Temescal Mountains

Temescal Mountains
Gavilan Mountains, Gavilan Hills
Highest point
Peak	Estelle Mountain
Elevation	2,762 ft (842 m)[1]
Coordinates	33°46′13″N 117°20′6″W
Dimensions
Length	25 mi (40 km) SE
Width	10 mi (16 km) E
Naming
Native name	Sierra Temescal (Spanish)
Geography
Temescal Mountains
Country	United States
State	California
County	Riverside
Settlements	Canyon Lake, Corona, El Sobrante, Good Hope, Lake Elsinore, Lake Mathews, Mead Valley, Meadowbrook, Menifee, Murrieta, Norco, Riverside, Wildomar and Woodcrest
Parent range	Peninsular Ranges
Borders on	Santa Ana River, Sycamore Canyon, Elsinore Trough, Temecula Basin, San Jacinto Basin (Menifee Valley, Paloma Valley, Perris Valley) and Warm Springs Creek
Geology
Rock type(s)	Fault-block, igneous, batholith

The Temescal Mountains, also known as the Sierra Temescal (Spanish for "sweat lodge range"), are one of the northernmost mountain ranges of the Peninsular Ranges in western Riverside County, in Southern California in the United States. They extend for approximately 25 mi (40 km) southeast of the Santa Ana River east of the Elsinore Fault Zone to the Temecula Basin and form the western edge of the Perris Block.

The Santa Ana Mountains lie to the west, the Elsinore Mountains to the south and the Perris Valley and Lakeview Mountains to the east.^[2]

Temescal Mountains in Summer near El Toro Cutoff Road, Lake Elsinore, California

History

The Temescal Mountains were originally named by the Spanish as Sierra Temescal (perhaps from the nearby Rancho Temescal), a name which appears on the Rail Road Route survey map made by the U. S. Army Pacific Railroad Surveys in 1854–55.^[3] The Temescal Mountains are one of the northernmost of Peninsular Ranges of California, running from the south side of the Santa Anna River, southeast nearly parallel with the Santa Ana Mountains, from which it is separated by the Temescal Valley and Elsinore Valley sections of the Elsinore Trough. The Temescal Mountains were originally considered to be bounded on the south by the San Jacinto River, by J. D. Whitney in his 1865 Geological Survey of California.^[4] A later study by Rene Engel, considers the Sedco Hills and the other mountains that extend to the southeast of the San Jacinto River east of Lake Elsinore and north of the Temecula Basin, in Murrieta to be part of the same range forming the natural continuation of the mountains.^[5] The Murrieta Hogbacks are the southeasternmost heights of the range, overlooking the Warm Springs Creek Canyon.

Geology

As part of the Perris Block, the Temescal Mountains are part of its eroded mass of Cretaceous and older granitic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges Batholith and metasedimentary basement rocks. Most of this basement rock that once overlay the granitic plutons that rose up into it, has been eroded away, the remainder being found between the similarly eroded plutons of granitic rock.^[6]

Natural resources

Further information: California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion

Flora
As part of the California Floristic Province, the Temescal Mountains host a diverse array of plant species within distinctive natural (plant) communities, including coastal sage scrub, chaparral, riparian woodland, southern oak woodland, rocky outcrop and valley grassland. Rare flowers like the intermediate mariposa lily, grow there. Fragrant sages, evergreen shrubs and trees, perennial bunchgrasses, Dudleya species of succulents, fire-following flowers and other wildflowers adorn the terrain.

Fauna
Wildlife species found include mountain lion, mule deer, bobcat, coyote, raccoon, gray fox, American badger, spotted skunk, kangaroo rat, bats, ravens, red tailed hawk, mountain quail, canyon wren, speckled rattlesnake, Pacific rattlesnake, common kingsnake, gopher snake, two-striped garter snake, rosy boa, San Diego night snake, granite spiny lizard, arroyo toad, western spadefoot toad, various Aphonopelma species of tarantula, Quino checkerspot butterfly and many more. Gray wolf, pronghorn, and California condor were also once found in the range.

Commercial uses
A number of mineral resources have been mined in the range. Commercial resources collected since the 1840s have included the metals tin and gold, and the non-metals clay, coal, and granite. Parts of the range have been used to graze domestic livestock from the early 19th century. The little water found in the range has become a particularly valued resource.

Geographic features

Geographic features, northwest to southeast, include:

• Beacon Hill
• Lake Norconian
• La Sierra Heights or Norco Hills
  • Hole Benchmark^[7]
  • Linn Benchmark^[8]
  • Rattlesnake Peak (Riverside County, California)^[9]
  • La Sierra Summit^[10]
  • Grape Benchmark^[11]
• Riverside Valley
  • Pedley Hills
  • Lake Evans reservoir^[12]
    • Spring Brook^[13]
  • North Hill
  • Mount Rubidoux
  • Tequesquito Arroyo^[14]
    • Box Springs Canyon^[15]
    • Sycamore Canyon^[16]
  • Pachappa Hill^[17]
  • Victoria Hill
  • Alessandro Arroyo^[18]
  • Quarry Hill^[19]
  • Prenda Arroyo^[20]
  • Woodcrest Arroyo^[21]
  • Mockingbird Canyon^[22]
• Arlington Mountain
• Eagle Valley^[23]
• Three Sisters^[24]
• Cajalco Canyon Creek
  • Cajalco Canyon^[25]
  • Lake Mathews
  • Cajalco Valley
  • Harford Spring Canyon^[26]
  • Mead Valley^[27]
• Olsen Canyon^[28]
• Black Rocks^[29]
• Monument Peak^[30]
• Gavilan Peak^[31]
• Gavilan Plateau^[32]
• Gavilan Hills
  • Summit 2557^[33]
  • Santa Rosa Mine Ridge^[34]
  • Steele Peak^[35]
• Steele Valley^[36]
• Dawson Canyon^[37]
• Estelle Mountain 2,767 feet
• Summit 2729^[38]
• Summit 2615^[39]
• Summit 2625^[40]
• Ceramic Factory Canyon^[41]
• Alberhill Canyon^[42]
• Gavilan Wash^[43][44]
• Walker Canyon^[45]
• Alberhill Summit^[46]
• Clevelin Hills
• Warm Springs Valley^[47]
• Stovepipe Canyon^[48]
• Arroyo del Toro^[49]
• Rosetta Canyon^[50]
• Wasson Canyon^[51]
• Railroad Canyon
  • Canyon Lake reservoir
  • City of Canyon Lake
• Quail Valley
• Gripp Hill^[52]
• Cottonwood Canyon^[53]
• Sedco Hills
  • Guadalupe Hill^[54]
  • Wildomar Peak^[55]
• Bundy Canyon^[56]
• Iodine Spring Summit ^[57]
  • Iodine Spring^[58]
• Adelaide Peak^[59]
• Murrieta Hogbacks^[60][61]

References

1. "Estelle Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 1981-01-19. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
2. Santa Ana, California, 30x60 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1983
3. The name Sierra Temescal, (Temescal Mountains) appears on the mountains shown east of the Santa Ana Mountains and Temescal Creek and north of the Laguna (Lake Elsinore) and Rio San Jacinto (San Jacinto River) on the 1861 Rail Road Route survey map, "From San Francisco Bay to the Plains of Los Angeles", from Explorations and Surveys made under the direction of The Hon. Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War by Lieut. John G. Parke, Topl. Engrs. assisted by Albert H. Campbell, Civil Engineer and N.H. Hutton, H. Custer and G.G. Garner. 1854 & 55. Map No. 1. Constructed and drawn by H. Custer. Explorations and Surveys for a Rail Road Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. War Department. Coast Route, California.
4. "The expression "Temescal Range" was used in the Whitney report to define the hills lying on the northeast side of the Elsinore Valley. The range was described as follows: "The Temescal range of mountains commences on the south side of the Santa Ana River, and runs southeast in a direction nearly parallel with that chain of the same name [Santa Ana Mountains], from which it is separated by a narrow valley . . . The name Temescal seems to be limited in its application to the hills lying between the Santa Ana and the San Jacinto Creeks, and which cover an area of about 300 square miles." Rene Engel, GEOLOGY AND MINERAL DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE ELSINORE QUADRANGLE CALIFORNIA, CAIIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, BULLETIN 146, DIVISION OF MINES, SAN FRANCISCO, 1959, p. 11-12, citing Whitney. J. D., 1865, Santa Ana and Temescal Ranges: Geol. Survey of California, 1860-64, vol. 1— Geology. p. 175-181
5. "To the northeast [of the Santa Ana Mountains] the Temescal Mountains form the southwestern edge of a broad plateau area, modified by medium relief forms, which now is known as the "Perris Block." This name is derived from the town of Perris, near the center of the Elsinore quadrangle. The term "Temescal Range" was first applied by J. D. Whitney (1865, p. 178) to the mountains that extend from the Santa Ana River to San Jacinto Creek. Under this definition are included Arlington Mountain (elevation 1851 feet), Estelle Mountain (elevation 2826 feet), and the hills immediately east of Elsinore (maximum elevation 1945 feet). The writer here proposes to include in the Temescal Mountains the hills that extend to the southeast and form the natural continuation of the mountains as the western edge of the Perris Block. Engel, GEOLOGY AND MINERAL DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE ELSINORE QUADRANGLE, p. 14
6. Douglas M. Morton, Fred K. Miller, Peninsular Ranges Batholith, Baja and Southern California, Geological Society of America, 2014
7. USGS Map Name: Corona North, CA, Hole benchmark, 1261 feet, 33°55′51″N 117°30′20″W
8. USGS Map Name: Corona North, CA, Linn benchmark, 1495 feet, 33°54′38″N 117°30′52″W
9. Rattlesnake Norco California, United States, from peakbagger.com accessed November 21, 2013, Rattlesnake Peak, 1421 feet, 33°55′05″N 117°31′50″W
10. USGS Map Name: Corona North, CA, La Sierra Summit 1505 feet, 33°56′37″N 117°30′40″W
11. USGS Map Name: Corona North, CA, Grape benchmark, 1084 feet, 33°53′34″N 117°32′01″W
12. USGS Map Name: Riverside West, CA, Lake Evans, 778 feet, 33°59′46″N 117°22′46″W
13. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Spring Brook
14. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tequesquito Arroyo
15. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Box Springs Canyon
16. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sycamore Canyon
17. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pachappa Hill
18. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Alessandro 1003-003 Dam
19. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Quarry Hill
20. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Prenda 1003-004 Dam
21. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Woodcrest Dam
22. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Mockingbird Canyon
23. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Eagle Valley
24. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Three Sisters
25. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cajalco Canyon
26. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Harford Spring, USGS Map: Steele Peak, CA, spring: 33°48′47″N 117°21′32″W, elevation: 1837 feet; mouth: 33°50′03″N 117°21′42″W, elevation: 1475 feet; head: 33°47′27″N 117°19′35″W, elevation: 2215 feet
27. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Mead Valley mouth: 33°50′13″N 117°18′55″W elevation: 1601, head: 33°52′19″N 117°17′52″W, elevation: 1695 feet
28. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Olsen Canyon
29. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Black Rocks
30. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Monument Peak
31. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Gavilan Peak
32. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Gavilan Plateau
33. USGS Map: Steele Peak, CA, Temescal Mountain Summit 2557, Elevation: 2,557 feet, 33°47′53″N 117°19′23″W
34. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Santa Rosa Mine
35. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Steele Peak, Elevation: 2520 feet
36. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Steele Valley
37. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Dawson Canyon
38. USGS Map: Lake Mathews, CA, Temescal Mountain Summit 2729, Elevation: 2,729 feet, 33°46′24″N 117°22′37″W
39. USGS Map: Steele Peak, CA, Temescal Mountain Summit 2,615, Elevation: 2,6125 feet, 33°46′07″N 117°20′35″W
40. USGS Map: Steele Peak, CA, Temescal Mountain Summit 2625, Elevation: 2,625 feet, 33°45′44″N 117°19′55″W
41. USGS Map: Alberhill, CA, Ceramic Factory Canyon, Elevation: 1200 feet, Mouth33°43′48″N 117°24′08″W, head 33°46′10″N 117°22′39″W
42. USGS Map: Alberhill, CA, Alberhill Canyon, Elevation: 1214 feet, mouth, 33°43′45″N 117°23′39″W
43. USGS Map: Alberhill, CA, Gavilan Wash (mouth), Elevation: approximately 1230 feet, 33°43′31″N 117°22′27″W
44. INTERSTATE 15 SB over GAVILAN WASH from uglybridges.com accessed June 2, 2015
45. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Walker Canyon
46. USGS Map: Lake Elsinore, CA, Alberhill Summit, Elevation: 1741 feet, 33°42′51″N 117°22′16″W
47. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Warm Springs Valley
48. USGS Map: Lake Elsinore, CA, Stovepipe Canyon, head 33°44′30″N 117°20′38″W, mouth 33°42′29″N 117°20′35″W
49. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Arroyo Del Toro
50. USGS Map: Lake Elsinore, CA, Rosetta Canyon 33°41′55″N 117°19′28″W
51. USGS Map: Lake Elsinore, CA, Wasson Canyon 33°40′51″N 117°19′54″W
52. Gripp Hill, California; from peakbagger.com accessed November 18, 2013, 2279 feet 33°43′0″N 117°14′0″W
53. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cottonwood Canyon
54. Guadalupe Hill, California; from peakbagger.com accessed February 25, 2015, 2267 feet 33°39′09″N 117°15′56″W
55. Wildomar Peak; from peakbagger.com accessed September 24, 2014, 2432 feet, 741 meters 33°38′18″N 117°15′2″W
56. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bundy Canyon
57. USGS Map: Murrieta, CA, Iodine Spring Summit, Elevation: 2191 feet, 33°37′06″N 117°14′02″W
58. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Iodine Spring
59. Adelaide Peak, California; from peakbagger.com accessed November 18, 2013, 2279 feet, 33°37′23″N 117°12′7″W
60. Hogbacks, California; from peakbagger.com accessed September 11, 2014, Elevation: 1781 feet, 543 meters, 33°35′9″N 117°9′14″W
61. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hogbacks

External links

• 8c. 1c. 32854c. 1170240:From-San-Francisco-Bay-to-the-Plain?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&qvq=q:Pacific%2BRailroad%2BSurvey;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEYc. 8c. 1&mi=61&trs=71 Book Map "From San Francisco Bay to the Plains of Los Angeles", from Explorations and Surveys made under the direction of The Hon. Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War by Lieut. John G. Parke, Topl. Engrs. assisted by Albert H. Campbell, Civil Engineer and N.H. Hutton, H. Custer and G.G. Garner. 1854 & 55. Map No. 1. Constructed and drawn by H. Custer. Explorations and Surveys for a Rail Road Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. War Department. Coast Route, California, Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad From the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, A.O.P. Nicholson I-XI, Washington, 1861, from David Rumsey Historical Map Collection