Socialist Party of Canada

This article is about the Canadian political party that existed from 1904 to 1925. For the party founded in 1931, see Socialist Party of Canada (WSM).

Socialist Party of Canada
Leader	E.T. Kingsley
Founder	E.T. Kingsley
Founded	1904 (1904)
Dissolved	1925 (1925)
Headquarters	Victoria, British Columbia
Newspaper	Western Clarion (1903–1918, 1920–1925), The Red Flag (1919)
Ideology	Socialism Classical Marxism Impossibilism
Colours	Red
Politics of Canada Political parties Elections

The Socialist Party of Canada (SPC) was a political party that existed from 1904 to 1925, led by E. T. Kingsley. It published the newspaper, Western Clarion.^[1]

History

Establishment

The Socialist Party of Canada was founded at the Socialist Party of British Columbia's fourth annual convention on December 30–31, 1904. Delegates at the convention were urged to consider organizing the nucleus of a federal party, noting the acceptance of the platform with socialist parties and organizations in other provinces. Socialist organizations quickly approved the party formation, and the new party executive met for the first time on February 19, 1905.^[2]

The party, which had a revolutionary Marxist orientation, called for the overturn of the capitalist system through militant political action. Given this goal, compromise through trade unionism and limited political reforms was rejected.^[3]

Party manifesto and membership

The party's manifesto, which went through five editions by 1920, was its most influential and widely read publication.^[4] The manifesto traced the history of class struggle and the exploitation of labour, concluding that:

Out of these conditions has arisen the Socialist Party of Canada, the nucleus of the revolt of the slaves of Canada against capitalism. Its policy is to educate the slaves of Canada to an understanding of their position and organize them for concerted political action, to the end that they may wrest the powers of State from the hands of capital, and use them to strip the master class of its property rights in the means of production and to make these the collective property of the producers.^[5]

The SPC platform similarly called for socialization of the means of production:

Therefore, we call upon all workers to organise under the banner of the Socialist Party of Canada with the object of conquering the public powers, for the purpose of setting up and enforcing the economic program of the working class as follows:

1. The transformation, as rapidly as possible, of capitalist property in the means of wealth production (natural resources, factories, mills, railroads, etc.) into the collective property of the working class.

2. The organisation and management of industry by the working class.

3. The establishment, as speedily as possible, of production for use instead of production for profit.^[6]

The SPC was structured as a network of local organizations, each conducting education and propaganda in their respective communities.^[7] Provincial-level executives coordinated these activities in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, and the Maritimes.^[8][7] The governing Dominion Executive Committee was headquartered in British Columbia and consisted almost entirely of BC residents.^[7]

Although a national convention was never held, E.T. Kingsley was regarded as the movement's leader until about 1912. The foremost exponent of Impossibilism, Kingsley called for a social revolution to redistribute wealth through political organization, education, and propaganda.^[9]

While the party's platform was Marxist, its membership was diverse. Besides Marxists, there were social democrats, militant trade unionists, and left-leaning federations of Ukrainians, Finns, Letts, and Jews.^[10] Ultimately, the varying factions did not coalesce and schisms occurred, including such breakaway formations as the Social Democratic Party of Canada and the Socialist Party of North America.^[11][12]

Nevertheless, the SPC was Canada's third largest political party until the outbreak of the First World War.^[13] It also enjoyed some success at the provincial electoral level, with SPC deputies sponsoring legislation that addressed worker concerns such as health and safety.^[14]  

Electoral participation

The SPC was strongest in British Columbia where it won seats in the province's legislature from 1903 to 1912.^[15] In the provincial election of 1907, the SPC garnered over 5,000 votes.^[16] The apex was the 1909 election, when it collected over 11,000 votes — about 22 percent of the total ballots cast in the seats contested.^[16] During this period, the leadership of the Vancouver Trades and Labor Council^[17] consisted of committed SPC members who also played a role in stymying efforts to establish a rival labour party.^[16] However, disappointing federal election results in 1911 and the resignation of the provincial house leader, J. H. Hawthornthwaite, over his involvement in land speculation, precipitated a decline. The two SPC deputies elected in the 1912 election defected to the Liberals in 1914.^[18]

In 1909, SPC member Charlie O'Brien was elected to the Alberta legislature.^[19]

In Manitoba, the Manitoba branch of the SPC was initially a rival to Winnipeg's reform labour groups. It may also have been responsible for the defeat of centrist labour candidate Fred Dixon in the election of 1910. The resulting backlash from trade unions weakened the SPC for a number of years.^[20] In 1920, George Armstrong was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba on a United Labour list. However, he was defeated in 1922 due in part to opposition from communist politicians in the city.

World War I and its aftermath

Cover of a Socialist Party of Canada pamphlet published during World War I due to the federal government's ban of the US publisher, Charles H. Kerr & Co.

The SPC paid a heavy price for its opposition to Canadian entry into the world war including harassment and intimidation from government authorities.^[21] Individual members were also targeted, including Ginger Goodwin, who died at the hands of police in 1918 while evading conscription.

In the fall of 1918 Western Clarion was banned by the federal government.^[22] On January 11, 1919, a new publication called The Red Flag was launched by the SPC to work around the proscription of its predecessor.^[22] The first issue noted the state's interference with the postal service and its censorship of party correspondence:

The official organ has been suppressed... Leaflets mailed have been confiscated and complaints ignored. Almost every letter which arrives at this office bears unmistakable signs of having been opened, though no censorship mark to that effect is on them. All such letters are unduly delayed, being some four, five and six weeks in the mails before delivery....

Moreover, letters and parcels which we have dispatched have failed to reach their destination. The mail of individual party members also suffers from the same despicable secret censorship. Our protests and complaints to heads of departments result only in officially equivocal and evasive replies.^[23]

The ban was lifted in 1920.

In the wake of the Russian Revolution and the Winnipeg General Strike, a number of the SPC's supporters became attracted to Bolshevism and the ideas of Lenin and Trotsky. Others gravitated toward an evolutionary or gradualist socialist position.

SPC members, notably George Armstrong and William Pritchard, were among the strike leaders put on trial following the Winnipeg confrontation.^[24]

In 1919, SPC members, including Pritchard, were instrumental in founding One Big Union in Canada.^[25]

In 1920, a split occurred when many of the party's members left to join the Federated Labour Party, which had been formed by the British Columbia Federation of Labour.^[26] Others joined the labour and independent labour parties that were being formed across the country.^[27]

In 1921, most of the Marxist SPC members left to join the Workers Party, which was the public face of the nascent Communist Party of Canada.^[28]

In 1925, the Socialist Party of Canada formally disbanded.^[29] Many of the remaining members joined the Independent Labour Party.

Federal election results from 1904 to 1926

General elections

Year	SPC Candidates	Votes	Popular vote
1904 federal election	3	1,794	0.18%
1908 federal election	5	6,071	0.52%
1911 federal election	6	4,574	0.35%
1921 federal election	1	3,094	0.10%
1925 federal election	1	1,888	0.06%
1926 federal election	1	672	0.02%

SPC Publications

• Socialism, Revolution and Internationalism. Gabriel Deville. 1893/1907.^[30] Also published in the SPC's Red Flag series, no. 1.^[31]
• Manifesto of the Socialist Party of Canada. 1st edition, 1910.^[32] 4th edition, 1916.^[33] 5th edition, 1920.^[34]
• Constitution and Bylaws of the Socialist Party of Canada. 1910.^[35]
• The Proletarian in Politics. C.M. O'Brien. 1910.^[36]
• The Struggle for Existence. Gerald Desmond. 1911.^[37]
• Socialism and Unionism. Donald G. McKenzie. 1911.^[38]
• What is Socialism? W. E. Hardenburg. 1912.^[39]
• The Way to Power. J. B. Osborne. 1913.^[40]
• Wage Worker and Farmer. J. Pilkington. 1914.^[41]
• The Slave of the Farm. Alf Budden. 1914/1918.^[42]
• Economic Causes of War. Peter T. Leckie, reprinted from The Western Clarion, March-November, 1920.^[43]

Bibliography

• Angus, Ian. 2006. "A Party of A New Type: The Socialist Party of Canada and the Birth of Canadian Communism." Marxism: A Socialist Annual 4: 66-74.
• Campbell, Peter. 1992. "'Making Socialists': Bill Pritchard, the Socialist Party of Canada, and the Third International." Labour/Le Travail 30: 45-63.
• Campbell, Peter. 2000. Canadian Marxists and the Search for a Third Way. McGill-Queen's University Press.
• Campbell, Peter. 2021. "Let Us Rise: Dialectical Thinking, the Commodification of Labour Power, and the Legacy of the Socialist Party of Canada." Labour/Le Travail 87: 93-120.
• Frank, David, and Nolan Reilly. 1979. "The Emergence of the Socialist Movement in the Maritimes, 1899-1916." Labour/Le Travail 4: 85-92, 94-113.
• Friesen, Gerald. 1976. "'Yours in Revolt': The Socialist Party of Canada and the Western Canadian Labour Movement." Labour/Le Travail 1: 139-57.
• Kawecki, Adam T. 1980. Canadian Socialism and the Origin of the Communist Party of Canada, 1900-1922. MA thesis. McMaster University.
• Malhotra, Ravi, and Benjamin Islett. 2021. Able to Lead: Disablement, Radicalism, and the Political Life of E.T. Kingsley. UBC Press.
• Martynowich, Orest T. 1977. "The Ukrainian Socialist Movement in Canada." Journal of Ukrainian Studies 1: no. 1, 27-44 (Part 1); 2: no. 1, 22-31 (Part 2).
• McCormack, A. Ross. 1977. Reformers, Rebels and Revolutionaries: The Western Canadian Radical Movement 1899-1919. University of Toronto Press.
• McKay, Ian. 2008. Reasoning Otherwise: Leftists and the People's Enlightenment in Canada,1890-1920. Between the Lines.
• Milne, J.M. (Jim). 1973. "History of the Socialist Party of Canada.". Socialist History Project. 39 pages.
• Newell, Peter E. 2008. The Impossibilists: A Brief Profile of the Socialist Party of Canada. Athena Press.
• Robin, Martin. 1968. Radical Politics and Canadian Labour. Queen's University, Industrial Relations Centre.
• Troop, George R. 1922. Socialism in Canada. MA thesis. McGill University.

Footnotes

1. Morley, J.T. (2006-02-07). "Socialist Party of Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
2. Newell, Peter E. (2008). The Impossibilists: A Brief Profile of the Socialist Party of Canada. Athena. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
3. Morley, J.T. (2006-02-07). "Socialist Party of Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
4. Newell, 93.
5. Socialist Party of Canada (1910). "Manifesto". Connexions.org. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
6. "Platform: Socialist Party of Canada". Western Clarion. 1915-04-10. p. 16. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
7. Robin, Martin (1968). Radical Politics and Canadian Labour. Industrial Relations Centre, Queen's University. p. 100. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
8. Frank, David; Reilly, Nolan (1979). "The Emergence of the Socialist Movement in the Maritimes, 1899-1916". Labour/Le Travail. 4: 85–92, 94–113. doi:10.2307/25139925. JSTOR 25139925.
9. Malhotra, Ravi; Isitt, Benjamin (2021). Able to Lead: Disablement, Radicalism, and the Political Life of E.T. Kingsley. UBC Press. pp. 108–13.
10. Newell, 47-52.
11. Newell, 105-115.
12. McKay, Ian (2008). Reasoning Otherwise: Leftists and the People's Enlightenment in Canada, 1890-1920. Between the Lines. pp. 174–80. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
13. Newell, 182.
14. Robin, Radical Politics and Canadian Labour, 98-99.
15. Elections British Columbia and the Legislative Library (1988). "Electoral History of British Columbia, 1881-1986" (PDF). Elections BC. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
16. Robin, Radical Politics and Canadian Labour, pg. 101.
17. AM54, File MS15750, Fonds: Major Matthews Collection, Unions: Vancouver Trades and Labor Council. Vancouver, BC: Archives, City of Vancouver. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
18. Robin, Radical Politics and Canadian Labour, pp. 101-102.
19. McKay, Reasoning Otherwise, pp. 167-68.
20. Robin, Radical Politics and Canadian Labour, p. 110.
21. Newell, 125-26
22. R.W.H., "'Liberty and Peace' in Canada,' The Socialist Standard [London], vol. 15, whole number 177 (May 1919) pg. 77.
23. Stephenson, C. (1919-01-11). "Censorship (editorial)". The Red Flag. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
24. McKay, Reasoning Otherwise, pp. 505-17.
25. Campbell, Peter (1999). Canadian Marxists and the Third Way. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 89–91. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
26. "Federated Labour Party". KnowBC.com. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
27. Newell, 188-93.
28. Angus, Ian (2006). "A Party of A New Type: The Socialist Party of Canada and the Birth of Canadian Communism". Marxism: A Socialist Annual. 4: 66–74.
29. Newell, 193-95.
30. DeVille, Gabriel (1907). Socialism, Revolution and Internationalism. Translated by Monte, Robert Rives la. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr. OCLC 746985379.
31. "Socialism, Revolution and Internationalism". libcom.org. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
32. Socialist Party of Canada. "Manifesto". Connexions.org. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
33. Socialist Party of Canada (1916). Manifesto (4th ed.). Vancouver: Dominion Executive Committee. OCLC 1315912519.
34. Socialist Party of Canada (1920). Manifesto (5th ed.). Vancouver: Socialist Party of Canada, Dominion Executive Committee.
35. Socialist Party of Canada (1910). Constitution and By-laws [includes Platform]. Vancouver: Kingsley [printer]. OCLC 1083883865.
36. O'Brien, C.M. (Charles Macnamara) (1910). The Proletarian in Politics. Vancouver: Socialist Party of Canada. OCLC 1083877116.
37. Desmond, Gerald (1911). The Struggle for Existence. [Vancouver]: Socialist Party of Canada. ISBN 9780665814013. OCLC 1083889693.
38. McKenzie, Donald G. (1911). Socialism and Unionism. Vancouver: Kingsley [printer]. OCLC 1316124571.
39. Hardenburg, W.E. (1912). What is Socialism? A Short Study of Its Aims and Claims. Vancouver: Dominion Executive Committee. OCLC 1083966170.
40. Osborne, James B. (1913). The Way to Power. Vancouver: Socialist Party of Canada. OCLC 222802248.
41. Pilkington, J. (1914). Wage Worker and Farmer. Vancouver: Socialist Party of Canada, Dominion Executive Committee. OCLC 962322239.
42. Budden, Alf (1918). Slave of the Farm: Being Letters from Alf Budden to a Fellow Farm Slave and Comrade in Revolt. Vancouver: Socialist Party of Canada, Dominion Executive Committee. OCLC 1316258006.
43. Leckie, Peter T. (1920). Economic Causes of War. Vancouver: Socialist Party of Canada, Dominion Executive Committee. OCLC 1316216805.

External links

• List of Canadian socialist parties
• The Impossibilists — A short history with selections from the press of the Socialist Party of Canada and the One Big Union, 1906–1938
• Western Clarion (OCLC 773666167)
• The Red Flag (OCLC 874024291)