In mid-1981, Walter Day, founder of Twin Galaxies, Inc., visited more than 100 video game arcades over four months, recording the high scores that he found on each game.[citation needed]
On February 9, 1982, Day's database of records was released publicly as the Twin Galaxies National Scoreboard.[citation needed]
Twin Galaxies' first event formed state teams from the top players in North Carolina and California, facing them off in a "California Challenges North Carolina All-Star Playoff." The teams played in 17 different games in Lakewood, California, and Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina. California defeated North Carolina 10–7 over the weekend of August 27–30, 1982.[2]
In September, 1982, the book "Defending the Galaxy"[3] is released—and declaring Twin Galaxies as the "Video Game Capital of the World," and describing the California/North Carolina contest just held.[citation needed]
On November 30, 1982, Ottumwa mayor Jerry Parker declared the town "Video Game Capital of the World", a claim that was backed up by Iowa GovernorTerry Branstad, Atari and the Amusement Game Manufacturers Association in a ceremony at Twin Galaxies on March 19, 1983.[4][5][6]
Beginning in the summer of 1982, Video Games magazine and Joystick published high-score tables taken from Twin Galaxies' data. Additional high-score charts also appeared in USA Today, Videogiochi (Milan, Italy), Computer Games, Video Game Player and Electronic Fun.[7][8][9]
On January 8–9, 1983, Twin Galaxies organized its first world championship, which was filmed by ABC-TV's That's Incredible! and aired on February 21, 1983.[10]
In March 1983, Twin Galaxies was contracted by the Electronic Circus to assemble a professional troupe of video game high-scorers. Though the Circus was scheduled to visit 40 cities in North America, its Boston inaugural performance lasted only five days, closing on July 19. The players selected by Twin Galaxies for the Circus are believed to be history's first professionally contracted video game players.[11]
On July 25, 1983, Twin Galaxies established the first professional U.S. National Video Game Team. The USNVGT toured the United States during the summer of 1983 in a 44-foot GMC bus filled with arcade games, appearing at arcades around the nation and conducting the 1983 Video Game Masters Tournament, the results of which were published in the 1984 US edition of Guinness World Records.[citation needed]
In 1988, the Guinness Book of World records stopped publishing records from Twin Galaxies due to a decline in interest for arcade games.[12]
On February 8, 1998, Twin Galaxies' Official Video Game & Pinball Book of World Records was published. It is a 984-page book containing scores compiled since 1981. A second edition was published as a three-volume set in 2007. A third edition was published in 2009.[non-primary source needed]
Founder Walter Day left Twin Galaxies in 2010 to pursue a career in music,[13] and since then ownership of Twin Galaxies has changed hands several times.[14] In 2013, Twin Galaxies began charging a fee for score submissions.[15]
In March 2014, Jace Hall announced that he was the new "Head Custodian and Caretaker of the TWIN GALAXIES organization".[16] On April 28, 2014, the full Twin Galaxies website, including the high score database and forum content, came back online.
The US National Video Game Team was founded on July 25, 1983, in Ottumwa, Iowa, by Walter Day and the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard.[citation needed]
Twin Galaxies conducted the first Console Video Game World Championship during Twin Galaxies' 1st Annual Twin Galaxies' Video Game Festival at the Mall of America, Bloomington, Minnesota, on the weekend of July 20–22, 2001. This event is also known as the Console Game World Championship and had originally been planned for March 24–25, 2001, at the Sheraton Dallas Brookhollow Hotel in Dallas, Texas, but was moved forward to the Mall of America event.[citation needed]
The second Console Video Game World Championship was held the weekend of July 12–14, 2002, at the 2nd Annual Twin Galaxies' Video Game Festival at the Mall of America.[17][18][19][20][21]
Classic Video Game World Championship
Twin Galaxies conducted the first "Classic Video Game World Championship" on June 2–4, 2001, at the Funspot Family Fun Center in Weirs Beach, New Hampshire. The winner of this renewed video game contest was Dwayne Richard, with Donald Hayes coming in second place. This event was descended from the Coronation Day Championships that were conducted by Twin Galaxies in 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, and 2000. The 2nd "Classic Video Game World Championship" was conducted on the weekend of June 30 – July 2, 2002. The winner was Dwayne Richard, with Donald Hayes again coming in second place.[22][23][non-primary source needed]
In July 2001 and 2002, Twin Galaxies conducted the annual Twin Galaxies' Video Game Festivals at the Mall of America.[24][non-primary source needed]
On August 15, 2005, Walter Day and the staff of Twin Galaxies led a contingent of US and UK video game players to Paris, where they delivered an eight-foot-tall (2.4 meters) proclamation that proposed a "London vs. Paris" Video Game Championship.[citation needed]
In the first week of July 1985, Twin Galaxies conducted the 1st Twin Galaxies Iron Man Contest. The goal of the Iron Man competition was simple: competitors had to continue playing their game for as long as they could. If anyone passed 100 hours, they would be awarded a $10,000 prize from the Sports Achievement Association.[citation needed]
The winner of the contest was 18-year-old James Vollandt, who carried his Joust game for 67½ hours. The game malfunctioned at around 58 hours, wiping out all of his 210 extra lives. However, he earned back forty of them. He left the game voluntarily with a record-breaking score of 107,216,700 points, a record that stood until 2010 when John McAllister broke the record over a live streaming video on justin.tv.[25]
The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters, a feature documentary about retro arcade gamers, and the competition between Billy Mitchell and Steve Wiebe, in which Walter Day and Twin Galaxies feature prominently, was released in theaters on August 24, 2007. The documentary was critical of Twin Galaxies' handling of challenges to long-established top scores and suggested that its organizational structure is rife with conflicts of interest.[non-primary source needed]
Frag, a feature documentary about modern professional gamers, was released on DVD on August 1, 2008, by Cohesion Productions[26] of Cedar Falls, Iowa. The first ten minutes of the documentary covered Twin Galaxies' role as the pioneers of organized video game playing back in the early 1980s.
Man vs Snake: The Long and Twisted Tale of Nibbler, a feature documentary about the video game Nibbler, was released worldwide in 2016. The film includes Twin Galaxies' history and the competition for high scores. Walter Day is featured throughout the film.
Cheating controversies
Records by both Todd Rogers and Billy Mitchell were invalidated by Twin Galaxies after investigations determined that the scores were not genuine.[27] Rogers was revealed to have entered fake records into the database either by himself or by his friend who was a referee at Twin Galaxies, whereas Mitchell was found to have used an emulator to reach certain scores despite claiming to have played on an original arcade machine, which is a violation of the Twin Galaxies rules.[28][29]
Poster gallery
Since August 1, 1982, Twin Galaxies has been producing stylized posters to document gaming events.[30][non-primary source needed] Though the first dozen posters issued in the early 1980s had printing runs of 500–1,000 copies each, the posters created in later years have been issued as limited editions with only 20–24 copies produced.[citation needed]
Twin Galaxies contests and events
Date
Title
Venue
Location
April 3–4, 1982
National Defender Championship
33 Arcades across America
Nationwide
August 27–30, 1982
California Challenges North Carolina
Light Years Amusement/Phil's Family Fun Ctr.
Wrightsville Beach, NC/Lakewood, CA
January 8–9, 1983
North America Video Game Olympics
Twin Galaxies/"ABC-TV's "That's Incredible"
Ottumwa, IA
August 24–28, 1983
1983 North American Video Game Challenge
8 Cities Across America
Lake Odessa, MI/Omaha, NE/Chicago, IL/San Jose, CA/Seattle, WA
January 14, 1984
1984 Coronation Day Championship
Twin Galaxies
Ottumwa, IA
January 12–13, 1985
1985 Coronation Day Championship
Captain Video
Los Angeles, CA
April 19–20, 1997
1997 Video Game & Pinball Masters Tournament
12 Cities
Fairfield, IA/Wilmington, NC/Edmonton, AB, Canada/Voorhees, NJ/St. Louis, MO/Kansas City, MO
June 27, 1998
Crowning the Superstars of Mobile, Alabama
Cyberstation Arcade, Springdale Mall
Mobile, AL
August 22, 1998
Crowning the Videogame Superstars of Tulsa, Oklahoma
Funhouse
Tulsa, OK
August 29, 1998
Crowning the Videogame Superstars of St. Louis, MO
Exhilirama Arcade
St. Louis, MO
August 29, 1998
Crowning the Videogame Superstars of Hattiesburg, Mississippi
У Вікіпедії є статті про інших людей із прізвищем Бондар. Володимир Налькович Бондар Виступ Володимира Бондаря на мітингуНародився 16 жовтня 1968(1968-10-16) (55 років)Луцьк, Українська РСР, СРСРКраїна СРСР УкраїнаДіяльність політикAlma mater Волинський національний університе
25º Campeonato Mundial de Taekwondo de 2022Guadalajara 2022 Logo oficial Generalidades Data 14 - 20 de Novembro de 2022 Organizador WTF Formato Taekwondo Edição 25ª Cidade Guadalajara Recinto Centro Aquático Scotiabank Sítio eletrónico Site oficial do evento Dados estatísticos Participantes 1.200 taekwondistas de 160 nacionalidades Navegação Manchester 2019 Guadalajara 2022 Baku 2024 editar O Campeonato Mundial de Taekwondo de 2022 foi a 25ª edição do evento, organizado pel...
Leão Branco Leão-sul-africano leucístico Estado de conservação Vulnerável Classificação científica Reino: Animalia Filo: Chordata Classe: Mammalia Ordem: Carnivora Família: Felidae Género: Panthera Espécie: P. leo Subespécie: P. leo krugery Nome trinomial Panthera leo krugeriRoberts, 1929 O Leão-branco é uma rara mutação de cor do leão-sul-africano (Panthera leo krugeri), devido a uma particularidade genética chamada leucismo. O leão branco não constitui uma subespécie s...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر_2012) دفن جثث ضحايا مجزرة شاوا بمدينة الفاشرفي السودان أداء طقوس الصلاة على الجثث قبل دفنها بالطريقة الإسلامية مجزرة شاوا و أحيانا يتم تعريفها في الإعلام الرسمي ا
Wisben AntoroLahirWisben Antoro5 Oktober 1967 (umur 56)Yogyakarta, IndonesiaPekerjaankomedian, pelawak tunggal, pesulapSuami/istriWindi Puspasari (Istri) Wisben Antoro (lahir 5 Oktober 1967) adalah seorang pelawak serta pelawak tunggal Indonesia.[1] Wisben sudah aktif melawak sejak masa sekolah dan menjadi pengisi acara Obrolan Angkring di TVRI Yogyakarta.[2][3] Selain melawak, dirinya juga bisa bermain sulap. Hal ini dirinya tunjukkan saat menjadi salah satu pese...
Harriet Lepel Phipps Harriet Lepel Phipps, VA (1841 – 7 Maret 1922) adalah seorang pelayan kepercayaan dari Ratu Victoria. Harriet adalah putri bungsu dari Sir Charles Beaumont Phipps, seorang abdi dalem dan orang kepercayaan Ratu, yang menjabat sebagai Penjaga Pundi-Pundi Pribadi. Harriet diangkat menjadi Dayang Kehormatan atas Perintah Ratu pada 3 Maret 1862 (memberikannya gelar kehormatan dari seorang putri baron),[1] dan kemudian menjabat sebagai Woman of the Bedchamber dari 188...
Tsukasa AoiNama asal葵 つかさLahir14 Agustus 1991 (umur 32)OsakaPekerjaanIdola AV, model, pemeranTahun aktif2008–sekarang Tsukasa Aoi (Jepang: 葵 つかさcode: ja is deprecated , Hepburn: Tsukasa Aoi) (lahir 14 Agustus 1991) adalah seorang idola gravure, pemeran, pemandu acara televisi, idola film dewasa dan penyanyi idola asal Jepang. Sebagai salah satu idola paling populer dari generasinya, dia telah membintangi lebih dari 200 film dewasa sejak debutnya pada tahun 201...
اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف ذرة بيضاء ثمار الذرة البيضاء المرتبة التصنيفية نوع التصنيف العلمي النطاق: حقيقيات النوى المملكة: النباتات الفرقة العليا: نباتات الأرض القسم: النباتات الوعائية الشعبة: حقيقيات الأوراق الشعيبة: البذريات الطائفة: أحاديات الفلقة ا...
العلاقات الغابونية الماليزية الغابون ماليزيا الغابون ماليزيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الغابونية الماليزية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الغابون وماليزيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ال...
Ten artykuł dotyczy austro-węgierskiego Czeskiego Pułku Piechoty Nr 94. Zobacz też: inne pułki piechoty noszące numer „94”. Pułk Piechoty Nr 94Böhmisches Infanterieregiment Nr. 94 Historia Państwo Austro-Węgry Sformowanie 1883 Rozformowanie 1918 Nazwa wyróżniająca Czeski Dowódcy Pierwszy płk Friedrich Poleschensky Działania zbrojne I wojna światowa Organizacja Dyslokacja Turnov, Lewocza Rodzaj sił zbrojnych c. i k. Armia Rodzaj wojsk piechota Podległość 29 Dywiz...
Esta e a lista de Presidentes da Geórgia. Presidentes da Geórgia República Federativa da Transcaucásia Nikolay Chkheidze (1918) República Democrática da Geórgia Nikolay Chkheidze (1918-1921) Noe Ramishvili (1918) Noi Zhordania (1918-1921) República Socialista Soviética da Geórgia Mamia Orakhelashvili (1921-1922) Mikheil Okudzhava (1922) Vissarion Lominadze (1922-1924) Mikheil Kakhiani (1924-1930) Levan Gogoberidze (1930) Samson Mamulia (1930-1931) Lavrenty Kartvelishvili (1931) Lavr...
Coordenadas: 23º 32' 42 S 46º 38' 18 W Nota: Para a região mais antiga da Zona Central de São Paulo, veja Centro Histórico de São Paulo. Central Área 27 km² População 431.106[1] hab. (2010) Renda média R$ 2.335,54 IDH 0,928 - muito elevado Zonas de São Paulo Chama-se comumente Zona Central de São Paulo (ou simplesmente Centro de São Paulo) a região administrada pela Subprefeitura da Sé, que engloba os distritos da Bela Vista, Bom Retiro, Cambuci, Consolação, Liberdade,...
22nd Aero Squadron22nd Aero Squadron SPAD S.XIII Smith IV, flown by Captain Arthur Raymond Brooks. Captain Brooks was a Flying Ace, credited with shooting down six enemy aircraft. This aircraft is on permanent display at the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C. Captain Brooks with Smith IV, Belrain Aerodrome, France, 1918.Active16 June 1917 – 16 June 1919Country United StatesBranch United States Army Air ServiceTypeSquadronRolePursuitPart ofAmerican Expeditionary ...
Perkiraan kasar Pangea Proxima menurut model awal di situs Proyek Paleomap Pangaea Proxima (juga disebut sebagai Pangaea Ultima, Neopangaea, dan Pangaea II) adalah kemungkinan konfigurasi benua raksasa masa depan dan alternatif dari superbenua Amasia. Sesuai dengan siklus benua raksasa, Pangaea Ultima akan terbentuk pada 256 juta tahun yang akan datang. Bentuk dari benua ini akan seperti telur karena benua ini memiliki danau raksasa ditengahnya, yang merupakan sisa tabrakan benua Amerika, Aus...
United States historic placeSherbrook ApartmentsU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocation600–604 Walnut Ave.,Syracuse, New YorkCoordinates43°2′42.1″N 76°7′58.47″W / 43.045028°N 76.1329083°W / 43.045028; -76.1329083Built1914ArchitectWard Wellington WardMPSArchitecture of Ward Wellington Ward in Syracuse MPSNRHP reference No.97000093[1]Added to NRHPFebruary 14, 1997 The Sherbrook Ap...
Molecule which creates reactive species when exposed to radiation Large format sheets with a thin photopolymer coating cured with a UV lamp. In chemistry, a photoinitiator is a molecule that creates reactive species (free radicals, cations or anions) when exposed to radiation (UV or visible). Synthetic photoinitiators are key components in photopolymers (for example, photo-curable coatings, adhesives and dental restoratives). Some small molecules in the atmosphere can also act as photoinitiat...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Escape to Chimp Eden – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) American TV series or program Escape to Chimp EdenGenreNature, documentaryCreated byEugene CussonsDirected byAnton Trues...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Zhou Mi filmography – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Zhou Mi filmographyZhou Mi at SJM's Bangkok FanmeetingFilm1Television series8Television show26Radio show3Hosting19 Zhou Mi (Chines...
For the segment of ASAP Natin 'To, see ASAP Natin 'To. Filipino TV series or program Star Magic PresentsOfficial Logo for Star Magic PresentsGenreTeen drama, anthologyStarringStar Magic talentsCountry of originPhilippinesOriginal languageFilipinoNo. of episodes100ProductionRunning time1 hourOriginal releaseNetworkABS-CBNReleaseJuly 29, 2006 (2006-07-29) –May 10, 2008 (2008-05-10) Star Magic Presents is a weekly love anthology program that began airing on the ABS-CBN netw...
Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik IndonesiaLambang kementerian per 8 September 2021Bendera kementerianGedung Mina Bahari II, Kompleks Kantor Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan RIGambaran umumDibentuk26 Oktober 1999; 24 tahun lalu (1999-10-26)Dasar hukum pendirianPeraturan Presiden Nomor 63 Tahun 2015 Nomenklatur sebelumnyaDepartemen Kelautan dan Perikanan Susunan organisasiMenteriSakti Wahyu TrenggonoSekretaris JenderalKomjen. Pol. (Purn.) Antam NovambarInspektur JenderalTornan...