Silvery woolly monkey

Silvery woolly monkey[1]
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Atelidae
Genus:	Lagothrix
Species:	L. lagothricha
Subspecies:	L. l. poeppigii
Trinomial name
Lagothrix lagothricha poeppigii Schinz, 1844
Silvery woolly monkey range
Synonyms
Lagothrix poeppigii

The silvery woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagothricha poeppigii), also known as Poeppig's woolly monkey or the red woolly monkey, is a subspecies of the common woolly monkey from South America. Named after the German zoologist Eduard Friedrich Poeppig, it is found in Brazil, Ecuador and Peru.^[3]

Taxonomy

It was initially thought to be a subspecies of the common woolly monkey (L. lagothricha), but was later reclassified as its own species. However, a 2014 phylogenetic study found it to in fact be a subspecies of L. lagothricha; the results of this study have been followed by the American Society of Mammalogists and the IUCN Red List.^[4][5][6]

Habitat

Silvery woolly monkeys are habituated across the Amazonia, and are found in mature closed-canopy rainforest.^[7]

Dispersal

Traditionally, silvery woolly monkeys have a male philopatry and female-biased dispersal. However, recent analysis of genetic data in L. poeppigii suggests that female-biased dispersal may not be strictly followed; both sexes are found to be dispersing. Genetic data and behavioural observations indicate that both sexes may disperse both before and after sexual maturity. However, females typically leave their natal groups to mate.^[8] Male-biased dispersal happens to avoid inbreeding and to gain better reproductive opportunities.^[7]

Social structure

Silvery woolly monkeys live in multi-sex groups of 20-25 individuals.^[9]

Behavior

Silvery woolly monkeys spend less time resting in comparison to other ateline primates. In addition, woolly monkeys spend a relatively small portion of their activity budget socializing. Socializing accounts for 8% to 9% of their activity budget.^[10] Woolly monkeys have an extremely low male on male aggression rate.^[7] During aggressive intergroup encounters males are more likely to be tolerant of each other. Immature males are likely to associate with adult males, spending significantly more time with other males than immature females. Immature females have little association with other females besides their mother-offspring relationship until dispersal.^[8]

Social play

Silvery woolly monkeys participate in play behaviour by chasing and grappling in groups of 2-5 individuals. Play is most commonly observed in immatures with no significant difference between sexes.^[8]

Grooming

Grooming between silvery woolly monkeys is quite rare. There is significantly different between sexes in received grooming.^[8] When grooming does occur it happens in relatively short bouts.^[10]

Reproduction

Sexual behaviour is rarely observed within females before their dispersal, although females tend to reach sexual maturity earlier than males. After dispersal females do not begin reproduction until a year after joining their new social group. This delay may be due to not having reach full sexual maturity or social barriers within the group.^[8]

Females had a low tolerance to other females engaging in mating behaviour while males were tolerant of mating by other males. Females solicit a male by displaying an open-mouthed grin while shaking their head in the direction of the male. This expression occasionally occurs by both sexes during a mount.^[10]

Silvery woolly monkey reproductive events are the season with births mainly occurring between May and September. During this there is lower fruit availability, while periods of conception happen during points of higher fruit availability.^[11]

Development

Silvery woolly monkeys are considered infants until around 6 months. Silvery woolly monkeys are locomotory independent at 2 years, and typically become socially independent after 3 years.^[7]

Diet

Silvery woolly monkeys spend a majority of their day on subsistence activity; consuming plants and foraging for animal prey. Silvery woolly monkey’s diet consists of 64%-89% fruit; either ripe or nearly ripe.^[10] Silvery woolly monkeys will spit out the seeds of fruits to solely eat the flesh. Around 17% of their time is spent foraging, foraging usually occurs in large groups.^[9]

References

1. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
2. Shanee, S.; Stevenson, P.R.; de la Torre, S.; Moscoso, P.; Ravetta, A.L. & Muniz, C.C. (2021). "Lagothrix lagothricha ssp. poeppigii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39927A192308336. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39927A192308336.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
3. Muniz, Camilla Crispim; Moscoso, Paola; Torre, Stella de la; Stevenson, Pablo R.; Ravetta, André Luis; Group), Sam Shanee (Neotropical Primate Conservation / IUCN SSC Primate Specialist (2020-03-16). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Lagothrix lagothricha ssp. poeppigii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
4. Ruiz-García, Manuel; Pinedo-Castro, Myreya; Shostell, Joseph Mark (2014-10-01). "How many genera and species of woolly monkeys (Atelidae, Platyrrhine, Primates) are there? The first molecular analysis of Lagothrix flavicauda, an endemic Peruvian primate species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 179–198. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.034. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 24931730.
5. "ITIS - Report: Lagothrix". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
6. Database, Mammal Diversity (2021-11-06), Mammal Diversity Database, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5651212, retrieved 2021-11-20
7. Pain, Evelyn L.; Koenig, Andreas; Di Fiore, Anthony; Lu, Amy (March 2021). "Behavioral and physiological responses to instability in group membership in wild male woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii )". American Journal of Primatology. 83 (3): e23240. doi:10.1002/ajp.23240. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 33555611. S2CID 231870287.
8. Schmitt, Christopher A.; Fiore, Anthony Di (2014), Defler, Thomas R.; Stevenson, Pablo R. (eds.), "Life History, Behavior, and Development of Wild Immature Lowland Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix poeppigii) in Amazonian Ecuador", The Woolly Monkey: Behavior, Ecology, Systematics, and Captive Research, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 113–146, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0697-0_8, ISBN 978-1-4939-0697-0, retrieved 2022-11-30
9. Dew, J. Lawrence (October 2005). "Foraging, Food Choice, and Food Processing by Sympatric Ripe-Fruit Specialists: Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth belzebuth". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (5): 1107–1135. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-6461-5. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 29964514.
10. DiFiore, Anthony Francis (1997). "Ecology and behavior of lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii, Atelinae) in eastern Ecuador". ProQuest. ProQuest 304346648.
11. Ellis, Kelsey M.; Abondano, Laura A.; Montes‐Rojas, Andrés; Link, Andrés; Di Fiore, Anthony (January 2021). "Reproductive seasonality in two sympatric primates ( Ateles belzebuth and Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii ) from Amazonian Ecuador". American Journal of Primatology. 83 (1): e23220. doi:10.1002/ajp.23220. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 33264469. S2CID 227260707.