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Rufous-winged antshrike
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Thamnophilidae
Genus:	Thamnophilus
Species:	T. torquatus
Binomial name
	Thamnophilus torquatus; Swainson, 1825

The rufous-winged antshrike (Thamnophilus torquatus) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds".^[2] It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay.^[3]

Taxonomy and systematics

The rufous-winged antshrike was described by the English naturalist William Swainson in 1825 and given its current binomial name Thamnophilus torquatus.^[4] It and the rufous-capped antshrike (T. ruficapillus) are sister species.^[5] The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society is considering a proposal to lump them as a single species.^[6]

The rufous-winged antshrike is monotypic.^[2]

Description

The rufous-winged antshrike is about 14 cm (5.5 in) long and weighs 18 to 20 g (0.63 to 0.71 oz). Members of genus Thamnophilus are largish members of the antbird family; all have stout bills with a hook like those of true shrikes. This species exhibits significant sexual dimorphism. Adult males have a black crown and a gray face, neck, and upperparts. Their wings and wing coverts are cinnamon-rufous. Their tail is black with white bars on the outer feathers. Their throat and underparts are whitish with black bars on the breast. Adult females have a rufous crown and a mottled whitish and gray face. Their upperparts are pale cinnamon-rufous. Their wings are like the male's. Their tail is rufous. Their underparts are buffy that is darker on the breast, flanks, and crissum; sometimes the breast has faint dusky bars.^[7]^[8]

Distribution and habitat

The rufous-winged antshrike is found in Brazil from southern Pará east to Pernambuco and south to Rio de Janeiro state in the east. In the west its range continues southwest through Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul into eastern Bolivia's Santa Cruz Department and eastern Parguay's Canindeyú Department. It inhabits the understorey of cerrado and nearby semi-deciduous woodlands. It also inhabits brushy gallery forest and second growth such as overgrown pastures and plantations. In elevation it mostly occurs below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) but ranges as high as 1,750 m (5,700 ft).^[7]^[8]

Behavior

Movement

The rufous-winged antshrike is presumed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.^[7]

Feeding

The rufous-winged antshrike's diet has not been detailed but is mostly insects and other arthropods. It usually forages singly and in pairs, mostly in the understorey within 2 m (7 ft) of the ground though sometimes up to the canopy. It hops through vegetation, gleaning prey from leaves, stems, vines, and branches by reaching and sometimes making short upward sallies from a perch. It has been observed dropping to the ground to pick prey from the surface of leaf litter.It sometimes joins mixed-species feeding flocks.^[7]

Breeding

Rufous-winged antshrike nests have been found between April and June. Both sexes build the nest, a cup woven mostly of grass, rootlets, and fungal fibers with sometimes moss, bark, and human fibers such as twine included. Nests are suspended in a branch fork, usually between 0.7 and 1.5 m (2 and 5 ft) above the ground. The clutch size is usually two eggs though there is one record of three. Both parents incubate the clutch and provision nestlings. The incubation period is about 15 days and fledging occurs about 10 days after hatch.^[7]

Songs and calls

Listen to rufous-winged antshrike on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The rufous-winged antshrike's song is " a moderately long...accelerating series of nasal notes, first one long and drawn out, followed by increasingly shorter notes, ending in longer downslurred note". Its calls include a "querulous upslurred whistle", a "nasal note that becomes harsh", and a "growl".^[7]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the rufous-winged antshrike as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.^[1] It is considered generally uncommon to fairly common but may be only local in some areas. It occurs in several large protected areas and "appears capable of adapting to second-growth habitats, thus rendering it less sensitive to disturbance".^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2016). "Rufous-winged Antshrike Thamnophilus torquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22701343A93824876. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22701343A93824876.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 4 March 2024. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved March 5, 2024
^ Swainson, William John (1825). "The characters and descriptions of several birds belonging to the genus Thamnophilus". Zoological Journal. 2: 84–93 [89].
^ Brumfield, R.T. and Edwards, S.V. (2007). "Evolution into and out of the Andes: a Bayesian analysis of historical diversification in Thamnophilus antshrikes". Evolution 61(2): 346–367.
^ Lima, Rafael D. (March 2024). "Proposal (993) to South American Classification Committee: Treat Thamnophilus ruficapillus as conspecific with T. torquatus". South American Classification Committee of American Ornithological Society. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Rufous-winged Antshrike (Thamnophilus torquatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ruwant2.01 retrieved April 1, 2024
^ ^a ^b van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.