Subsystem for 32-bit Windows for running 16-bit DOS & Windows programs
Virtual DOS machines (VDM) refer to a technology that allows running 16-bit/32-bit DOS and 16-bit Windows programs when there is already another operating system running and controlling the hardware.
Overview
Virtual DOS machines can operate either exclusively through typical software emulation methods (e.g. dynamic recompilation) or can rely on the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel80386 processor, which allows real mode 8086 software to run in a controlled environment by catching all operations which involve accessing protected hardware and forwarding them to the normal operating system (as exceptions). The operating system can then perform an emulation and resume the execution of the DOS software.
When a DOS program running inside a VDM needs to access a peripheral, Windows will either allow this directly (rarely), or will present the DOS program with a virtual device driver (VDD) which emulates the hardware using operating system functions. A VDM will systematically have emulations for the Intel 8259Ainterrupt controllers, the 8254 timer chips, the 8237 DMA controller, etc.[1]
Concurrent DOS 8086 emulation mode
In January 1985 Digital Research together with Intel previewed Concurrent DOS 286 1.0,[2] a version of Concurrent DOS capable of running real mode DOS programs in the 80286's protected mode.[2] The method devised on B-1 stepping processor chips, however, in May 1985 stopped working on the C-1 and subsequent processor steppings shortly before Digital Research was about to release the product. Although with the E-1 stepping Intel started to address the issues in August 1985, so that Digital Research's "8086 emulation mode" worked again utilizing the undocumented LOADALL processor instruction,[3][4] it was too slow to be practical. Microcode changes for the E-2 stepping improved the speed again.[5][6] This early implementation can be seen as a predecessor to actual virtual DOS machines.
Eventually, Concurrent DOS 286 was reworked from a potential desktop operating system to become FlexOS 286 for industrial use in 1986.[7][8] It was also licensed by IBM for their 4680 OS in 1986.[9][10]
When Intel's 80386 with its virtual 8086 mode became available (as samples since October 1985 and in quantities since June 1986), Digital Research switched to use this to run real mode DOS programs in virtual DOS machines in protected mode under Concurrent DOS 386 1.0 (February 1987)[11] and FlexOS 386 1.0 (June 1987).[12] However, the architecture of these multiuser multitasking
protected mode operating systems was not DOS-based by themselves.
In contrast to these protected mode operating systems, DOS, by default, is a real-mode operating system, switching to protected mode and virtual 86 mode only on behalf of memory managers and DOS extenders in order to provide access to extended memory or map in memory into the first megabyte, which is accessible to normal DOS programs.
DOS-based VDMs appeared with Microsoft's Windows/386 2.01 in September 1987.[13] DOS-based virtual DOS machines were also present in Windows 3.0, 3.1x and Windows for Workgroups 3.1x running in 386 Enhanced Mode as well as in Windows 95, 98, 98 SE and ME. One of the characteristics of these solutions running on top of DOS is that the memory layout shown inside virtual DOS machines are virtual instances of the DOS system and DOS driver configuration run before the multitasker is loaded, and that requests which cannot be handled in protected mode are passed down into the system domain to be executed by the underlying DOS system.
Similar to Windows 3.x 386 Enhanced Mode in architecture, EMM386 3.xx of Novell DOS 7,[1][14]Caldera OpenDOS 7.01,[14][15]DR-DOS 7.02[16] (and later) also uses DOS-based VDMs to support pre-emptive multitasking of multiple DOS applications, when the EMM386 /MULTI option is used.[14][15][16] This component has been under development at Digital Research / Novell since 1991[nb 1] under the codename "Vladivar" (originally a separate device driver KRNL386.SYS[1][14] instead of a module of EMM386). While primarily developed for the next major version of DR DOS, released as Novell DOS 7 in 1994,[1][14] it was also used in the never released DR DOS "Panther" and "Star Trek" project in 1992/1993.
OS/2 MVDM
Multiple virtual DOS machines (MVDM) are used in OS/2 2.0 and later since 1992.[1][4] OS/2 MVDMs are considerably more powerful than NTVDM. For example, block devices are supported, and various DOS versions can be booted into an OS/2 MVDM.[17] While the OS/2 1.x DOS box was based on DOS 3.0, OS/2 2.x MVDMs emulate DOS 5.0.[1]
Seamless integration of Windows 3.1 and later Win32s applications in OS/2 is a concept looking similar on surface to the seamless integration of XP Mode based on Windows Virtual PC in Windows 7. A redirector in a "guest" VDM or NTVDM allows access on the disks of the OS/2 or NT "host". Applications in a "guest" can use named pipes for communication with their "host".[18]
Due to a technical limitation, DOS and 16-bit Windows applications under OS/2 were unable to see more than 2 GB of hard drive space;[19] this was fixed in ArcaOS 5.0.4.[20]
Windows NTVDM
NTVDM is a system component of all IA-32 editions of the Windows NT family since 1993 with the release of Windows NT 3.1. It allows execution of 16-bit Windows and 16-bit / 32-bit DOS applications. The Windows NT 32-bit user-mode executable which forms the basis for a single DOS (or Windows 3.x) environment is called ntvdm.exe.[1]
In order to execute DOS programs, NTVDM loads NTIO.SYS which in turn loads NTDOS.SYS, which executes a modified COMMAND.COM in order to run the application that was passed to NTVDM as command-line argument. The 16-bit real-mode system files are stripped down derivations of their MS-DOS 5.0 equivalents IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS and COMMAND.COM[1] with all hard-wired assumptions on the FAT file system removed and using the invalid opcode 0xC4 0xC4 to bop down into the 32-bit NTVDM to handle the requests.[1] Originally, NTDOS reported a DOS version of 30.00 to programs,[1] but this was soon changed to report a version of 5.00 at INT21h/AH=30h and 5.50 at INT21h/AX=3306h to allow more programs to run unmodified.[1] This holds true even in the newest releases of Windows; many additional MS-DOS functions and commands introduced in MS-DOS versions 6.x and in Windows 9x are missing.
16-bit Windows applications by default all run in their own thread within a single NTVDM process. Although NTVDM itself is a 32-bit process and pre-emptively multitasked with respect to the rest of the system, the 16-bit applications within it are cooperatively multitasked with respect to each other. When the "Run in separate memory space" option is checked in the Run box or the application's shortcut file, each 16-bit Windows application gets its own NTVDM process and is therefore pre-emptively multitasked with respect to other processes, including other 16-bit Windows applications. NTVDM emulates BIOS calls and tables as well as the Windows 3.1 kernel and 16-bit API stubs.[21] The 32-bit WoW translation layer thunks 16-bit API routines.
32-bit DOS emulation is present for DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) and 32-bit memory access. This layer converts the necessary extended and expanded memory calls for DOS functions into Windows NT memory calls. wowexec.exe is the emulation layer that emulates 16-bit Windows. Windows 2000 and Windows XP added Sound Blaster 2.0 emulation.[22] 16-bit virtual device drivers and DOS block device drivers (e.g., RAM disks) are not supported. Inter-process communication with other subsystems can take place through OLE, DDE and named pipes.
Since virtual 8086 mode is not available on non-x86-based processors (more specifically, MIPS, DEC Alpha, and PowerPC) NTVDM is instead implemented as a full emulator in these versions of NT, using code licensed from Insignia's SoftPC.[23][1] Up to Windows NT 3.51, only 80286 emulation is available. With Windows NT 4.0, 486 emulation was added.[24]
NTVDM is not included with 64-bit versions of Windows or ARM32 based versions such as Windows RT or Windows 10 IoT Core. Windows 10 is the final version of Windows to include this component, as Windows 11 dropped support for 32-bit processors.
Commands
The following commands are part of the Windows XP MS-DOS subsystem.[18]
In January 2010, Google security researcher Tavis Ormandy revealed a serious security flaw in Windows NT's VDM implementation that allowed unprivileged users to escalate their privileges to SYSTEM level, noted as applicable to the security of all x86 versions of the Windows NT kernel since 1993. This included all 32-bit versions of Windows NT, 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista, Server 2008, and Windows 7.[25] Ormandy published a proof-of-concept exploit for the vulnerability.[26] Prior to Microsoft's release of a security patch, the workaround for this issue was to turn off 16-bit application support, which prevented older programs (those written for DOS and Windows 3.1) from running. 64-bit versions of Windows are not affected since the NTVDM subsystem is not included.[27][28] Once the Microsoft security patches had been applied to the affected operating systems the VDM could be safely reenabled.[nb 2]
Limitations
A limitation exists in the Windows XP 16-bit subsystem (but not in earlier versions of Windows NT) because of the raised per-session limit for GDI objects which causes GDI handles to be shifted to the right by two bits, when converting them from 32 to 16 bits.[29] As a result, the actual handle cannot be larger than 14 bits and consequently 16-bit applications that happen to be served a handle larger than 16384 by the GDI system crash and terminate with an error message.[29]
In general, VDM and similar technologies do not satisfactorily run most older DOS games on today's computers. Emulation is only provided for the most basic peripherals, often implemented incompletely[citation needed]. For example, sound emulation in NTVDM is very limited. NT-family versions of Windows only update the real screen a few times per second when a DOS program writes to it, and they do not emulate higher resolution graphics modes. Because software mostly runs native at the speed of the host CPU, all timing loops will expire prematurely. This either makes a game run much too fast or causes the software not even to notice the emulated hardware peripherals, because it does not wait long enough for an answer.
Absence in x64 and AArch64 architectures
In an x86-64 CPU, virtual 8086 mode is available as a sub-mode only in its legacy mode (for running 16- and 32-bit operating systems), not in the native 64-bit long mode.[30] NTVDM is not supported on x86-64 editions of Windows,[31] including DOS programs,[32] because NTVDM uses VM86 CPU mode instead of the Local Descriptor Table in order to enable 16‑bits segment required for addressing.[33] NTVDM is also unavailable on AArch64 versions of Windows (such as Windows RT), because Microsoft did not release a full emulator for this incompatible instruction set like it did on previous incompatible architectures.
Whilst NTVDM is not supported on x86-64 and AArch64 versions of Windows, they can still be run using virtualization software, such as Windows XP Mode in non-home versions of Windows 7 or VMware Workstation. Other methods include using NTVDMx64,[34] an unofficial port of the emulated implementation of NTVDM from the leaked Windows NT 4.0 source code for non-x86 platforms,[23] or OTVDM (WineVDM), a 16-bit Windows interpreter based on MAME's i386 emulation and the 16-bit portion of the popular Windows compatibility layer, Wine.[35]
WineVDM
A VDM is included in Wine and CrossOver for Linux and Mac OS X, known as WineVDM (also known as OTVDM). It has also been ported to Windows itself, as 64-bit versions of Windows do not include the NTVDM subsystem.[36]
^A disabled VDM could be reenabled by setting the corresponding registry key back to "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\AppCompat\VDMDisallowed"=dword:00000000.
NTVDM from ReactOS, the custom standalone variant of NTVDM by Michael Stamper (able to run windowed text mode MS-DOS software in 64 bit Windows NT systems, this NTVDM works by using the following syntax: ntvdm.exe program.exe, like start command in Windows.
vDOS, a DOS emulator designed for the running the more "serious" DOS apps (not games) on 64-bit NT systems (effectively a replacement for NTVDM on modern systems).
Sumber referensi dari artikel ini belum dipastikan dan mungkin isinya tidak benar. Mohon periksa, kembangkan artikel ini, dan tambahkan sumber yang benar pada bagian yang diperlukan. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Perancangan web (web design) adalah istilah umum yang digunakan untuk mencakup bagaimana isi web konten ditampilkan, (biasanya berupa hypertext atau hypermedia) yang dikirimkan ke pengguna akhir melalui World Wide Web, dengan menggunakan sebuah b...
Monkey Business A Culpa Foi do Macaco (PRT)O Inventor da Mocidade (BRA) Monkey Business (1952) Estados Unidos1952 • preto e branco • 97[1] min Gênero comédia malucaficção científica Direção Howard Hawks Produção Sol C. Siegel Roteiro Ben HechtCharles LedererI.A.L. Diamond Baseado em uma história de Harry Segall Elenco Cary GrantGinger RogersMarilyn MonroeCharles Coburn Música Leigh Harline Cinematografia Milton R. Krasner Edição William B. Mu...
Président de la républiquedu Kazakhstan(kk) Қазақстан Республикасы Президенті(ru) Президент Республики Казахстан Emblème du Kazakhstan. Drapeau du président du Kazakhstan. Titulaire actuelKassym-Jomart Tokaïevdepuis le 20 mars 2019(4 ans, 8 mois et 11 jours) Création 24 avril 1990 Mandant Suffrage universel direct Durée du mandat 7 ans, non-renouvelable Premier titulaire Noursoultan Nazarbaïev Résidence officie...
1994 soundtrack album by Elton John and Hans Zimmer The Lion King: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackArtwork for original releaseSoundtrack album by Elton John, Hans Zimmer and various artistsReleased May 31, 1994 (original release) September 30, 2003 (Special Edition) Recorded1993–94Studio Media Ventures, Los Angeles Ocean Way Studios, Los Angeles Snake Ranch, London Angel Recording Studios, London BOP Studios, Mmabatho GenreWorldfilm scorepopLength 46:40 (1994 original release) 52:08 ...
Maurice Hinchey (2011) Maurice Dunlea Hinchey (* 27. Oktober 1938 in New York City, New York; † 22. November 2017 in Saugerties, New York) war ein amerikanischer Politiker der Demokratischen Partei. Von 1993 bis 2013 war er Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für den Bundesstaat New York. Leben Hinchey wurde in New York City geboren, wuchs in Saugerties auf und schloss seine Schulbildung an der Saugerties High School ab. Im Anschluss diente er von 1956 bis 1959 in de...
American journalist and pop music critic Jon CaramanicaBorn1975 (age 47–48)Brooklyn, New York, U.S.Alma materHarvard University (B.A.)Goldsmiths, University of LondonEmployerThe New York Times Jon Caramanica (born 1975) is an American journalist and pop music critic who writes for The New York Times.[1][2] He is also known for writing about hip hop music.[3] Biography Born in Brooklyn, New York, Caramanica received his bachelor's degree from Harvard Uni...
Dodi al-FayedNama dalam bahasa asli(ar) عماد الدين محمد عبد المنعم الفايد BiografiKelahiran(en) Emad El-Din Mohamed Abdel Muna'im Al-Fayed 15 April 1955 Aleksandria Kematian31 Agustus 1997 (42 tahun)Arondisemen ke-8 Paris Penyebab kematianKecelakaan lalu-lintas Tempat pemakamanBrookwood Cemetery (en) Data pribadiAgamaIslam PendidikanCollège Saint Marc, Alexandria (en) Institut Le Rosey Akademi Militer Kerajaan Sandhurst KegiatanPekerjaanPengusaha dan produser film...
此条目的主題是美国境外领地。关于萨摩亚独立国 (西萨摩亚),請見「萨摩亚」。 美屬薩摩亞American SamoaAmerika Sāmoa未通過組織法的未合併屬地 旗帜徽章口号:Sāmoa, Muamua Le AtuaSamoa, Let God Be First萨摩亚,让神成为优先颂歌:《美属萨摩亚》Amerika Samoa美屬薩摩亞的位置主權國家 美國分割薩摩亞(英语:Tripartite_Convention)1899年12月2日批准法案(英语:Ratification_Act_o...
Dalem Jayadipuranꦢꦊꦩ꧀ꦗꦪꦢꦶꦥꦸꦫꦤ꧀Nama sebagaimana tercantum dalamSistem Registrasi Nasional Cagar Budaya Cagar budaya IndonesiaKategoriBangunanNo. RegnasCB.121LokasikeberadaanJalan Brigjen Katamso No. 139Kelurahan Keparakan, Kemantren MergangsanKota YogyakartaTanggal SK26 Maret 2007PemilikBalai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya YogyakartaPengelolaBalai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Yogyakarta Ndalem Jayadipuran (Jawa: ꦢꦊꦩ꧀ꦗꦪꦢꦶꦥꦸꦫꦤ꧀, translit. Dalem ...
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Battle Realms – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove t...
Prof. Mr.Mohammad NasroenMenteri Kehakiman ke-7Masa jabatan20 November 1951 – 3 April 1952PresidenSukarnoPerdana MenteriSukimanPendahuluMelkias Agustinus PellaupessyPenggantiLukman WiriadinataGubernur Sumatra Tengah ke-1Masa jabatan15 April 1948 – 1 Agustus 1950[1]PendahuluJabatan dibentukPenggantiRuslan MuljohardjoResiden Sumatera Barat ke-5Masa jabatan29 April 1947 – 15 April 1948PendahuluSutan Mohammad RasjidPenggantiDiri sendiri sebagai Gub...
Саксагань Історичне місце впадіння Саксагані в Інгулець48°26′13″ пн. ш. 34°10′22″ сх. д. / 48.43694444447177716° пн. ш. 34.17277777780577708° сх. д. / 48.43694444447177716; 34.17277777780577708Витік на північний схід від села Малоолександрівки• координати 48°26′13″ пн. ш. 34°10′22...
United States historic placeLemington Elementary SchoolU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesCity of Pittsburgh Historic StructurePittsburgh Landmark – PHLF Show map of PittsburghShow map of PennsylvaniaShow map of the United StatesLocation7060 Lemington Ave., Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaCoordinates40°28′12″N 79°53′47″W / 40.4701°N 79.8965°W / 40.4701; -79.8965Area2 acres (0.81 ha)Built1937ArchitectSteen, Marion M.; Navarro Corp.Architectural sty...
2012 single by Dean BrodyBob MarleySingle by Dean Brodyfrom the album Dirt ReleasedMay 21, 2012 (2012-05-21)GenreCountryLength3:27LabelOpen RoadSongwriter(s)Dean BrodyProducer(s)Matt RoveyDean Brody singles chronology Canadian Girls (2011) Bob Marley (2012) It's Friday (2012) Bob Marley is a song written and recorded by Canadian country music artist Dean Brody. It was released in May 2012 as the second single from his album Dirt. The song reached No. 69 on the Canadian Hot 100 ...
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Doris Day Christmas Album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1964 studio album by Doris DayThe Doris Day Christmas AlbumStudio album by Doris DayReleasedSeptember 14, 1964GenreChristmas m...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أغسطس 2021) السخرية من المسيح معلومات فنية الفنان وسيط property غير متوفر. الموقع متحف اللوفر نوع العمل فن مقدس الموضوع وسيط property غير متوفر. معلومات أخرى المواد طل...