Shem HaMephorash

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Shem HaMephorash (Hebrew: שֵׁם הַמְּפֹרָשׁ Šēm hamMəfōrāš, also Shem ha-Mephorash), meaning "the explicit name", was originally a Tannaitic term for the Tetragrammaton.[1] In Kabbalah, it may refer to a name of God composed of either 4, 12, 22, 42, or 72 letters (or triads of letters), the latter version being the most common.[2]

Early sources, from the Mishnah to the Geonim, only use "Shem haMephorash" to refer to the four-letter Tetragrammaton.[3]

12-letter name

In addition to the Shem haMephorash, b. Qiddushin 72a describes a 12-letter name and a 42-letter name.[2] The medievals debate whether the 12-letter name is a mundane euphemism,[4] unknown,[5] YHVH-EHYH-ADNY (אהיה יהוה אדני),[6] or YHVH-YHVH-YHVH (יהוה יהוה יהוה).[7] Wilhelm Bacher[8] and Adolphe Franck[9] suggest that the 12-letter name was Chokmah-Tevunah-Da'at (חכמה תבונה דעת), but the Sefirot did not yet exist in Talmudic times.[10] A. Haffer suggests that it is אל יהוה אלהינו (El Yahweh Elohenu) from Deut. 6:4.[11]

22-letter name

Cairo Geniza amulets (Oxford e.107:10, T-S K 1.127) contain the name א◌ׄנ◌ׄק◌ׄת◌ׄם◌ׄ פסתם פספסים ודיונסים.[12][13] A similar amulet is included in the back of Sefer Raziel HaMalakh,[2][14] containing אנקתם פסתם פספסים דיונסים,[15] which the commentary describes as "the 22-letter name." Its origins are unknown, with no connection to Hebrew or Aramaic being found, and no agreement on any particular Greek or Zoroastrian origin.[2] Nathan Hannover was responsible for introducing it into popular Priestly Blessing liturgy, and also composed poems on the model of Ana b'Koach using the 22-letter name as his acrostic.[16]

42-letter name

Wilhelm Bacher[8] and Adolphe Franck[9] suggest that the 42-letter name was the full 10 Sefirot, but the Sefirot did not yet exist in Talmudic times.[10] J. Goldberger argues that the 42-letter name was derived by gematriya, representing either אהיה אהיה or אלוה.[17] Ignatz Stern wrote that it represents the names listed by Sifra d'Tziuta Ch. 4,[a][18] winning the support of Ginsburg,[10] but this passage is not even as old as the Zohar.[19] Robert Eisler derives it from Ex. 34:6.[b][20] A. Haffer suggests that it is יהוה אחד ברוך שם כבוד מלכותו לעולם ועד.[11]

According to Maimonides and Rashi, the 42-letter name is unknown,[21][22] but Hayy ben Sherira says it is the acronym of the medieval piyyut Ana b'Koach,[23] and Joshua Trachtenberg argues that Hayy's tradition may legitimately represent the Talmudic intent.[2] By the start of the Rishonic period, the term "Shem haMephorash" could also be used for the 42-letter name and this interpretation was retrojected into the Mishnah,[24] although even Hayy did not claim to know its pronunciation. According to Hayy,

Though the letters of the 42-letter name are known, the pronunciation has not been [successfully] transmitted. Some say that it begins אַבְגִיתַץ ʾabgîtaṣ while others say that it begins אַבַגְיְתַץ ʾabagyǝtaṣ, and some say that it concludes שְׁקוּצִית šǝqûṣît while other say that it concludes שַׁקְוַצִית šaqwaṣît,[c] and there are many more disputes besides which none can resolve.

Solomon ibn Adret (1235-1310) records that:[25]

Different places have different pronunciations [of the 42-letter name]. Some pronounce it as fourteen words composed of three letters each, while others pronounce it as seven words composed of six letters each. The scholars of this land [Spain] follow the latter method, and such is the tradition received from Hayy, but I heard that the scholars of Ashkenaz pronounce it as fourteen three-letter words. There are also differences between the letters of our version and those of Ashkenaz [...] as to what you say, that each three-letter word is pronounced shewa-patah, there is one word pronounced shewa-shuruq, which is the thirteenth: the shin with a shewa and the waw with a shuruq.[d]

Piyyutim which used this 42-letter name as their acrostic were popular among the Hasidei Ashkenaz, and many different poems were composed based on different versions of the name. The only one of these to survive in Jewish liturgy is Ana b'Koach.[26]

72-letter name

In Judaic Kabbalah

Main article: Kabbalah § History of Jewish mysticism

The 72-fold name is highly important to Sefer Raziel HaMalakh.[2][14] It is derived from Exodus 14:19–21,[27][28][2][29] read boustrophedonically[30][31] to produce 72 names of three letters. This method was explained by Rashi,[32] (b. Sukkah 45a),[33] as well as in Sefer HaBahir (c. 1150~1200).[34] Kabbalist legends state that the 72-fold name was used by Moses to cross the Red Sea, and that it could grant later holy men the power to cast out demons, heal the sick, prevent natural disasters, and even kill enemies.[29]

According to G. Lloyd Jones,

To overcome the problems posed by the doctrine of God's transcendence, the early Jewish mystics developed an emanation theory in which the alphabet played an important part. They taught that the universe was divided into ten angelic spheres each one governed by an intermediary or emanation of the divine. There were seventy-two inferior angels through whom the intermediaries could be approached. Contact with this celestial world was achieved by manipulating the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. [...] This invocatory technique may be traced through the works of Joseph Gikatilla to the famous thirteenth-century Kabbalist Abraham Abulafia.[35]

Liber Semamphoras (aka Semamphoras, Semyforas) is the title of a Latin translation of an occult or magical text of Jewish provenance attributed to Solomon.[36] It was attested in 1260 by Roger Bacon,[37] who complained about the linguistic corruption that had occurred in translating Liber Semamphoras into Latin from Hebrew.[38] It is heavily indebted to Sefer HaRazim through its Latin versions, Liber Sepher Razielis idest Liber Secretorum seu Liber Salomonis, and seemingly replaced the more explicitly magical text Liber magice in the Razielis.[39]

In Christian Kabbalah

Johann Reuchlin (1455–1522) considered these 72 names, made pronounceable by the addition of suffixes such as 'El' or 'Yah', to be the names of angels, individuated products of God's will.[40] Reuchlin refers to and lists the 72 Angels of the Shem Hamephorash in his 1517 book De Arte Cabalistica.[41][42] According to Bernd Roling,

After deriving a Shem ha-mephorasch of the 72 angelic names from the biblical verses of Exodus 14,19ff., Reuchlin makes a statement concerning the metaphysical significance of the names. [...] The names of the angels are products of the will of God. They are substantially based on the tetragrammaton, and through this connection they illumine and enhance man's spiritual return to God. [...] With the insertion of divine names such as 'El' or 'Yah', angelic names become pronouncable, and God himself (being nature) is the basis of angelic individuation.[40]

Reuchlin's cosmology in turn influenced Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa[30] (1486–1535) and Athanasius Kircher[43] (1602–1680).

In 1686, Andreas Luppius published Semiphoras und Schemhamphoras, a German translation of the earlier Latin text, Liber Semiphoras (see previous section), which Luppius augmented heavily with passages from Agrippa's De Occulta Philosophia and other sources.[36]

In Hermetic Qabalah and Goetia

Blaise de Vigenère (1523–1596), following Reuchlin,[44] featured the 72 angels in his writings.[45] De Vigenère's material on the Shemhamphorash was later copied and expanded by Thomas Rudd (1583?–1656),[45][27] who proposed that it was a key (but often missing) component to the magical practices in the Lesser Key of Solomon,[31] as a balancing force against the evil spirits of the Ars Goetia[31] or in isolation.[46] Skinner and Rankine explain that de Vigenère and Rudd adopted these triliteral words with '-el' or '-yah' (both Hebrew for "god") added to them as the names of the 72 angels that are able to bind the 72 evil spirits also described in The Lesser Key of Solomon (c. mid-17th century).[e]

Blaise de Vigenère's manuscripts were also used by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers (1854–1918) in his works for the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.[31] Mathers describes the descent of power from Tetragrammaton through 24 thrones of the Elders of the Apocalypse, each with a crown of three rays:

Four is the number of the letters of the Tetragrammaton. Four is also the number of the letters of the name ADNI which is its representative and key. The latter name is bound with the former and united thereto, thus IAHDVNHY forming a name of 8 letters. 8 X 3, the number of the Supernal Triad, yields the 24 thrones of the Elders of the Apocalypse, each of whom wears on his head a golden crown of three rays, each ray of which is a name, each name an Absolute Idea and Ruling Power of the great name YHVH Tetragrammaton.

The number 24 of the thrones multiplied by the 3 rays of the crown which equals 72, the name of God of 72 letters, which is thus mystically shown in the name YHVH, as under: (Or as the book of Revelation says: "When the living creatures (the four Kerubim the Letters of the Name) give glory to Him, etc. the four and twenty elders fall down before Him and cast their crowns before the Throne, etc." (that is the Crowns, which each bear 3 of the 72 Names, and these 72 names are written on the leaves of the Tree of Life which were for the healing of the nations.)

These are also the 72 names of the ladder of Jacob on which the Angels of God ascended and descended. [...] The 72 Names of the Deity are thus obtained. The 19th, 20th, and 21st verses of the XIV Chapter of the Book of Exodus each consist of 72 letters...[47]

Reuchlin's angels of the Shem HaMephorash

Angel
[42]
(per Reuchlin) 		Biblical verse
[48][49]
(per Rudd) 		Demon ruled
[50]
(per Rudd)
1. Vehuiah Psalms 3:3 Bael
2. Ielial Psalms 22:19 Agares
3. Sitael Psalms 91:2 Vassago
4. Elemiah Psalms 6:4 Gamigin
5. Mahasiah Psalms 34:4 Marbas
6. Iehahel Psalms 9:11 Valefar
7. Achaiah Psalms 103:8 Aamon
8. Cahethel Psalms 95:6 Barbatos
9. Haziel Psalms 25:6 Paimon
10. Aladiah Psalms 33:22 Buer
11. Laviah Psalms 18:46 Gusion
12. Hahaiah Matthew 22:44 Sitri
13. Iezalel Psalms 98:4 Beleth
14. Mebahel Psalms 9:9 Leraje
15. Hariel Psalms 94:22 Eligor
16. Hakamiah Psalms 88:1 Zepar
17. Loviah Psalms 8:9 Botis
18. Caliel Psalms 35:24 Bathin
19. Levuiah Psalms 40:1 Saleos
20. Pahaliah Psalms 120:1–2 Purson
21. Nelchael Psalms 31:14 Morax
22. Ieiaiel Psalms 121:5 Ipos
23. Melahel Psalms 121:8 Aim
24. Haiviah Psalms 33:18 Naberus
25. Nithhaiah Psalms 9:1 Glasya-Labolas
26. Haaiah Psalms 119:145 Bune
27. Ierathel Psalms 140:1 Ronove
28. Saeehiah Psalms 71:12 Berith
29. Reiaiel Psalms 54:4 Astaroth
30. Omael Psalms 71:5 Forneus
31. Lecabel Psalms 71:16 Foras
32. Vasariah Psalms 33:4 Asmodeus
33. Iehuiah Psalms 94:11 Gaap
34. Lehahiah Psalms 131:3 Furfur
35. Chavakiah Psalms 116:1 Marchosias
36. Manadel Psalms 26:8 Stolas
37. Aniel Psalms 80:3 Phenex
38. Haamiah Psalms 91:9 Halphas
39. Rehael Psalms 30:10 Malphas
40. Ieiazel Psalms 88:14 Raum
41. Hahahel Psalms 120:2 Focalor
42. Michael Psalms 121:7 Vepar
43. Veualiah Psalms 88:13 Sabnock
44. Ielahiah Psalms 119:108 Shax
45. Sealiah Psalms 94:18 Vine
46. Ariel Psalms 145:9 Bifrons
47. Asaliah Psalms 92:5 Vual
48. Mihael Psalms 98:2 Haagenti
49. Vehuel Psalms 145:3 Crocell
50. Daniel Psalms 145:8 Furcas
51. Hahasiah Psalms 104:31 Balam
52. Imamiah Psalms 7:17 Allocer
53. Nanael Psalms 119:75 Caim
54. Nithael Psalms 103:19 Murmur
55. Mebahaiah Psalms 102:12 Orobas
56. Poiel Psalms 145:14 Gremory
57. Nemamiah Psalms 115:11 Ose
58. Ieialel Psalms 6:3 Auns
59. Harahel Psalms 113:3 Orias
60. Mizrael Psalms 145:17 Vapula
61. Vmabel Psalms 113:2 Zagan
62. Iahhael Psalms 119:159 Valac
63. Anavel Psalms 100:2 Andras
64. Mehiel Psalms 33:18 Flauros
65. Damabiah Psalms 90:13 Andrealphus
66. Mavakel Psalms 38:21 Cimeries
67. Eiael Psalms 37:4 Amduscias
68. Habuiah Psalms 106:1 Belial
69. Roehel Psalms 16:5 Decarabia
70. Yabamiah Genesis 1:1 Seere
71. Haiaiel Psalms 109:30 Dantalion
72. Mumiah Psalms 116:7 Andromalius

In folklore and literature

Shem HaMephorash figures in the legend of the golem, an animated anthropomorphic being in Jewish folklore that was created entirely from inanimate matter (usually clay). The earthen figure was then animated by placing a piece of parchment with the name of God in its mouth.[51] Jorge Luis Borges refers to this legend in his poem The Golem and in his essay The Golem. The Shem haMephorash also appears in Borges's stories Three versions of Judas and The Circular Ruins.[52][53]

A contemporary book on Hermetic Qabalah which discuss the subject is Lon Milo DuQuette's The Chicken Qabalah of Rabbi Ben Clifford.[54]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Stern lists these as "אהיה אשר אהיה יה יהויה אל אלהים יהוה צבאות אל חי אדני" to make 42 letters. In the text only "אהיה יה יהו אל אלהים [יהוה] צבאות שדי אדני".
  2. ^ יהוה יהוה אל רחום וחנון ארך אפים ורב חסד ואמת נוצר חסד
  3. ^ Each manuscript of Hayy's responsum contains different proposed pronunciations. This follows MS Oxford heb. d.2.
  4. ^ This is compatible with options mentioned in Hayy, if read to represent אֲבַגְ/יְתַץ and שְׁקוּ/צִית.
  5. ^ Skinner and Rankine's explanation (in Rudd 2007, pp. 71–73) of how the triliterals are produced corresponds with the explanation given in McLaughlin & Eisenstein n.d., and the Hebrew names they give in their tables (pp. 366–376, cf. pp. 405–407) also correspond with the triliterals in the table given by McLaughlin & Eisenstein.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Bacher (n.d.).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Trachtenberg (1939), pp. 90–98, 288ff.
  3. ^ Bacher (n.d.); Ginsburg (1925), p. 182.
  4. ^ Maimonides (1904), Part 1 62:2.
  5. ^ "Rashi on Kiddushin 71a:12:4". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-08-07.
  6. ^ "Ben Yehoyada on Kiddushin 71a:2". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  7. ^ "Sefer HaBahir 10". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  8. ^ a b Bacher, Wilhelm (1878). Die Agada der babylonischen Amoräer: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Agada und zur Einleitung in den babylonischen Talmud (in German). K. J. Trübner. p. 18.
  9. ^ a b Franck, Adolphe (1926). The Kabbalah: Or, The Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews. Kabbalah Publishing Company. p. 71.
  10. ^ a b c Ginsburg (1925), p. 182.
  11. ^ a b ha-Tsofeh mi-erets ha-Gar (in Hebrew). L. Blau. 1912.
  12. ^ Schäfer, Peter; Shaked, Shaul (1994). Magische Texte aus der Kairoer Geniza (in German). Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-146272-6.
  13. ^ Naveh, Joseph; Shaked, Shaul (2023-08-28). Amulets and Magic Bowls: Aramaic Incantations of Late Antiquity. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-67214-7.
  14. ^ a b Savedow (2000), p. 18.
  15. ^ Trachtenberg (1939), p. 93.
  16. ^ Berliner, Abraham; אברהם ‏ברלינר (1969). ‏כתבים נבחרים / (in Hebrew). מוסד הרב קוק.
  17. ^ Ben Chananja: Monatsschrift für jüdische Theologie und für jüdisches Leben in Gemeinde, Synagoge und Schule (in German). Burger. 1867.
  18. ^ Ben-Chananja (in German). S. Burger. 1860. p. 261.
  19. ^ Webmaster. "Hilufim Terumah SdT 2 176b - 179a". www.sup.org. Retrieved 2024-08-08.
  20. ^ Eisler, Robert (1926). "Le mystère du Schem Hammephorasch". Revue des études juives. 82 (163): 157–159. doi:10.3406/rjuiv.1926.5506.
  21. ^ Maimonides (1904), Part 1 62:3.
  22. ^ "Rashi on Kiddushin 71a:12:4". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-08-07.
  23. ^ Hayy ben Sherira, "תשובה אל יוסף בן ברכיה ותלמידי יעקב בן נסים בעניין שמות והשבעות, קונטרס 'הדר עם הנכרי בחצר'", p. 2 This responsum is #1110 on T. Groner's list of verified Hayy compositions. See notes of B. M. Lewin, Otzar haGeonim vol. IV:2, p. 23.
  24. ^ Rashi, Ibn Ezra, etc. See Hayy's responsum of previous note and cf. Eshkol vol. II p. 97 and Albeck's notes, and the parallels noted there and in Ibn Ghayyat's Shaarei Simcha vol. I p. 62.
  25. ^ שו"ת הרשב"א חלק א סימן רכ
  26. ^ חלמיש, משה; Hallamish, Moshe (2015). "Anna Be-Kho'ah / על הפיוט אנא בכח". Daat: A Journal of Jewish Philosophy & Kabbalah / דעת: כתב-עת לפילוסופיה יהודית וקבלה (78): 55–75. ISSN 0334-2336. JSTOR 24235662.
  27. ^ a b Asprem (2012), p. 33.
  28. ^ Melton (2001), p. 1399.
  29. ^ a b Burton & Grandy (2004), p. 69.
  30. ^ a b Cavendish (1967), p. 119.
  31. ^ a b c d Rudd (2007), pp. 14, 39–44, 67–73.
  32. ^ McLaughlin & Eisenstein (n.d.).
  33. ^ Guggenheimer (1998), p. 300.
  34. ^ Kaplan (1989), p. 42.
  35. ^ Jones (1993), p. 21.
  36. ^ a b Butler (1998), p. 158.
  37. ^ Boudet (2002), p. 864.
  38. ^ Véronèse (2012), pp. 60–61.
  39. ^ Page (2012), p. 82.
  40. ^ a b Roling (2002), p. 261.
  41. ^ Izmirlieva (2008), p. 195, n. 57.
  42. ^ a b Reuchlin & Goodman (1993), p. 273.
  43. ^ Hanegraaf (2006), p. 625.
  44. ^ Ballard (2007), p. 137.
  45. ^ a b Skinner & Rankine (2010), pp. 39–40.
  46. ^ Rudd (2006), pp. 43–50.
  47. ^ Mathers (2021).
  48. ^ Rudd (2007), pp. 408–412.
  49. ^ Skinner (2006), pp. 41–48.
  50. ^ Rudd (2007), pp. 366–376.
  51. ^ Scholem (1974), pp. 200–201.
  52. ^ Boldy (2013), p. 89.
  53. ^ Alazraki (1988), p. 22.
  54. ^ DuQuette (2001).

Works cited

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Further reading

The dictionary definition of shem hamephorash at Wiktionary

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