Sedentary agriculture is adopted in central Europe, following a southeastern-to-northwestern trajectory of spread. The Linear Pottery culture is present in central Europe.
Gallic Wars: Julius Caesar marches his forces into Gaul for purposes of conquest, broadly categorizing the people he encountered into "Gauls", "Aquitani", "Belgae", and "Germans" (using the Rhine river as a boundary between Germania and Gaul). He classifies Ariovistus as "King of the Germans", and defeats the forces of Ariovistus at the Battle of Vosges. Caesar documents his military campaigns in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico.
Battle of Idistaviso fought between Roman legions commanded by Roman emperor Tiberius' heir and adopted son Germanicus, and an alliance of Germanic peoples commanded by Arminius.
The Roman historian Tacitus finishes his influential Germania (in the original: "De origine et situ Germanorum"), describing Ancient Germany and its inhabitants.
Chlothar the Great issued the Edict of Paris. Among its provisions, the edict banned Jews from holding royal office and granted the nobility the exclusive power to appoint royal officers.
Council of Paderborn: A council held at Paderborn outlawed idolatry and called for the death penalty for anyone who had caused another to be executed for witchcraft.
Charlemagne issued the Lex Saxonum, allowing Saxon customs which were not contradictory to Christianity and granting some rights and protections to the church in the Saxon lands.
Louis the Pious and Lothair I agreed to a division of the empire after the former's death, with Charles the Bald inheriting the western part and Lothair I inheriting the eastern, including Italy.
Battle of Leipzig: The French army was encircled and forced to retreat from Leipzig in a battle in which some ninety thousand French and allied troops were killed or injured.
Congress of Vienna: A conference of twenty-three ambassadors signed a treaty reordering Europe's national boundaries and establishing freedom of navigation on the Rhine and the Danube. France was greatly expanded and a German Confederation of thirty-four states was established.
Representatives of the states of the German Confederation issued the Carlsbad Decrees, under which each resolved to become involved in instruction and hiring at universities, require prior restraint on all serial publications, and dissolve student organizations such as the liberal Burschenschaften.
The Zollverein came into existence, merging the Bavaria–Württemberg Customs Union, the Prussia–Hesse-Darmstadt Customs Union and the Thuringian Customs and Commerce Union into a single customs union.
German revolutions of 1848–49: The chamber of the Frankfurt Parliament, since reduced to a rump parliament and moved to Stuttgart, was occupied by the Württemberg army. A repression began which would force the liberal Forty-Eighters into exile.
1850
30 May
The Prussian three-class franchise, according to which all males over the age of 24 were allowed to vote for their representatives in the lower house of the Prussian parliament, with votes weighted by amount of taxes paid, was introduced.
Austro-Prussian War: Prussia and Austria signed the Peace of Prague, in which the latter agreed to some small territorial concessions and the dissolution of the German Confederation, ending the war.
World War I: A German delegation signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918, promising an immediate cessation of hostilities, significant territorial concessions, and the surrender of Germany's war materiel.
Paris Peace Conference, 1919: Representatives of some thirty world powers signed the Treaty of Versailles, under which Germany was forced to disarm, give up its colonies, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations to the Allies.
11 August
The Weimar Constitution came into force. The Weimar Republic succeeded the German Empire.
Germany and Russia signed the Treaty of Rapallo, in which each renounced all territorial and financial claims against the other and pledged to normalize relations.
The Allies accepted the Young Plan, which reduced Germany's war reparations and allowed it to defer a greater portion, which would accrue interest due to a consortium of American banks.
The Enabling Act of 1933, which granted the cabinet the power to make laws, was passed and signed in the presence of armed members of the SA and Schutzstaffel (SS).
Normandy landings: Allied forces (including contingents from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada) disembark on five landing grounds in German-occupied Normandy, reopening the Western Front of World War II.
Uprising of 1953 in East Germany: In response to a 10 percent increase in work quotas, between 60 and 80 construction workers went on strike in East Berlin. Their numbers quickly swelled and a general strike and protests were called for the next day.
17 June
Uprising of 1953 in East Germany: 100,000 protestors gathered at dawn, demanding the reinstatement of old work quotas and, later, the resignation of the East German government. At noon German police trapped many of the demonstrators in an open square; Soviet tanks fired on the crowd, killing hundreds and ending the protest.
German federal election, 2017: Elections were held to the Bundestag. The ruling coalition of CDU/CSU and SPD took significant losses, with AfD, entering parliament for the first time, the main winner. FDP re-entered parliament, bringing the overall number of political parties in the Bundestag up to six.
Following coalition negotiations between SPD, Greens, and FDP, a traffic light coalition was formed between the three parties, instating the Scholz cabinet with Olaf Scholz (SPD) as Germany's ninth chancellor since 1949.
^Wynn, Thomas; et al. (February 2009). "Hohlenstein-Stadel and the Evolution of Human Conceptual Thought". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 19 (1): 73–84. doi:10.1017/S0959774309000043.
^Antl-Weiser, Walpurga (2009). "The time of the Willendorf figurines and new results of palaeolithic research in Lower Austria". Anthropologie. Brno. 47 (1–2): 131–141.
^Barker, Graeme; Goucher, Candice (2015). "Introduction: A World with Agriculture". In Barker, Graeme; Goucher, Candice (eds.). A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE - 500 CE. The Cambridge World History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–25. ISBN9780521192187.
^Siiriäinen, Ari (2003). "The Stone and Bronze Ages". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Prehistory to 1520. Cambridge History of Scandinavia. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–59. ISBN0521472997.
^ abBogucki, Peter (2008). "Europe, Neolithic". In Persall, Deborah M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Academic Press. pp. 1175–1187. ISBN9780125480307.
^ abcdMarciniak, Arkadiusz (2008). "Europe, Central and Eastern". In Persall, Deborah M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Academic Press. pp. 1199–1210. ISBN9780125480307.
^Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2019) [1971]. People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory (15th ed.). Routledge. ISBN9781315193298.
^Leber, Manfred; Singh, Sikander (2017). Erkundungen zwischen Krieg und Frieden (in German). Universaar. ISBN9783862232383.
^ abPohl, Walter (2004). Die Germanen (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. ISBN3486567551.
^ abMcNally, Michael (2011). Teutoburg Forest AD 9: The destruction of Varus and his legions. Botley: Osprey Publishing. ISBN9781849083089.
^Wolfram, Herwig (2007) [1995]. Die Germanen (in German) (8th ed.). C.H.Beck. ISBN978-3406390043.
^A single Frankish-Alemannic combat, in summer 506, is presented, for example, in J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, Long-Haired Kings p 168, or Rolf Weiss, Chlodwigs Taufe: Reims 508 (Bern) 1971; the debate is briefly summarised in William M. Daly, "Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?" Speculum69.3 (July 1994, pp. 619–664) p 620 note.
^Uta-Renate Blumenthal, The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (1991)
^Henry Kamen, "The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Years' War," Past and Present (1968) 39#1 pp 44–61 in JSTORArchived 3 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^Theodore K. Rabb, "The Effects of the Thirty Years' Wr on the German Economy," Journal of Modern History (1962) 34#1 pp. 40–51 in JSTORArchived 3 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^Scriba, Arnulf (1 September 2014). "Der Januaraufstand 1919" [The January Uprising 1919]. Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
^Hart, Russell; Hart, Stephen (2002). The Second World War (6): Northwest Europe 1944–1945. Osprey Publishing. ISBN1841763845.
^D. M. Giangreco and Robert E. Griffin, Airbridge to Berlin: The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath (1988)
Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events online free
Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present (1970) online
George Henry Townsend (1867), "Germany", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
Louis Heilprin (1885). "Germany". Historical Reference Book...Chronological Dictionary of Universal History. New York: D. Appleton and Company. hdl:2027/wu.89097349187 – via HathiTrust.
Charles E. Little (1900), "Germany", Cyclopedia of Classified Dates, New York: Funk & Wagnalls
Henry Smith Williams, ed. (1908). "Chronological Summary of the History of the Germanic Empires". Germanic Empires. Historians' History of the World. Vol. 15. London: Hooper & Jackson. hdl:2027/njp.32101063964819.
Ernest F. Henderson (1937). "Chronological Table". A Short History of Germany. New York: Macmillan – via HathiTrust. In two parts: to 1657 + 1658–1914 (fulltext)
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