UKA), the White Knights are very secretive about their group.

Formation

Congress launched an investigation of the KKK beginning in January 1966. John. D. Swenson, Louisiana Grand Dragon of the Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan testified about klan activities before Congress. Swenson told Congress, the KKK in Mississippi had been dormant until it was revived by Imperial Wizard Roy Davis who used a clause in the KKK oath to reactivate the organization. Davis had been a leader and a founding member of the 1915 KKK. Following Davis's departure from the Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in 1963, the Original Knights suffered a three way split in their organization following allegations that klan funds had been misused. The Original Knights in Mississippi and about 200 members of the Original Knights in Louisiana broke away and formed the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan under the leadership of Samuel Bowers; Bowers had been the Mississippi Grand Dragon of the Original Knights.^[3]

Murder of civil rights activists

The White Knights were responsible for many bombings, church burnings, beatings, and murders. In 1964, they murdered three civil rights workers: Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, and Michael Schwerner (their murder was later depicted in the 1988 film Mississippi Burning, loosely based on these events). The victims were members of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).

White Knights leader Samuel Bowers had targeted Schwerner because of his efforts to promote racial equality and because of his efforts to encourage Black people to register to vote during Freedom Summer.

In his first attempt to kill Schwerner, Bowers assembled 30 White Knights on the evening of Memorial Day 1964 and surrounded the Mount Zion United Methodist Church while a meeting was taking place inside it. Bowers thought that Schwerner would be in attendance, but after he failed to find him when the meeting let out, the Knights started beating the Black people who were present, then they poured gasoline inside the church and set the church on fire.

At the time of the fire, Schwerner had been in Ohio working on helping the National Council of Churches find more students who were willing to participate in the Freedom Summer project. When he found out about the church burning, he decided to drive back to Mississippi. Accompanying him were 21-year-old James Chaney, a black man, and Andrew Goodman. They were heading to Longdale in Neshoba County, where the sheriff, Lawrence A. Rainey, and his deputy, Cecil Price, were members of the Klan, although the Klansmen never publicly announced it.^[5]

When the three activists arrived in Neshoba County, Price saw their car driving down the highway and pulled them over on the premise that they had possibly been involved in the burning of the Mount Zion United Methodist Church. They were confined in the Neshoba County Jail and denied their right to make phone calls, while Price worked out plans for their murder with another White Knights member, Edgar Ray Killen. Hours later, Price released them but he followed them in his patrol car. The trio knew that they were being followed, and they eventually stopped their car, at which point Price ordered them into his vehicle. Two cars which were full of Klansmen pulled up, and all three activists were shot at close range. Their bodies were placed together in a hollow at a dam construction site on a farm which belonged to trucking company owner Olen Lovell Burrage and then they were covered with tons of dirt which was moved by a Caterpillar D4, most likely driven by heavy machinery operator Herman Tucker who owned the machine and had been hired by Burrage to build the dam.

It was months before any indictments were made. Rainey and Price were indicted in 1965, but 18 members of the White Knights who were also involved in the crime were not indicted until 1967. Six men were convicted, including Bowers and Price. Seven men were found not guilty, and one man was acquitted of all of the charges. Bowers and Alton Wayne Roberts (who shot Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner)^[6] each received the longest prison sentences, 10 years.^[5]

Killen was initially spared from conviction because one of the jurors flatly refused to convict a man who she knew was a preacher. However, he was eventually convicted of the murders in June 2005, 40 years after the fact. At the age of 79, he was sentenced to serve "three 20-year terms, one term for each conviction of manslaughter in connection to the deaths of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in 1964."^[5]

Current status of the White Knights

The Ku Klux Klan's activity in Mississippi, and specifically, the activity of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, did not stop after the Civil Rights Movement. In 2017, six different Klan organizations were publicly identified in Mississippi, and three of them were identified as White Knights organizations.^[7]

In 1989, The White Knights of Mississippi attempted to go national by appointing professional wrestler Johnny Lee Clary, whose stage name was "Johnny Angel", to succeed the retiring Samuel Bowers as its new Imperial Wizard. Clary appeared on many talk shows, including The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Morton Downey Jr. Show, in an effort to build a new, modern image for the Ku Klux Klan. It was thought that Clary could build membership in the Klan due to his celebrity status as a professional wrestler.

Clary tried to unify the various chapters of the Klan by holding a meeting in the birthplace of the Ku Klux Klan, Pulaski, Tennessee, only to see it fall apart because of infighting which occurred when the Klan's various chapters came together. Clary's girlfriend was revealed to be an F.B.I. informant, which resulted in distrust of Clary among members of the different Klan chapters. Clary resigned from the Klan and later, he became a born-again Christian and a civil rights activist.^[8]^[9]

With the conviction of Killen in 2005, an earlier chapter in the history of the White Knights of Mississippi came to a close. Price died in 2001;^[5] Wayne Roberts is also deceased.

In art, entertainment, and media

The film Mississippi Burning (1988) is based on the events surrounding the White Knights' murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner.

References

^ "Biography of Sam Bowers". Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
^ Dirks, Annelieke. “Between Threat and Reality: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Emergence of Armed Self-Defense in Clarksdale and Natchez, Mississippi, 1960-1965.” Journal for the Study of Radicalism, vol. 1, no. 1, 2007, p. 85. JSTOR website Retrieved 15 July 2023.
^ ^a ^b Committee on Un-American Activities (January 1966). Activities of Ku Klux Klan Organizations of the United States; Parts 1-5. United States Congress. p. 49.
^ Nelson, Stanley (October 1, 2008). "Gunshots in Morgontown signaled changes in Klan membership". The Concordia Sentinel. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Linder, Douglas. "The Mississippi Burning Trial: U.S. vs. Price et al". Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
^ Ladd, Donna (21 June 2004). "Down a Southern Road". Jackson Free Press. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
^ "Hate Map".
^ "johnnyleeclary.com". Go Daddy. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
^ "Klansman turned preacher keeping King's dream alive". US Army. Retrieved 2024-10-18.