Theodore "Ted" Roosevelt Patrick, Jr. (born 1930) is an American deprogrammer and author. He is sometimes referred to as the "father of deprogramming."[1][2]
In the 1970s, Patrick and other anti-cult activists founded the Citizens' Freedom Foundation (which later became known as the Cult Awareness Network) and began offering what they called "deprogramming" services to people who wanted a family member removed from a New Religious Movement. Patrick's methods frequently involved abduction and forced confinement, which led to him facing multiple criminal charges and civil proceedings. He was eventually convicted of a number of crimes, including kidnapping, false imprisonment and conspiracy.
Early life
Ted Patrick was born in a red-light district of Chattanooga, Tennessee, in which he was surrounded by "thieves, prostitutes, murderers [and] pimps".[3] He dropped out of high school in tenth grade to help support his family, worked a variety of jobs and opened a nightclub, then became co-chairman of the Nineteenth Ward in Chattanooga.[3] At the age of twenty-five, he left his wife and infant son in Tennessee, and went with a friend to San Diego, California, where he became an activist for the black community. For his efforts in the Watts Riots in 1965, Patrick was awarded the Freedom Foundation Award, which ultimately led to his job as the Special Assistant for Community Affairs, under then-Governor Ronald Reagan.[4]
Career as a deprogrammer
Despite a lack of formal education and professional training, Patrick was hired by hundreds of people (usually parents of adult children) seeking to have family members "deprogrammed". Deprogramming, a practice pioneered by Patrick, was "a private, self-help process whereby participants in unpopular new religious movements (NRMs) were forcibly removed from the group, incarcerated, and put through radical resocialization processes that were supposed to result in their agreeing to leave the group."[5] Patrick's methods involved abduction, physical restraint, detention over days or weeks while maintaining a constant presence with the victim, food and sleep deprivation, prolonged verbal and emotional abuse, and desecration of the symbols of the victim's faith.[1]: 346–48
Patrick's career began in 1971 when Mrs. Samuel Jackson sought his help in relation to her missing son, Billy.[3] As Billy was 19, the police and FBI would not look for him. Billy was involved with the group known as the Children of God, who had approached Patrick's own son, Michael, a week prior. Patrick contacted other people whose relatives were in the Children of God, and even pretended to join the group to study how it operated. This was when he developed his method of deprogramming. He ultimately left his full-time job in order to work on deprogramming full time.[3]
In 1971, Patrick founded FREECOG (Parents Committee to Free Our Sons and Daughters from the Children of God) and then the more broad-ranging Citizen's Freedom Foundation,[1] which later became the Cult Awareness Network. In 1976, Patrick claimed that he had been personally involved in over a thousand deprogrammings.[6] By 1980, that number had increased to over two thousand.[7]
In 1980, Patrick was paid 27,000 USD to carry out the deprogramming of Susan Wirth, a 35-year-old teacher living in San Francisco. He was hired by her parents, who objected to her involvement with activist groups – the "Coalition to Fight the Death Penalty" and the "African People's Solidarity Committee". The process involved four deprogrammers (or "thugs" as Wirth called them) shoving her into a van and gagging her, after which she was handcuffed to a bed for two weeks, denied food and water, and repeatedly threatened.[9][10][11] She was later released and after returning to San Francisco spoke out against deprogramming but declined to press legal charges against her parents or Patrick.[12]
In February 1973, Daniel Voll of Farmington, Connecticut,[14] summoned Ted Patrick to New York City Criminal Court on assault charges for a botched attempt to deprogram him from the New Testament Ministry Fellowship, part of the burgeoning Jesus Movement.[15] Voll alleged that on 29 January 1973, while walking to his apartment in uptown New York City, he was abducted by his parents and Patrick. On 13 February 1973, Voll pressed assault charges against Patrick, of which he was acquitted.[15][16][17]
In May 1974, Patrick held Dena Thomas Jones and Kathy Markis against their wills with some of their acquaintances in Denver because they were believed to be controlled by a "satanic group."[18] District Court Judge Zita Weinshienk sentenced Patrick to a seven-day jail term and a 1,000 USD fine in June 1974 in order to teach him he "can't play God or the law".[18] However, the Evening Independent (St. Petersburg, Florida) reported that he received an eight-month sentence for this incident.[19]
In December 1974, Patrick was acquitted of kidnapping charges in Seattle, Washington. Kathe Crampton, who called herself Dedication Israel after joining the Love Family, was brought to San Diego from Seattle to be deprogrammed by Patrick and her parents in 1973. She broke free and returned to Seattle where she sued Patrick for false imprisonment, but Judge Walter T. McGovern absolved Patrick, comparing his situation to a person rushing into a street to save a child from on-coming traffic.[16]
In January 1975, Wendy Helander alleged that Patrick attempted to deprogram her from the Unification Church for fourteen hours straight after her parents tricked her into coming to a house in northern Connecticut. According to her, the deprogramming session only ended after signing an affidavit stating she was willing to be forcibly removed from the Unification Church if she were to return.[20] A tape was played to Judge James Belson of the Washington D.C. Superior Court on 21 August 1975, where psychiatrist Harold Kaufman recorded a conversation with Helander about her experience with Patrick and her parents in January.[21][22]
In May 1975, Patrick was convicted of holding Joanne Rogin Bradley – a 19-year-old convert to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) – against her will in Orange County, California. In May 1976, Patrick failed to appeal the conviction in the Orange County Superior Court.[19] He was sentenced to one year in prison in June 1976.[23]
On 3 March 1978, Jessica Marks – a member of the Church of Scientology – filed a lawsuit naming thirteen defendants including Patrick in a deprogramming incident in Portland, Oregon, in June 1976. Peter Rudie, a lawyer named as a defendant, claimed that Patrick was not part of the conversation that took place in June 1976 and that he was not in Portland at the time.[26]
According to a habeas corpus petition filed by Pittsburgh attorney Joseph Bonistall in March 1979, Daniel Eyink was abducted by his parents and Patrick from a Cincinnati restaurant where he worked and held in California, in order to be deprogrammed from an unnamed religious community in Cincinnati. Eyink's parents sought to gain custody of their son through a conservatorship. Eyink spoke to Judge Maurice B. Cohill who concluded that Eyink was in the community through his own free will and ended the custody battle in May 1979.[31][32][33]
In May 1979 Patrick, along with Marti Schumacher of Vancouver, Washington, was charged with second-degree kidnapping after attempting to convince Schumacher's daughter Janet Cannefax to divorce her husband of approximately seven months, Charles Cannefax. The attempt failed and Janet Cannefax brought charges against them, but Patrick and Schumacher were acquitted.[34]
In July 1980, Patrick and others were charged with conspiracy, kidnapping, and false imprisonment. Paula Dain, a 24-year-old Scientologist, testified against Patrick in Los Angeles, California, in early July 1980.[35] Dain claimed she was kidnapped by Patrick and the other defendants in order to deprogram her from the Church of Scientology.[36] A California jury cleared Patrick of charges in August 1980.[37][38][39][40] Dain and the Church of Scientology later sued Patrick for US$30 million.[41]
In August 1980, Patrick was convicted of conspiracy, kidnapping, and false imprisonment. These charges were related to the abduction and attempted deprogramming of Roberta McElfish, a 26-year-old Tucson waitress, who joined the "Wesley Thomas Family".[42][43] Patrick was convicted and sentenced to one year in prison and fined US$5,000.[44][45] Patrick failed to appeal the conviction in 1982 in the California Supreme Court.[46] In 1985, he was found guilty of violating probation in relation to his conviction in 1980, and he was sentenced to three years in prison.[47]
In October 1981, Stephanie Riethmiller was abducted by two men walking to her Cincinnati apartment with her roommate and significant other, Patty Thiemann, who was sprayed with mace. The two men made her enter a van where she encountered her father, William Riethmiller. Her parents sought to deprogram her from her lesbian relationship with Thiemann, which they believed was making her more distant from them. Stephanie Riethmiller was driven to Cedar Bluff, Alabama, where she was allegedly held against her will and serially raped by James Anthony Roe, a friend of Patrick's son who Patrick referred to Riethmiller's parents. Patrick also referred Naomi Faye Kelley Goss and a man solely identified as "Ray" to Riethmiller's parents. In Cedar Bluff, she was allegedly held in a cabin where Goss "harangued" Riethmiller about the evils of homosexuality. Authorities brought charges of assault, abduction, and sexual battery against Riethmiller's parents, Patrick, Roe, and "Ray," but all defendants either had their charges dropped or were found not guilty in April 1982.[48][49][50] Goss was sentenced to 38 days in jail in 1983.[51] Patrick was on probation from his McElfish conviction in 1980 when the incident occurred, and allegedly Riethmiller's parents paid him US$8,000 to organize Goss, Roe, and "Ray" to deprogram Riethmiller.[52]
In late 1983, Patrick was found guilty of violating the civil rights of Richard Cooper, a member of the Divine Light Mission. The jury ordered Patrick to pay US$40,000 in punitive damages and US$10,000 in compensatory damages. Patrick was unable to pay the damages immediately due to the years of legal battles.[53]
In 1990, Patrick attempted to deprogram Elma Miller, an Amish woman who had joined a liberal sect. He was hired by her husband to return her to him and the Amish church. Criminal charges of conspiracy were filed against Miller's husband, brother, and two others, but were later dropped on her request to the prosecuting attorney, who decided not to charge Patrick.[54]
^Chryssides, George D.; Zeller, Benjamin E. (2016). The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements. New York City: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1474256445.
^"Love with an Improper Stranger: Sexual Deprogramming goes on trial in Cincinnati," Time 119, no. 18 (May 1982).
^"Cult Opponent on Trial in Ohio Kidnapping Case," New York Times, 19 April 1982.
^"Defendant Freed in Abduction Case: Ted Patrick, For of Cultists, Is Found Not Guilty by a Jury After Trial in Cincinnati," New York Times, 25 April 1982.
