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Rufous-tailed hawk
	Buteo ventralis in Aysén, Chile
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Accipitriformes
Family:	Accipitridae
Genus:	Buteo
Species:	B. ventralis
Binomial name
	Buteo ventralis; Gould, 1837

The rufous-tailed hawk (Buteo ventralis) is a species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae.

The rufous-tailed hawk is found in southern Argentina and Chile, including the entire region of Tierra del Fuego. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and temperate grassland.

Description

The rufous-tailed hawk is similar to the red-tailed hawk. It was first recorded by Charles Darwin in Patagonia while on his voyage of the Beagle.^[2] The rufous-tailed hawk is a medium-sized hawk with a wing span of 45–60 cm.^[1] The overall size range of the hawk is 54–60 cm.^[3] There are two different colorations of the rufous-tailed hawk. The more common pale version of the hawk has a blackish brown upper parts, with a darker cap and cinnamon feathers along the side of the head and neck. The belly is white with dark markings and reddish brown coloration on it.^[4] The dark version is basically all black with whitish edging on the feathers. The call of the rufous-tailed hawk sounds like kee-ahrr.^[4]

Habitat

The rufous-tailed hawk has been spotted living in a number of different habitat types, including evergreen beech forest,^[5] mature forest and new growth forest that have been burned over,^[6] and finally in open country.^[7] The best theory for their ideal habitat was developed by Figueroa et al. (2000),^[8] Trejo et al. (2006), and Rivas et al. (2009), who all suggested that rufous-tailed hawks' ideal habitat is somewhere with high trees near open areas that are good for hunting for prey. So far, there have been no reports of the rufous-tailed hawk living in human areas like cities or abandoned buildings.

Feeding

The rufous-tailed hawk feeds on a large variety of prey. They feed on everything from other birds to mammals and reptiles. This shows that rufous-tailed hawks have a very broad diet that is similar to the red-tailed hawk. Figueroa et al. (2000) reported the rufous-tailed hawk feeding on southern lapwing, Norwegian rat, European hare, red-breasted meadowlark, Chilean flicker, short-tailed snake, and even a few unidentified beetles. Feeding or prey capture was also recorded to happen in forest and in prairies.^[8]

Breeding

Rufous-tailed hawks have a longer recorded nestling period compared to other species of Buteo.^[9] Rufous-tailed and red-tailed hawks have around the same nestling periods: around 49 days for rufous-tailed hawks^[9] compared to 45–46 days for red-tailed hawks.^[10] The egg clutch size of a rufous-tailed hawk has only been reported to between 1-3 eggs in a nest.^[11]

Threats

Rufous-tailed hawks are threatened by many factors, especially habitat loss. Rufous-tailed hawks have been losing their habitat because of logging, over grazing by sheep and cattle, and the growth of Pinus and Eucalyptus plantations.^[1] Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus are fast-growing invasive plants that were introduced in order to spur the timber industry in Chile.^[12] The other main threat to rufous-tailed hawks are local people, who sometimes kill these birds because rufous-tailed hawks attack and eat their domesticated animals.^[11]

Population estimates

Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001) estimated the population size to be around 100 individuals.^[4] In 2001, the IUCN ranked them at only "low risk". They were only listed as "vulnerable" in 2015 because the IUCN estimated the population to be around 299-999 mature individuals and a total of around 375-1499 individuals.^[1] If the total number of individuals drops lower than 1000, then they will be designated as "endangered" by the IUCN. But a more accurate and current population estimate is still need to get a better understanding of what danger the rufous-tailed hawk is truly in.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d BirdLife International (2016). "Buteo ventralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695936A93535276. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695936A93535276.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ Gould, J. and Darwin, C.R. (1839) Birds Part 3 No. 2 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Smith Elder and Co, London. Available at: http://darwin-online.org.uk
^ "Rufous-tailed hawk videos, photos and facts - Buteo ventralis". Arkive. Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ferguson-Lees, J. and Christie, D.A. (2001) Raptors of the World: An Identification Guide to the Birds of Prey of the World. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
^ Gelain, M. A. & Trejo, A. (2001) Nuevos registros del Aguilucho Cola Rojiza (Buteo ventralis) en la Patagonia Argentina. Hornero 16: 97–99.
^ Blake, E.R. 1977. Manual of Neotropical birds. Vol. 1. Spheniscidae (penguins) to Laridae (gulls and terns). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
^ Venegas and Jory (1979), cited in "Buteo ventralis". www.globalraptors.org. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
^ ^a ^b Figueroa, R., J.E. Jiménez, C.E. Bravo, E.S. Corales. 2000. The diet of the Hawk (Buteo ventralis) during the breeding season in southern Chile. Ornitologia Neotropical
^ ^a ^b Norambuena, H. V., V. Raimilla, and J. E. Jimenez. 2012. Breeding behavior of a pair of Rufous-tailed Hawks (Buteo ventralis) in southern Chile. Journal of Raptor Research 46:211-215.
^ Fitch, H. S., Swenson, and Tillotson. 1946. Behavior and food habits of the Red-tailed hawk. Condor 48:205–237
^ ^a ^b Rivas-Fuenzalida, T., J. Medel, and R. A. Figueroa. 2011. Reproducción del aguilucho colarojiza (Buteo ventralis) en remanentes de bosque lluvioso templado de la Araucanía, sur de Chile. Ornitología Neotropical 22:405–420
^ "Growth in Chile's plantations may have spelled growth in poverty - CIFOR Forests News". CIFOR Forests News. 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2018-04-25.