Triadic pyramid

Model of a triadic pyramid at Caracol, Belize
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Maya civilization
Drawing of a Mayan stone carving with elaborate decoration.
History
Spanish conquest of the Maya

Triadic pyramids were an innovation of the Preclassic Maya civilization consisting of a dominant structure flanked by two smaller inward-facing buildings, all mounted upon a single basal platform.[1] The largest known triadic pyramid was built at El Mirador in the Petén Basin of Guatemala; it covers an area six times as large as that covered by Tikal Temple IV, which is the largest pyramid at that city.[2] The three superstructures all have stairways leading up from the central plaza on top of the basal platform.[3] Triadic pyramid structures are found at early cities in the Maya lowlands.[4]

Overview

Triadic pyramid complexes were most frequently oriented towards the west although other orientations were common, particularly at those cities that possessed more than one triadic pyramid;[5] the second most frequent orientation appears to be north-south.[6]

There are only a few Middle Preclassic examples of the triadic pyramid complex, although their exact chronology might not be secure.[7] No securely established forerunners of Triadic Groups are known, but they may have developed from the eastern range building of E-Group observatory complexes.[8] The triadic form was the predominant architectural form in the Petén region during the Late Preclassic.[9] Examples of triadic pyramids are known from as many as 88 archaeological sites, among them Nakbe, El Mirador, Tikal, Uaxactun, Naranjo, Palenque, and Caracol.[10] At Nakbe, a sizeable city dating to the Middle Preclassic, there are at least a dozen examples of triadic complexes and the four largest structures in the city are triadic in nature.[11] At El Mirador there are probably as many as 36 triadic structures.[12] Examples of the triadic form are even known from Dzibilchaltun in the far north of the Yucatán Peninsula, and Qʼumarkaj in the Highlands of Guatemala.[13] El Tintal has a massive triadic pyramid complex that is the second largest after El Mirador.[14]

The triadic pyramid remained a popular architectural form for centuries after the first examples were built.[15] The triadic form continued in use into the Classic Period, with later examples being found at Uaxactun, Caracol, Seibal, Nakum, Tikal and Palenque.[16] The Qʼumarkaj example is the only one that has been dated to the Postclassic Period.[17]

The triple-temple form of the triadic pyramid appears to be related to Maya mythology.[18] According to one theory, the three hearthstones of the Maya creation myth can be associated with three stars in the constellation of Orion and the triadic pyramid complex may be an architectural representation of this.[19] New studies favor an alternative interpretation, according to which the Triadic Groups may represent the moment of resurrection of the Maya maize god on the top of the Flower Mountain, accompanied by two other deities.[20]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 253.
  2. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 253.
  3. ^ Coe 1999, p. 77.
  4. ^ Coe 1999, p. 77.
  5. ^ Estrada-Belli 2011, p. 67.
  6. ^ Szymanski 2013, p. 25.
  7. ^ Szymanski 2013, pp. 26-27.
  8. ^ Hansen 1998, p. 78.
  9. ^ Forsyth 1993, p. 113. Szymanski 2013, pp. 23-37.
  10. ^ Valdés 1994, p. 101. Szymanski 2013.
  11. ^ Hansen 1991, p. 166. Hansen 1998, p. 78.
  12. ^ Szymanski 2013, p. 65.
  13. ^ Hansen 1998, p. 80. Szymanski 2013, p. 35.
  14. ^ Estrada-Belli 2011, p. 52.
  15. ^ Hansen 1998, p. 78.
  16. ^ Hansen 1998, p. 80.
  17. ^ Szymanski 2013, p. 35.
  18. ^ Hansen 1991, p. 166.
  19. ^ Hansen 1998, p. 80.
  20. ^ Szymanski 2013.

References

  • Coe, Michael D. (1999). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28066-9. OCLC 59432778.
  • Estrada-Belli, Francisco (2011). The First Maya Civilization: Ritual and Power Before the Classic Period. Abingdon, Oxfordshire and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-42994-8.
  • Forsyth, Donald W. (1993). "La arquitectura Preclásica en Nakbe: Un estudio comparativo de dos periodos" (PDF). VI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1992 (edited by J.P. Laporte, H. Escobedo and S. Villagrán de Brady) (in Spanish). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 113–121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
  • Hansen, Richard D. (1991). "Resultados preliminares de las investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio Nakbe, Petén, Guatemala" (PDF). II Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1988 (edited by J.P. Laporte, S. Villagrán, H. Escobedo, D. de González y J. Valdés) (in Spanish). Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala. pp. 163–178. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
  • Hansen, Richard D. (1998). "Continuity and Disjunction: The Pre-Classic Antecedents of Classic Maya Architecture" (PDF). In Stephen D. Houston (ed.). Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 49–122. ISBN 978-0-88402-254-1. OCLC 318200121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-11.
  • Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
  • Szymanski, Jan (2013). "Between Death and Divinity. Rethinking the Significance of Triadic Groups in Ancient Maya Culture" (PDF). PhD Dissertation. Warsaw, Poland: University of Warsaw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
  • Valdés, Juan Antonio (1994). "El Grupo A de Uaxactun: Manifestaciones arquitectónicas y dinásticas durante el Clásico Temprano" (PDF). I Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1987 (edited by J.P. Laporte, H. Escobedo and S. Villagrán) (in Spanish). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 98–111. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2010-07-21.

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