Trentham Estate

The service block of the hall in 2015

Trentham Estate in the village of Trentham, Staffordshire, England,[1] is a visitor attraction on the southern fringe of the city of Stoke-on-Trent.[2]

History

Main article: Trentham Priory

The estate was first recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086. At the time it was a royal manor, with a value of 115 shillings.[3] An Augustinian priory originally occupied the site, followed by a convent.[citation needed] Trentham Priory occupied land on the Trentham estate from the 11th century until the Dissolution of the Monasteries.[citation needed]

Trentham Hall

The property was sold in 1540 to James Leveson, a Wolverhampton wool merchant.[3] The Leveson family occupied the property and Sir Richard Leveson built a new house in 1634. The Leveson heiress Frances married Sir Thomas Gower Bt leading to the creation of the Leveson Gower family.[citation needed] It was a large Elizabethan house, which was probably demolished to make way for a later Georgian house.[citation needed] Their son, Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet, built a new house on the site in 1690.[citation needed]

Around 1730, John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower, erected a hall based on Buckingham House. It was substantially altered by his son, 1st Marquess of Stafford, from designs by Henry Holland,[1] in 1775–78.[citation needed]

Trentham Hall in the 1820s, before the 19th-century expansion
Trentham Hall in 1880 from Morris's Seats of Noblemen and Gentlemen: The front entrance is at the left, leading into the three-storey main house. The two-storey family wing is at the right, beyond the campanile.

The country house, of which parts remain dating from 1833 to 1842, was designed by Charles Barry,[4] while he was working on the rebuild of the Palace of Westminster. He was commissioned by the 2nd Duke of Sutherland.[citation needed] The focal point of the building was a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) campanile clock tower.[1][citation needed][5]

The original approach to the hall was from the west, and an Italianate grand entrance was part of the western front. The one-storey arcade range is semicircular with side wings. It was made of plastered brick and ashlar, and had unfluted Ionic columns on each side of its bays, as well as a balustrade above the cornice. The centre has a three-arched entrance with porte-cochère projects, and a coat of arms is carved above. The right wing incorporates an orangery that was originally built in 1808 by Heathcote Tatham.

Barry spent over ten years improving the house and added a new block including state bedrooms and dressing rooms, as well as servant's quarters, a sculpture gallery, and a clock tower.[citation needed] This interesting complex, with its clock tower, is generally known as the Riding School, designed in 1840 and built between 1841 and 1850. It stands on the perimeter of a large cobbled stableyard and represents the last major addition to, and almost sole survivor of, the once-exciting and impressive Trentham Hall.[6]

In 1851, it was described as being an "elegant mansion". It had been completely rebuilt in the previous 14 years, and had a stone front. It housed an extensive collection of paintings.[1]

It is surrounded by an 18th- and 19th-century park designed by Lancelot Brown.[7] The house served as the Staffordshire seat of the Dukes of Sutherland,[citation needed][4] whose traditional burial place was Trentham Mausoleum nearby.

In the southern area of the Trentham Estate stands the monument to the 1st Duke of Sutherland.[8] This colossal statue, designed by Winks and sculptured by Sir Francis Leggatt Chantrey, surmounts a plain column of stone on a tiered pedestal. The monument was raised in 1834 at the instigation of the second Duke, a year after the first Duke's death. A wide range of possible monuments was put forward, but Chantrey, with whom Loch, the duke's chief agent, had been in touch, recommended Sir Charles Barry for the design of the monument.

Demolition

The hall was one of many to be demolished in the 20th century, and was one of the greatest losses of the era.[4] The River Trent no longer fed the lake in front of the hall, but it still passed the edge of the estate. Sewage and effluent from nearby potteries polluted it in the early 20th century, making life at the hall unpleasant.[9][10]

The hall was abandoned as a residence in 1905,[11][12][13][14][15][16] and was shortly thereafter offered to Staffordshire County Council on condition that it be used as an institute of higher education, to house a potential North Staffordshire College.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

The county council, being unwilling to open a higher education institution, proposed using the hall for a teacher training college, but the Duke of Sutherland was unhappy with this suggestion.[24] As the requirement to open a higher educational establishment remained, and with the council concerned that pollution from the Trent would render a residential institution at the hall undesirable,[25] the county council declined the offer in 1906.[26][25][24][27][22][15]

The Duke of Sutherland then decided to offer the estate to the six Potteries towns[a] in 1907, in the event that they went ahead with plans to merge into a single county borough.[22][28][29] but after their 1910 federation, the new Stoke-on-Trent Corporation also declined the offer in 1911, citing the high maintenance costs.[30][22][15][31]

The hall was demolished in 1912-13[6][9][32][33][4] by its owner, the 4th Duke of Sutherland.

During the 20th century, the estate was used for an amusement park and even for hosting the Lombard RAC Rally, which cut through the Italianate gardens.[10]

The sculpture gallery,[15] clock tower,[15] and parish church, as well as other buildings, were not demolished.

Current status

The Grand Entrance in 2015

The remains of Trentham Hall, namely the Grand Entrance and Orangery, were listed on 24 January 1967. Their listing was amended on 25 April 1980. They are currently Grade II* listed.[2] Emergency repairs to stabilise the building were carried out.[7] It is listed on the Heritage at Risk Register.[7] The sculpture gallery (now covered in wisteria) and clock tower also remain.[34]

The property was purchased by St. Modwen Properties in 1996, at which point the buildings and gardens were derelict and vandalised, and contracted the Land Use Consultants company to restore the historic landscape.[10] The surrounding Trentham Gardens were restored in 2003-04, and in 2013 they were visited by over 3 million people.[citation needed] The Trentham Estate contains a shopping village, as well as gardens.[10]

St. Modwen set out a plan to recreate the house according to the original designs at the cost of £35 million[4] as a five-star hotel[34] with 150 rooms,[4] a luxury spa,[34] and a conference centre.[citation needed] Planning permission was granted,[citation needed] and initial plans aimed for a 2008 completion date, which was later revised to 2011.[4][5][35] However, in 2013 they stated that despite having planning permission to restore the hall, it was not economically viable to do so, given that the £30-35 million cost of restoring and rebuilding the hall would be greater than the hall's value as a hotel due to the then-recent economic recession, although they stated that they were committed to restoring the hall when they could "make the numbers work".[citation needed] As of May 2015, the buildings stand derelict.[citation needed]

Trentham Gardens

Italian Garden

Trentham Gardens are formal Italianate gardens, part of an English landscape park. The gardens are set within a large area of woodland. Together these currently together cover some 300 acres (120 hectares). The estate is a Grade II* registered park and garden.[36]

History

The gardens were designed as a serpentine park by Capability Brown from 1758 onwards, overlying an earlier formal design attributed to Charles Bridgeman. Trentham Gardens are now principally known for the surviving formal gardens laid out in the 1840s by Sir Charles Barry, which have recently been restored. In 2012 the Trentham Estate was selected as the site of a Royal Diamond Jubilee wood, and a new woodland of 200,000 native oak trees will be planted on the estate. Successful garden designers Tom Stuart-Smith, Piet Oudolf and Nigel Dunnett have collaborated on the garden redesign.[10]

Since 2000 Trentham Gardens has undergone a £120 million ($200 m) redevelopment by St. Modwen Properties as a leisure destination. The regeneration project at Trentham includes restoration of the Italian gardens and adjacent woodlands, the creation of a garden centre and crafts centre, and various leisure attractions.[37] The overall aim is to avoid noisy theme park-like attractions, and instead to offer "authentic experiences" to older people and younger children. Each year on bonfire night, visitors pay to see a bonfire with fireworks, food and fairground rides. Wire sculptures of fairies by Robin Wright have been installed in the gardens.[38]

In December 2008 a transportable Ferris wheel was opened on site for tourists to get an overhead view of the gardens, the estate, and out over the city.[39] It was removed in 2009.

In December 2022, the estate announced it had gained a licence from Natural England to host four Eurasian beavers from Spring 2023. This would involve enclosing the lake area and gardens to prevent the animals escaping.[40]

Mountain biking

Trentham Gardens hosted the first-ever Mountain Mayhem, a 24-hour race which included some of the biggest mountain bike brands of all time including Raleigh and Giant; 120 other teams also entered. The course was just under 10 miles (16 kilometres) long.

The winning team was the Raleigh Pro Team managed by Gary Coltman with riders Barrie Clarke, Elliot Baxter, Carl Sturgeon and Ian Cuthbertson. The Giant Team came second. They were managed by Martin Earley who also rode in the team along with Jamie Norfolk, Robin Seymour and Robert Miller. There were only teams and no solo entrants.

From 2001 to 2004 the Sleepless in the Saddle mountain bike races were held at Trentham.

Trentham Ballroom

The gardens were the site of the Trentham Ballroom, which opened in 1931 and closed in 2002. During the Second World War it was used by the Bankers' Clearing House for the clearing of the country's cheques. In the 1960s and 1970s many dance, rock and pop bands performed at Trentham Ballroom, including The Beatles, Pink Floyd, The Who, Iron Maiden and Led Zeppelin. The ballroom also hosted degree ceremonies for North Staffordshire Polytechnic.

Trentham Gardens use as a music video location

Trentham Gardens was used as the filming location for Altern 8's song Activ 8 alongside Shelly's Laserdome. The inside of the building can be seen many times during the video and the outside of the building was also used. The duo can be seen playing two violins inside of the building and can then be seen playing a Roland TB-303 and a Roland SH-101 on the outside of the building.[citation needed]

Trentham at war

Before World War I, the Staffordshire Yeomanry used Trentham as a summer military training camp between 1909 and 1914.[41]

During World War II the Trentham Estate became a military regroupment camp for French soldiers. The French soldiers were a mix of the Foreign Legion, the Chasseurs Alpins (the light mountain division) and a tank company.[42]

The 1,619 men of the 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion had been in Norway, but had been pulled out to defend a line in Brittany from where they then fled to Britain.[43] The Chasseurs Alpins had arrived from Dunkirk. The Trentham camp was initially organised by the local YMCA volunteers. The FAFL pilot Marc Hauchemaille (1907-1942) recorded in his diary that "There are six or seven thousand men in the camp – a miracle of English organisation – in a few hours we have tents, groundsheets, cooking utensils"[44] – although proper medical facilities took longer to organise. Numbers at the camp appear to have lessened to 5,530 after the initial influx.[45]

By July 1940, the camp was split into pro- and anti-Vichy France factions. Some 600 men of the Foreign Legion chose to leave to join the Vichy Legion in North Africa.[43] Around 900 other left to join the Free French. The bulk of the French troops remained at Trentham. The attitude of local people appears to have changed after the initial arrival: there were complaints about the killing of the deer herd,[46] to the extent that estate records show that nearly all the deer were killed;[47] discipline was lax;[43] and there was extensive fraternisation with local girls.[46] By the end of the war, local people's animosity toward the remaining French was such that many of the soldiers were glad to leave.[48]

Monkey Forest

Barbary macaque at Trentham Monkey Forest
The fence around Trentham Monkey Forest

As part of the regeneration, Trentham Monkey Forest, the first wildlife park of its kind in England, was opened in July 2005.[49][50] It consists of 60 acres (24 hectares) of forest, which contain 140 Barbary macaques, wandering freely. There is a 0.75 miles (1.21 km) path through the forest along which visitors walk; there are no barriers between the forest and the path,[51] although visitors are confined to the path, which has guides to ensure the safety of both the visitors and monkeys, and there is a fence around the forest. The park is one of four owned by the de Turckheim family;[50] the other three are La Montagne des Singes [fr] in Alsace, France (opened in 1969), La Forêt des Singes [fr] in Lot, France (opened in 1974), and Affenberg Salem close to Bodensee, Germany (opened in 1976).[50][52] The forest is open to visitors every day between April and October inclusive, and opens on weekends and school holidays in February, March and November.[50]

There are two groups of 70 macaques at the forest,[49] which were originally from other parks in France and Germany[51] and inhabit different parts of the forest. The oldest macaque is around 30 years old.[49] All of the macaques are individually identified with a tattoo on their inner thigh. A number of the female macaques have been given contraceptive implants to limit the number of babies born at the site to around 5 to 15 per year.[51]

One aim of the forest is to increase awareness about the endangered species; it also aims to create and preserve a gene pool and to re-introduce groups of macaques into the wild. Already 591 macaques from the forest's three sister parks have been re-introduced to the wild at the Atlas Mountains, Morocco.[49][53] The forest also has a conference venue.[54] The forest supports research into the biology and social behaviour of the macaques at the park.[50]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The six towns who would go on to federate to Stoke-on-Trent Borough Council in 1910: Burslem, Fenton, Hanley, Longton, Stoke-upon-Trent and Tunstall.

References

  1. ^ a b c d White, William (1851). History, Gazetteer and Directory of Staffordshire. Sheffield. p. 432.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b Historic England. "Trentham Hall (1190243)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  3. ^ a b "History Timeline". Trentham Estate. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Beckett, Matthew (8 February 2010). "Proposal for Trentham Hall to be rebuilt as a hotel". The Country Seat. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  5. ^ a b Webber, Robert G. (6 March 2010). "The Italian Gardens at Trentham Hall". Hegarty Webber Partnership. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  6. ^ a b Malkin, Neville. Birks, Steven (ed.). "Buildings South of the Potteries: No 11 – The riding school, Trentham Hall". thepotteries.org. Neville Malkin's "Grand Tour" of the Potteries. Potteries Heritage Society. This interesting complex, together with its clock tower, is generally known as the Riding School, designed in 1840 and built between 1841-50. It stands on the perimeter of a large cobbled stableyard, and represents the last major addition to, and almost sole survivor of the once-exciting and impressive Trentham Hall, whose bulk was demolished in 1910-12.
  7. ^ a b c "Remains of Trentham Hall, the Grand Entrance and Orangery, Park Drive, Trentham Gardens, Swynnerton – Stafford". Historic England. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  8. ^ Malkin, Neville. Birks, Steven (ed.). "Buildings South of the Potteries: No 10 – Sutherland Monument". thepotteries.org. Neville Malkin's "Grand Tour" of the Potteries. Potteries Heritage Society. In the southern extremity of Trentham Estate, and, in sharp contrast to its natural surroundings, stands the monument to the 1st Duke of Sutherland.
  9. ^ a b "Trentham Hall Demolition". Trentham Estate. There is a long history of construction, redesigning and demolition of Trentham Hall, starting in 1086, leading up to 1912 when demolition began on the decaying hall. The river became so polluted from the booming industrial activity up-stream that the Estate became undesirable and it began to decline. The Trent was described as 'a foul slimy sewer, brim-full of the impurities of every dirty crowded town that hugs its banks'.
  10. ^ a b c d e Kingsbury, Noel (October 2017). "Trentham stands triumphant". The Garden. 142 (10). Royal Horticultural Society: 30–37.
  11. ^ "The Pollution of the Trent. Trentham Hall to be Closed. Letter from the Duke of Sutherland". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 15 July 1905. p. 14 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  12. ^ "Crocks and Crazes". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 22 July 1905. p. 18 – via British Newspaper Archive. ... the Duke of Sutherland's announcement that owing to the pollution of the Trent, Trentham Hall must be closed and that his family will cease to live there.
  13. ^ "Parish Church In Trentham Hall". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 21 September 1905. p. 2 – via British Newspaper Archive. ... Trentham Hall, which the Duke of Sutherland is closing on account of the pollution of the Trent by factory refuse ...
  14. ^ "Trentham Hall and Estate". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 20 July 1905. p. 6 – via British Newspaper Archive. The threatened closing of Trentham Hall is a matter of far more than local concern.
  15. ^ a b c d e "Aerial View of Trentham Gardens". Staffordshire Past Track. Staffordshire County Council. Trentham Hall was abandoned by the family as a permanent residence in 1905. In 1910 the Duke of Sutherland offered the hall to the County of Staffordshire and the Borough of Stoke-on-Trent. The offer was refused and the building was demolished, apart from the west front and stable block.
  16. ^ "Trentham Hall". Lost Heritage. Abandoned by 1907, no-one would buy it and it could not even be given away – the County of Staffordshire and the Borough of Stoke-on-Trent were offered it for free in 1905 – and so it was pulled down in 1912.
  17. ^ "Magnificent Gift by the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 11 December 1905. p. 2 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  18. ^ "Trentham Hall Home for the N.S. College". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 11 December 1905. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive. The Duke and Duchess of Sutherland have offered Trentham Hall to the County for the purposes of higher education.
  19. ^ "The Gift of Trentham Hall". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 14 December 1905. p. 2 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  20. ^ "Trentham Hall". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 15 December 1905. p. 2 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  21. ^ "Trentham Hall Presented to the Public: Home for the North Staffordshire College". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 16 December 1905. p. 7 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  22. ^ a b c d Birks, Steve. "Duke of Sutherland supports federation". thepotteries.org. Potteries Heritage Society. ...in 1905, he first offered the hall and 200 acres (80 hectares) of land to the County Council as a gift, but they turned it down. In 1907 he again offered the hall and land this time to the Potteries' towns to make a park, but only on condition that federation went ahead. Once again the offer was declined.
  23. ^ "The Gift of Trentham Hall". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 27 January 1906. p. 10 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  24. ^ a b "Trentham Hall". The Times. No. 38, 093. 8 August 1906. p. 8. At a meeting of the Staffordshire County Council yesterday the education committee presented a report in which they did not recommend the council to accept the offer of the Duke of Sutherland to present Trentham-hall to the county for the purposes of a complete institution for technical and higher education. ... the committee had suggested that the hall should be utilized as a college for training female teachers ... the suggestion ... did not meet the ideas of the duke ... and the negotiations fell through ... The committee's report was adopted by the county council.
  25. ^ a b "Trentham Hall Report to the County Council to be Presented Tomorrow". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 6 August 1906. p. 2 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  26. ^ "The Offer of Trentham Hall". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 23 July 1906. p. 2 – via British Newspaper Archive. The Duke and Duchess of Sutherland's offer of Trentham Hall to the County for the purposes of higher education was practically declined with thanks at the meeting of the County Education Committee on Saturday.
  27. ^ "County Council's Decision". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 8 August 1906. p. 2 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  28. ^ "Court News". The Times. No. 38, 497. 22 November 1907. p. 12. A large meeting was held last night at Burslem in support of the proposals for the federation of the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries. The Duke of Sutherland [...] offered the district the gift of Trentham-hall and park if the towns would federate. It has always been his great pleasure to see the Potteries' people using his park, and if they would federate they should take Trentham and make the best use of it they could.
  29. ^ "The College Question". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 23 December 1905. p. 18 – via British Newspaper Archive. The offer of Trentham Hall to the County by the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland for the purposes of higher education ...
  30. ^ "The Potteries and Trentham Hall". The Times. No. 39, 558. 13 April 1911. p. 10. The General Purposes Committee of the Stoke-on-Trent Council have decided to recommend the Council not to accept the Duke of Sutherland's offer to present Trentham Hall, his Staffordshire seat, to the Potteries.
  31. ^ "Prohibitive Cost of Maintenance". The Staffordshire Sentinel. 28 April 1911. p. 6 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  32. ^ "Pevsner and the Buildings of Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Park". thepotteries.org. Potteries Heritage Society. The house, whose bulk was demolished in 1910-12...
  33. ^ Hughes, Fred. "Trentham - Okay so long as the cuckoos keep themselves to themselves". thepotteries.org. Write to Roam. Potteries Heritage Society. The Hall was eventually demolished in 1913 when the Sutherland's moved away basically because of the horrible smell of the Trent.
  34. ^ a b c "Trentham Hall Remains". Trentham Estate. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015. In the northern-most part of the Eastern Pleasure Ground stands the remains of Trentham Hall including the sculpture gallery and clock tower. [...] The remains of the sculpture gallery are now covered in wisteria, and continue to age beautifully and draw the attention of visiting photographers. [...] St. Modwen has exciting plans for the reconstruction of Trentham Hall, as a 5* hotel and luxury spa.
  35. ^ Shepherd, Mark (28 August 2009). "Trentham awaits". Property Week.
  36. ^ Historic England (1 December 1984). "Trentham Gardens (Grade II*) (1001168)". National Heritage List for England.
  37. ^ Brasse, Jonathan (30 September 2005). "Feathering the nest". Property Week.
  38. ^ Douglas, Jon (18 June 2021). "Fake ads on Facebook spoil real life fairy story". BBC News Business.
  39. ^ "The Potters Wheel". World Tourist Attractions. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009.
  40. ^ "Trentham Estate to get beavers as enclosure approved". BBC News. 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  41. ^ Thornton, Andrew; Parker, Bev. "The Staffordshire Yeomanry: Summer Camps 1909-1914". Wolverhampton History & Heritage Website. A training exercise at Trentham Camp, 1909. The white bands on their forage caps show that these men are playing the enemy in this exercise.
  42. ^ de Gaulle, Charles (1964). The Complete War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle. Simon and Schuster. p. 89.
  43. ^ a b c Bimberg, Edward L. (2002). Tricolor Over the Sahara: The Desert Battles of the Free French. Greenwood Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-313-31654-8.
  44. ^ Bennett, George Henry (2011). The RAF's French Foreign Legion: De Gaulle, the British and the Re-emergence of French Airpower 1940-45. Bloomsbury. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4411-9205-9. Morale was generally awful, but Marc Hauchemaille, a pilot housed in another camp at Trentham in Staffordshire, recorded gratefully: 'There are 6 or 7,000 men in the camp – a miracle of English organisation – in a few hours we have tents, groundsheets, cooking utensils. The morale of the troops is not good. Even the [Foreign] Legion is disheartened; they have not been able to fight.
  45. ^ Churchill, Winston (1949). The Second World War: Their Finest Hour. Houghton Mifflin. p. 169.
  46. ^ a b Atkin, Nicholas (2003). The Forgotten French: Exiles in the British Isles, 1940–44. Manchester University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7190-6438-8.
  47. ^ Wood, Brian (2012). History of Deer on the Trentham Estate.
  48. ^ Porch, Douglas (1991). The French Foreign Legion: A Complete History of the Legendary Fighting Force. HarperCollins. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-06-016652-6.
  49. ^ a b c d Harrison, Paul (25 May 2013). "Take a walk on the wild side and monkey around in the forest". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  50. ^ a b c d e "Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) research at Monkey Forest" (PDF). Trentham Monkey Forest. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  51. ^ a b c "Welcome to Monkey Forest". Trentham Monkey Forest. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  52. ^ de Turckheim, Gilbert; Merz, Ellen (1984). "Breeding Barbary Macaques in Outdoor Open Enclosures". In Fa, John E. (ed.). The Barbary Macaque. Springer Publishing. pp. 241–261. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2785-1_10. ISBN 978-1-4612-9718-5.
  53. ^ "Conservation". Trentham Monkey Forest. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  54. ^ "Conference facilities". Trentham Monkey Forest. Retrieved 15 January 2021.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trentham Estate.
  • Hayden, David (2012) [2004]. The Beauty of Trentham (second ed.). Burslem Books.

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