The five Tarokoid languages are a branch of the Plateau family spoken in central Nigeria, just north of the middle reaches of the Benue River. Tarok itself has 300,000 speakers, with Pe and Sur about 5,000 each. Yangkam is severely endangered, being spoken by around fifty elderly men.
The Tarokoid languages have significantly influenced the Ron languages and later Ngas, but not the other West Chadic languages of Tel, Goemai, Mupun, and Mwaghavul. Most borrowed words went from Tarok to Chadic, although occasionally Chadic words were also borrowed into Tarok. Today, Tarok remains the lingua franca of the southern Plateau region of Nigeria.[1]
Classification
The only language with significant data is Tarok. Pe (Pai) has been placed in various branches of Plateau, and Kwang (Kwanka) was only recently added, but it now seems clear that the following five languages belong together. The classification below follows Blench (2004).[2]
Names and locations
Below is a list of Tarokoid language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).[4]
| Language |
Dialects |
Alternate spellings |
Own name for language |
Endonym(s) |
Other names (location-based) |
Other names for language |
Exonym(s) |
Speakers |
Location(s)
|
| Tarok |
iTarok (Plain Tarok), iZini (Hill Tarok), Səlyər, iTarok Oga aSa, iGyang |
|
iTarok |
|
|
Appa, Yergam, Yergum |
|
|
Plateau State, Langtang and Wase LGAs
|
| Yangkam |
|
|
|
Yaŋkam |
Bashiri |
|
Basharawa |
[20,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin)]. Ethnic population given; these groups now speak only Hausa. As of 1996, there were likely fewer than 400 speakers, all over 40 years old. |
Plateau State, Langtang and Wase LGAs, Bashar town
|
Reconstruction
Reconstructed Proto-Tarokoid forms proposed by Longtau (2016):[5]
| Gloss |
Proto-Tarokoid
|
| to burn |
*bi-ʃi
|
| head |
*iki-ʃi
|
| tongue |
*iki-lerem ~ *iti-lem
|
| to monger iron |
*kɨ-la
|
| bed |
*iki-ler
|
| tail |
*iku-ʃol
|
| hyena |
*mmu-tuŋ
|
| duiker |
*in-tep
|
| guinea fowl |
*iru-nshyok
|
| ladder |
*n-kwaŋ
|
| fonio |
*iti-ʃi
|
| head-pad |
*ati-kat
|
| knee |
*itu-kuruŋ
|
| bone |
*atu-kubi
|
| corpse |
*atu-kum
|
| skin |
*a-tukwa
|
| heart |
*itun-rum
|
| money |
*igi-ʧam
|
| fruit bat |
*igi-gyak
|
| husband |
*u-rom
|
| termite |
*i-ʃum
|
| hunger |
*y-yɔŋ
|
References
External links
