Transport in Japan

A JR East E5 series shinkansen train

Transport in Japan is modern and highly developed. Japan's transport sector stands out for its energy efficiency: it uses less energy per person compared to other countries, thanks to a high share of rail transport and low overall travel distances.^[1] Transport in Japan is also very expensive in international comparison, reflecting high tolls and taxes, particularly on automobile transport.^[2] Japan's spending on roads has been large.^[3] The 1,200,000 kilometres (750,000 mi) of paved road are the main means of transport.^[4] Traffic in Japan drives on the left. A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities, which are operated by toll-collecting enterprises.

Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transport markets; for instance, seven JR Group companies, Kintetsu Railway, Seibu Railway, and Keio Corporation. Often, strategies of these enterprises contain real estate or department stores next to stations. Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities. All trains are known for punctuality.

There are 176 airports,^[5] and the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, was by passenger traffic the third-busiest in Asia and the fourth-busiest in the world in 2018, but not in the top ten in 2022. The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport (Tokyo area), Kansai International Airport (Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto area), and Chūbu Centrair International Airport (Nagoya area). The largest ports include Nagoya Port.

Railway

Main article: Rail transport in Japan

See also: List of railway companies in Japan, List of defunct railway companies in Japan, and List of aerial lifts in Japan

Yamanote Line, Tokyo

A tram in Kumamoto

In Japan, railways are a major means of passenger transport, especially for mass and high-speed transport between major cities and for commuter transport in metropolitan areas. Seven Japan Railways Group companies, state-owned until 1987, cover most parts of Japan. There also are railway services operated by private rail companies, regional governments, and companies funded by both regional governments and private companies.

Total railways of 27,182 km (16,890 mi) include several track gauges, the most common of which is 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge, with 22,301 km (13,857 mi) of track of which 15,222 km (9,459 mi) is electrified.^[6]

Fukuoka, Kobe, Kyoto, Nagoya, Osaka, Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo, and Yokohama have subway systems.

Most Japanese people traveled on foot until the later part of the 19th century. The first railway was built between Tokyo's Shimbashi Station and Yokohama's former Yokohama Station (now Sakuragichō Station) in 1872.^[7] Many more railways developed soon afterward.

Modern Japan is home to one of the world's most developed transport networks. Mass transport is well developed in Japan, but the road system lags and is inadequate for the number of cars owned in Japan. This is often attributed to the fact that road construction is difficult in Japan because of its very high population density, and the limited amount of available usable land for road construction.

Shinkansen (bullet train)

Main article: Shinkansen

Map of Shinkansen lines except Hakata-Minami Line and Gala-Yuzawa Line

The Shinkansen, or "bullet trains", as they are known colloquially, are the high-speed rail trains that run across Japan.^[8] The 2,387 km (1,485 mi) of 8 Shinkansen lines run on completely separate lines from their commuting train counterparts, with a few exceptions. Shinkansen takes up a large portion of the long-distance travel in Japan, with the whole system carrying over 10 billion passengers in its lifetime. 1,114,000 journeys are made daily, with the fastest train being the JR East E5 and E6 series trains, which operate at a maximum speed of 320 km/h (200 mph). Shinkansen trains are known to be very safe, with no accident-related deaths or injuries from passengers in their 50-plus year history.^[9] Shinkansen trains are also known to be very punctual, following suit with all other Japanese transport; in 2003, the average delay per train on the Tokaido Shinkansen was a mere 6 seconds.^[10] Japan has been trying to sell its Shinkansen technology overseas, and has struck deals to help build systems in India, Thailand, and the United States.^[9]

The first Shinkansen line opened between Tokyo and Osaka in 1964, and trains can now make the journey in 2 hours and 25 minutes.^[8] Additional Shinkansen lines connect Tokyo to Aomori, Niigata, Kanazawa, and Hakodate and Osaka to Fukuoka and Kagoshima, with new lines under construction to Tsuruga and Sapporo. A separate line heads out to Nagasaki, albeit through a separate relay service.

Japan has been developing maglev technology trains, and broke the world maglev speed record in April 2015 with a train traveling at the speed of 603 km/h (375 mph).^[11] The Chūō Shinkansen, a commercial maglev service, is currently under construction from Tokyo to Nagoya and Osaka, and when completed in 2045 will cover the distance in 67 minutes, half the time of the current Shinkansen.

Road

Main article: Road transport in Japan

Mount Fuji as seen from the Chuo Expressway

Typical Japanese expressway (Tokyo Gaikan Expressway) above the city road (Japan National Route 298)

According to Japan Statistical Yearbook 2015 Archived 5 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Japan in April 2012 had approximately 1,215,000 km of roads made up of 1,022,000 km of city, town and village roads, 129,000 km of prefectural roads, 55,000 km of general national highways and 8,050 km of national expressways.^[12][13] The Foreign Press Center/Japan Archived 12 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine cites a total length of expressways at 7,641 km (fiscal 2008).^[14] A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities on Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Hokkaido has a separate network, and Okinawa Island has a highway of this type. In the year 2005, the toll collecting companies, formerly Japan Highway Public Corporation, have been transformed into private companies in public ownership, and there are plans to sell parts of them. This policy aims to encourage competition and decrease tolls.

Road passenger and freight transport expanded considerably during the 1980s as private ownership of motor vehicles greatly increased along with the quality and extent of the nation's roads. Bus companies including the JR Bus companies operate long-distance bus services on the nation's expanding expressway network. In addition to relatively low fares and deluxe seating, the buses are well utilized because they continue service during the night when air and train services are limited.

The cargo sector grew rapidly in the 1980s, recording 274.2 billion tonne-kilometres in 1990. The freight handled by motor vehicles, mainly trucks, in 1990, was over 6 billion tonnes, accounting for 90 percent of domestic freight tonnage and about 50 percent of tonne-kilometers.

Recent large infrastructure projects were the construction of the Great Seto Bridge and the Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line (opened 1997).

Road safety

Main article: List of motor vehicle deaths in Japan by year

See also: National highways of Japan, Japan Highway Public Corporation, Expressways of Japan, and List of bus operating companies in Japan

Road fatalities have decreased in Japan, due in part to stricter enforcement of drunk driving laws:

• 2004 saw 7,358 deaths on Japanese roads,
• 2017 had 3,694 deaths for 125 million population,^[15]
• 2019 saw 3,215 deaths, the lowest it has been since 1948, with a rate of 25.4 deaths per million^[16] lower than many European nations, and close to the UK's rates.

In Tokyo, road safety is 13 killed per million.^[17]

Air

See also: List of airports in Japan and List of airlines of Japan

Kansai International Airport, Osaka

In 2013, Japan had the fourth largest passenger air market in the world with 105,913,000 passengers.^[18] In 2013 Japan had 98 airports.^[19] The main international gateways are Narita International Airport (Tokyo area), Kansai International Airport (Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto area), and Chūbu Centrair International Airport (Nagoya area). The main domestic hub is Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport), by passenger traffic the third-busiest in Asia and the fourth-busiest in the world in 2018, but not in the top ten in 2022;^[20][21] other major traffic hubs include Osaka International Airport, New Chitose Airport outside Sapporo, and Fukuoka Airport. 14 heliports are estimated to exist (1999).

Passenger airlines of Japan

The two main airlines are Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways. Other passenger carriers include Skymark Airlines, Solaseed Air, Air Do, StarFlyer and Fuji Dream Airlines. United Airlines and Delta Air Lines, formerly Northwest Airlines, are major international operators from Narita Airport.

Domestic air travel in Japan has historically been highly regulated. From 1972, the three major domestic airlines (JAL, ANA, and JAS) were allocated certain routes, with JAL and ANA sharing trunk routes, and ANA and JAS sharing local feeder routes. JAL and JAS have since been merged to help compete with ANA. JAL also had a flag-carrier monopoly on international routes until 1986. Airfares were set by the government until 2000, although carriers had the freedom to adjust the standard fares starting in 1995 (when discounts of up to 50% were permitted). Today, fares can be set by carriers, but the government retains the ability to veto fares that are too high.

Maritime

See also: List of ferry operators in Japan

Ferry Miyajima on the Inland Sea near Miyajima, Hiroshima

There are 1770 km of waterways in Japan; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas.^[22]

There are some 994 ports in Japan as of April 2014.^[23] There are overlapping classifications of these ports, some of which are multi-purpose, e.g. cargo, passenger, naval, and fishery. The five designated "super" container ports are Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kobe, and Osaka. 23 are designated major/international, 125 designated as important, while there are also purely fisherman ports.

The twenty-three major seaports designated as special, important ports by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: Chiba, Fushiki/Toyama, Himeji, Hiroshima, Kawasaki, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Kudamatsu, Muroran, Nagoya, Niigata, Osaka, Sakai/Senpoku, Sendai/Shiogama, Shimizu, Shimonoseki, Tokyo, Tomakomai, Wakayama, Yokkaichi, and Yokohama.

Japan has 988 ships of 1,000 gross tonnage (GT) or over on its national ship register, totaling 38,053,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT). However, only 17% of Japanese-owned capacity is registered in Japan. UNCTAD estimates that 224 million dwt of tonnage is controlled by Japanese owners, making Japan the second largest beneficial owner of tonnage after Greece.^[24]

Ferries connect Hokkaido to Honshu, and Okinawa Island to Kyushu and Honshu. They also connect other smaller islands and the main islands. The scheduled international passenger routes are to China, Russia, South Korea, and Taiwan. Coastal and cross-channel ferries on the main islands decreased in routes and frequencies following the development of bridges and expressways but some are still operating (as of 2007).

Pipelines

Japan has 84 km of pipelines for crude oil, 322 km for petroleum products, and 1,800 km for natural gas.

By region

• Transport in Greater Tokyo
• Transport in Keihanshin
• Transport in Greater Nagoya
• Transport in Fukuoka-Kitakyushu

References

1. Lipscy Phillip Y., Schipper Lee (2013). "Energy efficiency in the Japanese transport secto". Energy Policy. 56: 248–258. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.045.
2. Lipscy Phillip Y (2012). "A Casualty of Political Transformation? The Politics of Japanese Energy Efficiency in the Transportation Sector" (PDF). Journal of East Asian Studies. 12: 3. doi:10.1017/S1598240800008080. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2019.
3. Japan's Road to Deep Deficit Is Paved With Public Works Archived 4 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times in 1997
4. Chapter 9 Transport Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Statistical Handbook of Japan
5. [1] Archived 5 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine The CIA World Factbook
6. "East Asia/Southeast Asia: Japan". The World Factbook. 21 July 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
7. "Ever-evolving Yokohama Station marks 100th year". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. 14 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
8. Ryall, Julian (1 October 2014). "Bullet train at 50: rise and fall of the world's fastest train". The Telegraph. Tokyo. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
9. Lufkin, Bryan (28 December 2015). "How Japan's Bullet Train Is Taking Over the World". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
10. The Japan Times: "Tokaido Shinkansen Line fetes 40 years" (2 October 2004) Archived 29 June 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved on 27 April 2009.
11. McCurry, Justin (21 April 2015). "Japan's maglev train breaks world speed record with 600 km/h test run". The Guardian. Tokyo. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
12. Chapter 12 Transport - Microsoft Excel Sheet Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Statistical Handbook of Japan
13. "Road Bureau - MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism". mlit.go.jp. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
14. Facts and Figures of Japan, 14: Transport Archived 6 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Foreign Press Center/Japan
15. https://www.japanallover.com/2019/01/traffic-accidents-road-safety-japan/ ^{[dead link‍]}
16. "Annual Traffic Fatalities in Japan Reach Record Low". 15 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
17. "Here's how Tokyo — the largest city in the world — brilliantly eliminated traffic deaths". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
18. World Bank Database, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR Archived 19 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine
19. "Bubble era's aviation legacy: Too many airports, all ailing | the Japan Times Online". www.japantimes.co.jp. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
20. "ACI reveals the world's busiest passenger and cargo airports (2018)". Airports Council International. 9 April 2018. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. 2022 data Archived 13 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
21. "5-Star Rating for Tokyo Haneda Airport". Skytrax. 3 November 2015. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
22. "Transportation in Japan". asianinfo.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
23. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
24. "UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport". 2018: 30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Further reading

• Daito Eisuke (1989). "Railways and scientific management in Japan 1907–30". Business History. 31 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1080/00076798900000001.
• Ericson, Steven J. The Sound of the Whistle: Railroads and the State in Meiji Japan (Harvard Univ Asia Center, 1996).
• Kinzley, W. Dean. "Merging Lines: Organising Japan's National Railroad, 1906-1914" Journal of Transport History 27#2 (2006)
• Peter, Bruce; Ishiyama, Tsuyoshi (2012). Japanese Ferries. Ramsey, Isle of Man: Ferry Publications. ISBN 9781906608620.

External links

• Hyperdia Archived 25 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine - Travel planning tool supporting English and Japanese
• Jorudan Archived 16 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Travel planning tool supporting English and Japanese
• Toei Transportation Information - English information on Toei bus, subway, and trolley services and multilingual maps
• Domestic aviation in Japan: Responding to market forces amid regulatory constraints
• Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) Archived 17 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
• Roads In Japan, from Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) Archived 28 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine - English and Japanese website, the link refer specifically to 5 PDF chapters - as well as a reference chapter - on road history, statistics, maps, construction and advanced road technologies in Japan (graphics throughout, 41 total pages).
• Japanese Trains Archived 17 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine - Why the Japanese Train System so Efficient