Ways of Seeing

Ways of Seeing

Author	John Berger
Cover artist	René Magritte
Language	English
Subject	Art, architecture, photography
Publisher	Penguin Books
Publication date	1972
Publication place	U.K.
Pages	166
ISBN	0-14-013515-4
OCLC	23135054

Ways of Seeing is a 1972 television series of 30-minute films created chiefly by writer John Berger^[1] and producer Mike Dibb.^[2][3] It was broadcast on BBC Two in January 1972 and adapted into a book of the same name.^[4][5]

The series was intended as a response to Kenneth Clark's Civilisation TV series, which represents a more traditionalist view of the Western artistic and cultural canon, and the series and book criticise traditional Western cultural aesthetics by raising questions about hidden ideologies in visual images.^[6] According to James Bridle, Berger "didn't just help us gain a new perspective on viewing art with his 1972 series Ways of Seeing – he also revealed much about the world in which we live. Whether exploring the history of the female nude or the status of oil paint, his landmark series showed how art revealed the social and political systems in which it was made. He also examined what had changed in our ways of seeing in the time between when the art was made and today."^[7]

The series has had a lasting influence, and in particular introduced the concept of the male gaze, as part of his analysis of the treatment of the nude in European painting. It soon became popular among feminists, including the British film critic Laura Mulvey, who used it to critique traditional media representations of the female character in cinema.^[8]

Episodes

No. in series	Title	Original air date
1	"Episode 1 - Camera and Painting"	8 January 1972 (1972-01-08)
The first part of the television series drew on ideas from Walter Benjamin's 1935 essay "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction", arguing that through reproduction an Old Master's painting's modern context is severed from that which existed at the time of its making.[9]
2	"Episode 2 - Women and Art"	15 January 1972 (1972-01-15)
The second film discusses the female nude. Berger asserts that only twenty or thirty nudes in the European oil painting tradition depict a woman as herself rather than as a subject of male idealisation or desire.
3	"Episode 3 - Painting and Possessions"	22 January 1972 (1972-01-22)
The third programme is on the use of oil paint as a means of depicting or reflecting the status of the individuals who commissioned the work of art.[10]
4	"Episode 4 - Fine Arts and Commerce"	29 January 1972 (1972-01-29)
In the fourth programme, on publicity and advertising, Berger argues that colour photography has taken over the role of oil paint, though the context is reversed. An idealised potential for the viewer (via consumption) is considered a substitution for the actual reality depicted in old master portraits.[11]

Book

The book Ways of Seeing was written by Berger and Dibb, along with Sven Blomberg, Chris Fox, and Richard Hollis.^[12] The book consists of seven numbered essays: four using words and images; and three essays using only images.^[12][13]

Now described as "revolutionary",^[14] the book has contributed to feminist readings of popular culture, through essays that focus particularly on how women are portrayed in advertisements and oil paintings.^[15] "Berger ... has had a profound influence on the popular understanding of art and the visual image," according to sociologists Yasmin Gunaratnam and Vikki Bell.^[16]

Reception and legacy

The book and television series were considered groundbreaking.^[17] A 1994 critic noted:^[17]

There is one occasion when other voices are introduced, in the second programme, about representations of women - reflecting Berger's awareness that he's been speaking on behalf of women too long. About two-thirds through, he says he's shown what he's done so far to 'five women', and asked them to discuss it. The discussion occupies the rest of the time. A clear gesture of openness. But the 'five women' remain unnamed until the closing credits. They are women. And Berger himself actually sits in on the discussion - in fact he chairs it, with complete confidence in the non-prejudicial nature of his own presence.

Notes

1. 15 Documentaries That Get Inside an Artist's Head - The New York Times
2. WAYS OF SEEING / WAYS OF TALKING on JSTOR
3. Ways of Seeing opened our eyes to visual culture|Culture|The Guardian
4. Ways of Seeing at PenguinRandomHouse.
5. Gunaratnam, Yasmin, and Vikki Bell (5 January 2017), "How John Berger changed our way of seeing art", The Conversation, 5 January 2017.
6. McNay, Michael (2 January 2017). "John Berger obituary". The Guardian.
7. Bridle, James (16 April 2019). "New Ways of Seeing: can John Berger's classic decode our baffling digital age?". The Guardian.
8. A Companion to Women in the Ancient World, edited by Sharon L. James, Sheila Dillon, p. 75, 2012, Wiley, ISBN 1444355007, 9781444355000
9. "John Berger / Ways of Seeing , Episode 1 (1972)."
10. "John Berger / Ways of Seeing , Episode 3 (1972)".
11. "John Berger / Ways of Seeing , Episode 4 (1972)".
12. Berger, John (1973). Ways of seeing. London: British Broadcasting Corporation and Penguin Books. ISBN 9780563122449.
13. "Ways of Seeing", Penguin.
14. Rai, Pratibha (4 April 2017). "Review: 'Ways of Seeing'". The Oxford Culture Review.
15. Danuta Walters, Suzanna (2001). "Pride and prejudice: the changing context of gay visibility". In Danuta Walters, Suzanna (ed.). All the rage: the story of gay visibility in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 9780226872322.
16. Bell, Vikki (10 January 2017). "How John Berger changed our ways of seeing art: He taught us that photographs always need language, and require a narrative, to make sense". The Independent. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
17. Lubbock, Tom (23 October 2011). "Through the looking-glass: John Berger's groundbreaking book Ways of". The Independent. Retrieved 24 May 2021.

References

• Fuery, Patrick; Kelli Fuery (2003). Visual Cultures and Critical Theory. London: Hodder Arnold Publications. ISBN 978-0-340-80748-4. OCLC 52056670.

Further reading

• Bruck, Jan; John Docker (1989). "Puritanic Relationalism: John Berger's Ways of Seeing and Media and Culture Studies". Continuum: The Australian Journal of Media & Culture. 2 (2): 77–95. doi:10.1080/10304318909359365. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
• Chandler, Daniel (30 June 1998). "Notes on 'The Gaze': John Berger's Ways of Seeing". Aberystwyth: University of Wales. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
• Dillon, George (October 2013). "Illustrations and Amplifications for John Berger's Ways of Seeing". Seattle: University of Washington. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
• Saxton Acker, John (ed.). "John Berger [An extended quotation from an episode of Ways of Seeing]". Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University. Retrieved 22 April 2016.

External links

• Ways of Seeing at IMDb
• Recordings of Ways of Seeing on the Internet Archive
• Beyond John Berger's Ways of Seeing on The New Republic