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Tennessee River
Tennessee River
	The Tennessee River in downtown Chattanooga
	Map of the Tennessee River watershed
Location
Country	United States
State	Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky
Largest City	Huntsville
Physical characteristics
Source	Confluence of French Broad and Holston rivers at Knoxville
• coordinates	35°57′33″N 83°51′01″W / 35.95917°N 83.85028°W
• elevation	813 ft (248 m)
Mouth	Ohio River at Livingston / McCracken counties, near Paducah, Kentucky
• coordinates	37°04′02″N 88°33′53″W / 37.06722°N 88.56472°W
• elevation	302 ft (92 m)
Length	652 mi (1,049 km)
Basin size	40,876 sq mi (105,870 km2)
Discharge
• average	70,575 cu ft/s (1,998.5 m3/s)
• maximum	500,000 cu ft/s (14,000 m3/s)

The Tennessee River flowing through the Tennessee River Gorge.

The "Steamboat Bill" Hudson Memorial Bridge in Decatur, Alabama.

The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River.^[5] It is approximately 652 miles (1,049 km) long and is located in the southeastern United States in the Tennessee Valley. The river was once popularly known as the Cherokee River, among other names, as the Cherokee people had their homelands along its banks, especially in what are now East Tennessee and northern Alabama. Additionally, its tributary, the Little Tennessee River, flows into it from Western North Carolina and northeastern Georgia, where the river also was bordered by numerous Cherokee towns.^[1] Its current name is derived from the Cherokee town, Tanasi, which was located on the Tennessee side of the Appalachian Mountains.^[6]

Etymology

The river appears on French maps from the late 17th century with the names "Caquinampo" or "Kasqui." Maps from the early 18th century call it "Cussate," "Hogohegee," "Callamaco," and "Acanseapi." A 1755 British map showed the Tennessee River as the "River of the Cherakees."^[7] By the late 18th century, it had come to be called "Tennessee," a name derived from the Cherokee village named Tanasi.^[6]^[7]

Course

The Tennessee River is formed at the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers in present-day Knoxville, Tennessee. From Knoxville, it flows southwest through East Tennessee into Chattanooga before crossing into Alabama. It travels through the Huntsville and Decatur area before reaching the Muscle Shoals area, and eventually forms a small part of the state's border with Mississippi, before returning to Tennessee. The river misses Georgia by about 250 feet (76 m). The Tennessee River's route northerly through Tennessee defines the boundary between two of Tennessee's Grand Divisions: Middle and West Tennessee.

The Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project providing navigation on the Tombigbee River and a link to the Port of Mobile, enters the Tennessee River near the Tennessee-Alabama-Mississippi boundary. This waterway reduces the navigation distance from Tennessee, north Alabama, and northern Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico by hundreds of miles. The final part of the Tennessee's run is north through western Kentucky, where it separates the Jackson Purchase from the rest of the state. It flows into the Ohio River at Paducah, Kentucky.

History

The river valley was once home to several Native American tribes. At Painted Bluff, in northeast Alabama, painted glyphs dating to ca. 1400 A.D. have been discovered among cliffs overlooking the river.^[8]

The first major battles of the American Civil War occurred along the river in 1862. The commander in the western theater, General Henry Halleck, considered the Tennessee River to be more significant than the Mississippi.^[9]

Starting point

The Tennessee River begins at mile post 652, where the French Broad River meets the Holston River, but historically there were several different definitions of its starting point. In the late 18th century, the mouth of the Little Tennessee River (at Lenoir City) was considered to be the beginning of the Tennessee River. Through much of the 19th century, the Tennessee River was considered to start at the mouth of Clinch River (at Kingston). An 1889 declaration by the Tennessee General Assembly designated Kingsport (on the Holston River) as the start of the Tennessee, but the following year a federal law was enacted that finally fixed the start of the river at its current location.^[7]

Water rights and border dispute between Georgia and Tennessee

At various points since the early 19th century, Georgia has disputed its northern border with Tennessee. In 1796, when Tennessee was admitted to the Union, the border was originally defined by United States Congress as located on the 35th parallel, thereby ensuring that at least a portion of the river would be located within Georgia. As a result of an erroneously conducted survey in 1818 (ratified by the Tennessee legislature, but not Georgia), however, the actual border line was set on the ground approximately one mile south, thus placing the disputed portion of the river entirely in Tennessee.^[10]^[11]

Georgia made several unsuccessful attempts to correct what Georgia felt was an erroneous survey line "in the 1890s, 1905, 1915, 1922, 1941, 1947 and 1971 to 'resolve' the dispute", according to C. Crews Townsend, Joseph McCoin, Robert F. Parsley, Alison Martin and Zachary H. Greene, in their May 12, 2008, article for the Tennessee Bar Journal, a publication of the Tennessee Bar Association.^[12]

In 2008, as a result of a serious drought and resulting water shortage, the Georgia General Assembly passed a resolution directing the governor to pursue its claim in the United States Supreme Court.^[13]^[14]

According to a story aired on WTVC-TV in Chattanooga on March 14, 2008, a local attorney familiar with case law on border disputes, said the U.S. Supreme Court generally will maintain the original borders between states and avoid stepping into border disputes, preferring the parties work out their differences.^[15]

The Chattanooga Times Free Press reported on March 25, 2013, that Georgia senators approved House Resolution 4 stating that if Tennessee declines to settle with them, the dispute will be given to the state attorney general, to take Tennessee before the Supreme Court to settle the issue once and for all.^[16] The Atlantic Wire, in commenting on Georgia's actions, stated:^[17]

The Great Georgia–Tennessee Border War of 2013 Is Upon Us. Historians, take note: On this day, which is not a day in 1732, a boundary dispute between two Southern states took a turn for the wet. In a two-page resolution passed overwhelmingly by the state senate, Georgia declared that it, not its neighbor to the north, controls part of the Tennessee River at Nickajack. Georgia doesn't want Nickajack. It wants that water.

Modern use

The Tennessee River is an important part of the Great Loop, the recreational circumnavigation of Eastern North America by water. The main channel is accessible to recreational watercraft at over 200 public access points along the river's course.^[18]

The Tennessee River has historically been a major highway for riverboats through the South, and today they are frequently used along the river. Major ports include Guntersville, Chattanooga, Decatur, Yellow Creek, and Muscle Shoals. This river has contributed greatly to the economic and industrial development of the Tennessee Valley as a whole. The economies of cities such as Decatur and Chattanooga would not be as dynamic as they are today, were it not for the Tennessee River. Many companies still rely on the river as a means of transportation for their materials. In Chattanooga, for example, steel is exported on boats, as it is much more efficient than moving it on land.^[19]

In addition, locks along the Tennessee River waterway provide passage between reservoirs for more than 13,000 recreational craft each year. The Chickamauga Dam, located just upstream from Chattanooga, is projected to have a new lock built, but it has been delayed due to a lack of funding.^[20] The river not only has many economic functions, such as the boat building industry and transportation, but it also provides water and natural resources to those who live near the river. Many of the major ports on the river are connected to a settlement that was started because of its proximity to the river.

On October 15, 2022, the University of Tennessee Volunteers football team defeated the University of Alabama Crimson Tide 52–49 at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee, on a game-winning field goal by Chase McGrath as time expired. In celebration of this victory, the fans stormed the field, tore down the goalposts, and threw them into the Tennessee River after an impromptu parade in which fans carried the goalposts around the city of Knoxville.^[21]

Dams

The river has been dammed numerous times since the 1930s by Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) projects. The construction of TVA's Kentucky Dam on the Tennessee River and the Corps of Engineers' Barkley Dam on the Cumberland River led to the development of associated lakes, and the creation of an area called the Land Between the Lakes. A navigation canal located at Grand Rivers, Kentucky, links Kentucky Lake and Lake Barkley. The canal allows for a shorter trip for river traffic going from the Tennessee to most of the Ohio River, and for traffic going down the Cumberland River toward Tennessee.

Ecology

The Tennessee River and its tributaries host some 102 species of mussel.^[22] Native Americans ate freshwater mussels. Potters of the Mississippian culture used crushed mussel shell mixed into clay to make their pottery stronger.

A "pearl" button industry was established in the Tennessee Valley beginning in 1887, producing buttons from the abundant mussel shells. Button production ceased after World War II when plastics replaced mother-of-pearl as a button material.^[23] Mussel populations have declined drastically due to dam construction, water pollution, and invasive species.^[22]

Tennessee River tributaries

Forks-of-the-River in East Knoxville: the French Broad (left) joins the Holston (right) to form the Tennessee (center)

Tributaries and sub-tributaries are listed hierarchically in order from the mouth of the Tennessee River upstream.

Horse Creek (Tennessee)
Big Sandy River (Tennessee)
White Oak Creek
Duck River (Tennessee)
- Buffalo River (Tennessee)
  - Green River
  - Little Buffalo River
- Piney River (Tennessee)
- Little Duck River
Beech River (Tennessee)
Bear Creek (Alabama, Mississippi)^[24]
Buzzard Roost Creek (Alabama)^[24]
Colbert Creek (Alabama)^[24]
Cotaco Creek (Alabama)
Malone Creek (Alabama)^[24]
Mulberry Creek (Alabama)^[24]
Cane Creek (Alabama)^[24]
Dry Creek (Alabama)^[24]
Little Bear Creek (Alabama)^[24]
Spring Creek (Alabama)^[25]
Cypress Creek (Alabama)^[25]
Shoal Creek (Alabama)^[25]
First Creek (Alabama)^[25]
Elk River (Tennessee, Alabama)
Flint Creek (Alabama)
Limestone Creek (Alabama, Tennessee)
- Beaverdam Creek (Alabama)
Indian Creek (Alabama)
Barren Fork Creek (Alabama)
- Bradford Creek ,Briefly merged with Barren Fork Creek (Alabama)
Flint River (Alabama, Tennessee)
Paint Rock River (Alabama, Tennessee)
Sequatchie River (Tennessee)
- Little Sequatchie River
Mountain Creek (Tennessee)
Lookout Creek (Tennessee, Georgia)
Chattanooga Creek (Tennessee, Georgia)
Citico Creek (Tennessee)
South Chickamauga Creek (Tennessee, Georgia)
North Chickamauga Creek (Tennessee)
Hiwassee River (Tennessee, North Carolina)
- Conasauga Creek (Tennessee)
- Ocoee River (Tennessee, Georgia)
- Nottely River (North Carolina, Georgia)
Piney River (Tennessee)
Clinch River (Tennessee, Virginia)
- Emory River (Tennessee)
  - Little Emory River
  - Obed River (Tennessee)
    - Little Obed River
- Poplar Creek
  - East Fork Poplar Creek
- Beaver Creek
- Powell River (Tennessee, Virginia)
Little Tennessee River (Tennessee, North Carolina)
- Tellico River (Tennessee)
- Tuckasegee River (North Carolina)
- Nantahala River (North Carolina)
- Cullasaja River (North Carolina)
Little River (Tennessee)
French Broad River
- Little Pigeon River (Tennessee)
- Nolichucky River (Tennessee, North Carolina)
- Pigeon River (Tennessee, North Carolina)
- Swannanoa River (North Carolina)
Holston River (Tennessee)
- North Fork Holston River (Tennessee, Virginia)
- South Fork Holston River (Tennessee, Virginia)
  - Watauga River (Tennessee, North Carolina)
    - Doe River (Tennessee)
- Middle Fork Holston River (Virginia)

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Tennessee River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ U.S. Geological Survey. Shooks Gap quadrangle, Tennessee. 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. Washington D.C.: USGS, 1987.
^ U.S. Geological Survey. Paducah East quadrangle, Kentucky. 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. Washington D.C.: USGS, 1982.
^ ^a ^b "Arthur Benke & Colbert Cushing, "Rivers of North America". Elsevier Academic Press, 2005 ISBN 0-12-088253-1
^ "TVA - Navigation on the Tennessee River". Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Bright, William (2004). Native American placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ann Toplovich, Tennessee River System Archived May 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, December 25, 2009; updated January 1, 2010; accessed July 14, 2011
^ "Tennessee Valley Authority - Preserving Places in Peril". tva.com.
^ ORA (Official records, armies): War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies. I, v. 10, p. 24.
^ "Georgians thirst to move Tennessee state line". NBC News. February 8, 2008. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
^ "Desperate for water, Georgia revisits border dispute". February 8, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008. ^{[dead link‍]}
^ "Crossing the Line | Tennessee Bar Association". Tba.org. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
^ Jones, Andrea (February 20, 2008). "Ga.'s quest to move Tenn. border advances". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
^ Dewan, Shaila (February 22, 2008). "Georgia Claims a Sliver of the Tennessee River". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
^ Group, Sinclair Broadcast. "CHATTANOOGA News, Weather, Sports, Breaking News – WTVC". Archived from the original on July 22, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2009. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "Tennessee, Georgia at war over state line; battle could go to Supreme Court". March 25, 2013. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
^ "The Great Georgia-Tennessee Border War of 2013 Is Upon Us". March 25, 2013. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
^ "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Tennessee River and Tributaries Small Boat Harbors, Ramps, and Landings". USACE Digital Library. February 2018.
^ "Navigation on the Tennessee River". tva.com. TVA. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ "Chickamauga Lock Addition Project". lrn.usace.army.mil. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ "Alabama 49-52 Tennessee (October 15th, 2022)". ESPN.com. AP. October 15, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Freshwater Mussels Archived February 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries website, accessed July 14, 2011
^ Tennessee Freshwater Mussels Archived March 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Frank H. McClung Museum website, accessed July 14, 2011
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Alabama Department of Transportation (1997). "County Highway Maps". University of Alabama. Archived from the original (Lizardtech Plugin) on January 30, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Army Corps of Engineers (1997). "Tennessee River Navigation Charts". Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on June 5, 2003. Retrieved July 4, 2007.