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Shizuichi Tanaka
Shizuichi Tanaka
田中静壱
	General Shizuichi Tanaka as a lieutenant-general
Japanese Military Governor of the Philippines
	In office; 8 June 1942 – 28 May 1943
Monarch	Emperor Hirohito
Preceded by	Masaharu Homma
Succeeded by	Shigenori Kuroda
Personal details
Born	1 October 1887; Tatsuno, Hyōgo, Japanese Empire
Died	24 August 1945 (aged 57); Tokyo, Japan
Awards	Order of the Rising Sun, 1st class; Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class; Order of the Golden Kite 3rd class; Order of the Crown of Thailand 3rd class
Military service
Allegiance	Empire of Japan
Branch/service	Imperial Japanese Army
Years of service	1907–1945
Rank	General
Unit	10th Infantry Regiment
Commands	13th Division; Fourteenth Army; Eastern District Army; Twelfth Area Army
Battles/wars	World War I; World War II Second Sino-Japanese War; Kyūjō incident; ;

Shizuichi Tanaka (田中静壱, Tanaka Shizuichi, 1 October 1887 – 24 August 1945) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and Japanese Military Governor of the Philippines during World War II.

Biography

Early life and military service

Tanaka was born in Issai village, Hyōgo prefecture (now part of the city of Tatsuno) and was the younger son of a large landowner. His family claim descent from Akamatsu Mitsusuke, and served as village heads during the Edo period. Tanaka graduated from the 19th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1907. One of his classmates was Masaharu Homma. He graduated with honors 28th class of the Army Staff College in 1916, specializing in infantry, and was sent on an Army scholarship to England, where he earned a degree in English literature at Oxford University where he studied the works of William Shakespeare. He was the flag bearer for the Japanese troops in London's victory parade at the end of World War I in July 1918. He was promoted to major in 1922. In May 1926, he was assigned as military liaison to the Japanese consulate in Mexico. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1927, and from March 1928 headed the North American Bureau within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff. Promoted to colonel in August 1930, he was assigned command of the IJA 2nd Infantry Regiment until May 1932.

Tanaka was subsequently posted as a military attaché to Washington D.C., where he met Douglas MacArthur while MacArthur was Chief of Staff of the United States Army. He remained in the United States until May 1934. As a result of his long service in the United States and United Kingdom, and his openly pro-western sentiments, he was passed over for promotions as Japan militarized. From August 1934 to August 1935, Tanaka was Chief of Staff of the Osaka-based IJA 4th Division.^[1] He was promoted to major general in August 1935 and was assigned command of the IJA 5th Infantry Brigade, which as a garrison force based in Manchukuo. A year later, he became director of the General Affairs department of the Kempeitai, and year after that, in August 1937, became commander of the Kempeitai in the Kwantung Leased Territory. He was promoted to lieutenant general in July 1938 and commander of the Kempeitai the following month.

World War II

In August 1939, Tanaka was assigned as commander of the IJA 13th Division, and spent the following year in combat on the front lines during the Second Sino-Japanese War, especially the Battle of Wuhan and the Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang. In 1940, he was awarded both the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun and the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure. He returned to Japan to resume his post as commandant of the Kempeitai in September 1940.

After the start of the Pacific War, Tanaka, who had been vocal in his opposition to the attack on Pearl Harbor was reassigned to command of the Eastern District Army.

Tanaka was sent to the Philippines in 1942 as commander of the IJA 14th Army, and subsequently served as Military-Governor of the Philippines from June 1942 to May 1943. However, he was forced to return to Japan in March 1943 to recover from malaria. He spent many months in the hospital, during which time he converted to the Seicho-no-Ie new religion. He was promoted to full general in September 1943. In August 1944, he was appointed commandant of the Army Staff College. In March 1945, he was assigned to head the Eastern District Army under the Japanese Twelfth Area Army.^[2] This consisted mostly of poorly trained reservists, conscripted students and home guard militia such as the Volunteer Fighting Corps as part of the last desperate defense effort by the Empire of Japan to deter landings of Allied forces in central Honshū.

As acting commander of the 1st Imperial Guards Division, his cooperation was crucial to the 15 August 1945 rebellion planned by Major Kenji Hatanaka and others. Hatanaka sought to occupy the Imperial Palace, and to prevent the Emperor's announcement of Japan's surrender from being broadcast. When Tanaka was asked to join the rebellion, he refused, and later mobilized the Eastern District Army against the coup. After making a number of phone calls, and ordering troops to relieve the Palace, he drove there himself and berated Hatanaka and the other conspirators.^[3]

Despite being called 'the hero of the August 15 incident', and being almost single-handedly responsible for bringing an end to the attempted coup d'état, Tanaka felt responsible for the damage done to Tokyo (his jurisdiction) by Allied bombing. Since his assignment on 19 March, he had attempted to resign three times, after he failed to prevent damage to Meiji Shrine, the Imperial Palace, and other important sites, but his resignations were refused. At the surrender of Japan, Tanaka told his subordinates to destroy their unit colors, but not to commit suicide; as burning the regiment's banners would be enough, and that he intended to take full responsibility himself, on behalf of all his men.

On 24 August, at his office in Tokyo's Dai-ichi Life Building (later Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers headquarters), Tanaka shot himself through the heart; he left his desk covered in sutras, letters to his officers and his family, a statue of Emperor Meiji and a scroll bearing Emperor Hirohito's words to him following the August 15th incident.^[4]

References

Brooks, Lester (1968). Behind Japan's Surrender: The Secret Struggle That Ended an Empire. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Fuller, Richard (1992). Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai. London: Arms and Armor. ISBN 1-85409-151-4.
Hayashi, Saburo; Cox, Alvin D (1959). Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps Association.

External links

Ammenthorp, Steen. "Tanaka, Shizuichi". The Generals of World War II.
Budge, Kent. "Tanaka Shizuichi". Pacific War Online Encyclopedia.
Chen, Peter. "Tanaka Shizuichi". WW2 Database.

Notes

^ Budge, The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
^ Ammenthorp, The Generals of World War II
^ Brooks, Behind Japan's Surrender
^ Chen, WW2 Data Base

Government offices
Preceded by Masaharu Homma	Governor-General of the Philippines June 1942–May 1943	Succeeded by Shigenori Kuroda
Military offices
Preceded by Rippei Ogisu	Commander of 13th Division August 1939-September 1940	Succeeded by Eitaro Uchiyama
Preceded by Masaharu Homma	Commander of Fourteenth Army August 1942-May 1943	Succeeded by Shigenori Kuroda
Preceded by Takeshi Mori	Acting Commander of Imperial Guard Division August 1945-August 1945	Succeeded by Mitsuzō Gotō
Preceded by Keisuke Fujie	Commander of Eastern District Army March 1945–August 1945	Succeeded by Kenji Doihara
Preceded by Keisuke Fujie	Commander of Twelfth Area Army March 1945–August 1945	Succeeded by Kenji Doihara