Vicia bithynica

Vicia bithynica
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Tribe:	Fabeae
Genus:	Vicia
Species:	V. bithynica
Binomial name
Vicia bithynica (L.) L.
Synonyms
Lathyrus bithynicus L. Ervum bithynicum (L.) Stank.

Vicia bithynica^[2] known as Bithynian vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus, initially as Lathyrus bithynicus (as a type of pea) but later moved to the genus Vicia (vetches).^[3] The specific name is derived from Bithynia, an ancient kingdom situated on the north coast of Anatolia, in modern day Turkey.

Description

An annual with climbing stems, scrambling or climbing to about 60 cm tall. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, are up to about 9 cm long, have 2–3 pairs of leaflets, and end in branched tendrils. The petioles are 2 cm long with a large, ovate, dentate stipule at the base. The flowers are arranged in pairs (although sometimes solitary) on long (5 cm) peduncles branching from the leaf axils. The petals are purple and white, 2 cm long, and have 10 stamens and 1 style. The fruit is a hairy pod or legume up to 5 cm long with 4 to 8 seeds.^[2] It has 14 chromosomes.^[2][4]

Vicia bithynica is not cultivated for human or livestock consumption. The seeds contain high levels of vicine,^[5] which causes favism amongst susceptible individuals.^[6]

Habitat

The habitat of V. bithynica is often described as ‘woodland and scrub’ but Bennett & Maxted^[7] examined many herbarium specimens for habitat data and concluded that it was most common in calcareous grassland, while others^[8] describe it as a weed of agricultural fields. In Greece, it is a native therophyte of dry scrub (phrygana) and grassland.^[9]

In Britain, at the northern extremity of its range, it is considered to be a plant of coastal undercliffs, the backs of beaches, bare ground, hedges and old railway lines.^[10]

Distribution

Vicia bithynica is widespread around the Mediterranean and in Europe as far north as Scandinavia, and there are isolated populations in the Azores, United States, Australia and New Zealand.^[11]

It is common in Turkey and considered to be native there,^[4] as it is in Malta,^[12] becoming rarer further north. In Britain it is classified as Vulnerable^[13] and is declining in abundance,^[14] although it is protected in several sites of special scientific interest such as Sheppey Cliffs and Foreshore and Swanscombe Peninsula.^[15]

References

1. McFarlane, D., Osborne, J. & Maxted, N. (2019). "Vicia bithynica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T176111A1432457. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T176111A1432457.en. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
2. C. A. Stace, New Flora of the British Isles, 4th edition 2019. ISBN 978-15272-2630-2.
3. Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (2009). Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55337-7.
4. Başbağ, Mehmet (2013). "Vicia taxa in the Flora of Turkey". Anadolu Tarım Bilim. Derg. 28: 59.66. doi:10.7161/anajas.2013.281.59.
5. Griffith, D.W. (1992). "The Concentration of Vicine and Convicine in Vicia faba and some Related Species and their Distribution within Mature Seeds". J. Sci. Food Agric. 59 (4): 463–468. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740590406.
6. Warren, Susan. "The Wild Flowers of Skopelos".
7. Bennett, S.J.; Maxted, N. (1997). "An ecogeographic analysis of the Vicia narbonensis complex". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 44 (5): 411–428. doi:10.1023/A:1008688919569. S2CID 2863256.
8. Van de Wouw, M. (2001). "Vetches (Vicia L.)". In Maxted, N.; Bennett, S.J. (eds.). Plant Genetic Resources of Legumes in the Mediterranean. Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture. Vol. 39. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 134–158. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9823-1_8. ISBN 978-90-481-5613-9.
9. Dimopoulos, Panayotis (2013). Vascular plants of Greece: An annotated checklist.
10. Stewart, A.; Pearman, D.A.; Preston, C.D. (1994). Scarce Plants in Britain. Peterborough: JNCC. ISBN 1-873701-66-7.
11. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. "Vicia bithynica (L.) L."
12. Mifsud, Stephen. "Vicia bithynica (Bithynian Vetch)". Malta Wild Plants.
13. Cheffings, C. (2005). The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain. Peterborough: JNCC.
14. Biological Records Centre. "Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora".
15. Natural England. "Swanscombe Peninsula Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), confirmation of notification" (PDF).