Church of the Sacred Heart in Dunlewey in County DonegalThe Christianisation of Ireland is associated with the 5th-century activities of St. Patrick.
The predominant religion in the Republic of Ireland is Christianity, with the largest denomination being the Catholic Church. The Constitution of Ireland says that the state may not endorse any particular religion and guarantees freedom of religion.
In the 2022 census, 69.1% (3.5 million) of the population identified as Catholic.[1] The next largest group after Catholic was "no religion" at 14%.[1] The Eastern Orthodox Church was Ireland’s second largest Christian denomination, with 2.1% of the population identifying as Orthodox Christians. It has been the country's fastest-growing religion since 1991.[2][3][4] The third largest Christian denomination, the Church of Ireland declined in membership for much of the 20th century, but remained largely static (at 2% of the population) between the 2016 and 2022 census.[5] Other significant Protestant denominations are the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, followed by the Methodist Church in Ireland. The country’s Muslim and Hindu populations have experienced significant growth in recent years.
Originally, the 1937 Constitution of Ireland gave the Catholic Church a "special position" as the church of the majority, but also recognised other Christian denominations and Judaism. As with other predominantly Catholic European states, the Irish state underwent a period of legal secularisation in the late twentieth century. In 1972, the article of the Constitution naming specific religious groups, including the Catholic Church, was deleted by the fifth amendment of the constitution in a referendum.
Article 44 remains in the Constitution. It begins:
The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God. It shall hold His Name in reverence, and shall respect and honour religion.
The article also establishes freedom of religion (for belief, practice, and organisation without undue interference from the state), prohibits endowment of any particular religion, prohibits the state from religious discrimination, and requires the state to treat religious and non-religious schools in a non-prejudicial manner.
Despite a large number of schools in Ireland being run by religious organizations but funded by the state, a general trend of secularism is occurring within the Irish population, particularly in the younger generations.[6]
Many efforts have been made by secular groups to eliminate the rigorous study in the second and sixth classes, to prepare for the sacraments of Holy Communion and confirmation in Catholic schools. Parents can ask for their children to be excluded from religious study if they wish. However, religious studies as a subject was introduced into the state administered Junior Certificate in 2001; it is not compulsory and deals with aspects of different religions, not focusing on one particular religion.[7]
In October 2020, general secretary of Education and Training Boards Ireland Paddy Lavelle confirmed that multidenominational state secondary schools, called State's Education and Training Boards (ETBs) - formerly called vocational schools - were going to phase out a set of Catholic influences such as mandatory graduation masses, displaying Catholic symbols only, and visits from diocesan inspectors, as described in the 'framework for the recognition of religious belief/identities of all students in ETB schools'.[8]
Christianity is the largest religion in Ireland based on baptisms. Irish Christianity is dominated by the Catholic Church, and Christianity as a whole accounts for 82.3% of the Irish population. Most churches are organised on an all-Ireland basis which includes both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
Irish travellers have traditionally adopted a very particular attitude to the Catholic Church, with a focus on figures such as "healing priests". More generally a tradition of visions continues, often outside of Church sanction.[citation needed]
Evangelical movements have recently spread both within the established churches and outside them. Celtic Christianity has become increasingly popular, again both within and outside established churches.[citation needed]
The patron saints of Ireland for Catholics and Anglicans are Saint Patrick, Saint Brigid and Saint Columba. Saint Patrick is the only one of the three who is commonly recognised as the patron saint. Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in Ireland and abroad on 17 March.
% of weekly church attendance in Ireland[9][10][11]
1973
91
91
1984
87
87
1985
85
85
1990
85
85
1990
81
81
1991
79
79
1995
64
64
1996
66
66
1998
60
60
2002
48
48
2003
50
50
2005
34
34
2005
44
44
2006
48
48
2007
67
67
2007-2008
42
42
2008
45
45
2009
46
46
Church attendance among Irish Catholics
Year
% of weekly church attendance among Irish Catholics[12][13]
1972-1973
91
91
1990
85
85
2007-2008
44
44
2010
40.2
40.2
2011
33
33
2018
32
32
According to a Georgetown University study, the country also has one of the highest rates of regular Mass attendance in the Europe.[14] While daily Mass attendance was 13% in 2006 there had been a reduction in weekly attendance from 85% to 48% between 1990 and 2006, although the decline was reported as levelling off.[15] In the 1970s a survey had given figures at 91%.[16] In 2011, it was reported that weekly Mass attendance in Dublin was on average 18%, with it being lower among younger generations and in some areas less than 2%.[17][18] A 2012 survey of Irish Catholics undertaken by the Association of Catholic Priests found the weekly mass attendance rate to be 35% on an all-island basis, while daily mass attendance was reported at 3%.[19]
While Ireland was traditionally Catholic throughout much of its modern history,[20] irreligion in Ireland increased seven-fold between the 1991 census and 2016 census,[21] and further increased as of the 2022 census. As of the 2022 census 14% of the population was irreligious.[1]
Among Roman Catholics, a 2010 Bishops Conference survey found that 10.1% of Irish Catholics did not believe in God.[22]
According to a 2012 WIN-Gallup International poll, Ireland had the second highest decline in religiosity from 69% in 2005 to 47% in 2012, while those who considered themselves not a religious person increased 25% in 2005 to 44% in 2012. The poll also showed that 10% of Ireland considered themselves convinced atheists, which was an increase from 2005.[23] These percentages decreased further between 2012 and 2016.[24]
The earliest recorded presence of Jews in Ireland was in 1062 in the Annals of Inisfallen.[25] As of 2016, the total population listing their religion as Jewish is 2,557.[26]
Islam is the third largest religion in Ireland constituting only 1.62% of the country's population.[27] There are 83,300[28] practising Muslims living in Ireland and approximately 50 mosques and prayer centres within the State. There is more than one mosque or prayer centre in each province.[27]
Islam has a 60-year long and complex organisational history in Ireland.
Buddhism
The Buddhist population in Ireland is 9,358 (0.2%). Irish Buddhists such as U Dhammaloka are recorded from the late nineteenth century on, with numbers growing particularly in the 21st century. [citation needed] Beyond formal membership in Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana and Western Buddhist groups, there is increasing syncretism, with self-identified Christians and others using Buddhist meditation techniques, Buddha images, texts by figures such as the 14th Dalai Lama and so on. Reputed links between Buddhism and Celtic religion have long played a role in Irish literature. The first Irish Buddhist Union was formed in 2018, with representatives of five Buddhist schools coming together to form the body.[citation needed]
There are approximately 2,000 Irish Sikhs with 1,705 officially recorded in the 2016 census.[29] Most Sikhs in Ireland are based in Dublin, where the Gurdwara, Guru Nanak Darbar is the main place of worship and in recent times has also facilitated a Sikh parade known as the Nagar Kirtan during Vaisakhi celebrations.
New Age religious movements are becoming increasingly significant in Ireland, often as a form of syncretism for members of established religions. Participation is strongly gendered, with a high proportion of women. A typical example is A course in miracles.[citation needed]
Demographics
Census information
Between 2006 and 2011, Catholics decreased as a percentage of the population, but still showed an increase in absolute numbers due both to an excess of births over deaths as well as immigration from countries such as Poland. However between 2011 and 2016, absolute numbers of Catholics fell. In the same period, Protestantism, including the Church of Ireland, has also decreased in percentage but has experienced a modest rise in absolute numbers. Those declaring no religion, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Islam showed significant increases.
The percentage of respondents who said they followed a religion other than Catholicism in the census in Ireland in 2011.
The percentage of respondents who said they had no religion in the census in Ireland in 2011.
Religion stated in Irish censuses, 1861–2016; number and percentage of total population return[31]
^
Through to 1971, the religion question was answered in freeform text.[32] From 2002, common answers have been available as checkboxes.[33][24] These are noted in the table.
^ abcdeThis answer was available as a checkbox on the 2002, 2011, and 2016 censuses.[33][24]
^ abThrough to 2002, answer "Protestant" was included under "Church of Ireland" (called "Protestant Episcopalian" before 1961)
^This answer was available as a checkbox on the 2011 and 2016 censuses.[24]
^This answer was available as a checkbox on the 2002 census.[33]
^The "other" (before 1971) or "other stated" category is not directly comparable between censuses, because later ones enumerate some answers separately which were included within "other" in earlier ones.
Going by the recent 2016 figures,
84.6% of the Irish population are Christian
1.3% of the Irish population are Muslim
and 10% of the Irish population have no religion[34]
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