Red cabbage

Red cabbage
Red cabbage plant
Species	Brassica oleracea
Cultivar group	Capitata Group

Red cabbage in panorama between Finningen and Mörslingen, Germany

Red cabbage

Red cabbage, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	122 kJ (29 kcal)
Carbohydrates	6.94 g
Sugars	3.32 g
Dietary fibre	2.6 g
Fat	0.09 g
Protein	1.51 g
Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV^† Vitamin A equiv. beta-Carotene 0% 2 μg 0% 20 μg Thiamine (B1) 6% 0.071 mg Riboflavin (B2) 5% 0.06 mg Niacin (B3) 2% 0.382 mg Pantothenic acid (B5) 3% 0.154 mg Vitamin B6 13% 0.225 mg Folate (B9) 6% 24 μg Vitamin C 38% 34.4 mg Vitamin K 40% 47.6 μg Minerals Quantity %DV^† Calcium 3% 42 mg Iron 4% 0.66 mg Magnesium 4% 17 mg Phosphorus 3% 33 mg Potassium 9% 262 mg Zinc 2% 0.25 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	91 g
Link to USDA Database entry
^†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2]

Spiral arrangement of cabbage leaf stalks, horizontal section half

The red cabbage (purple-leaved varieties of Brassica oleracea Capitata Group) is a kind of cabbage, also known as Blaukraut after preparation. Its leaves are coloured dark red/purple. However, the plant changes its colour according to the pH value of the soil due to a pigment belonging to anthocyanins.^[3]

In acidic soils, the leaves grow more reddish; in neutral soils, they will grow more purple, while an alkaline soil will produce rather greenish-yellow coloured cabbages. This explains the fact that the same plant is known by different colours in various regions. It can be found in all of Europe, throughout the Americas, in China, and especially in Africa.

The juice of red cabbage can be used as a homemade pH indicator, turning red in acid and green/yellow in basic solutions. When cooking, red cabbage will normally turn blue; adding vinegar or acidic fruit to the pot is necessary to retain the cabbage's red colour.^[4]

Red cabbage needs well-fertilized soil and sufficient humidity to grow. It is a seasonal plant that is seeded in spring and harvested in late autumn.^[5] Red cabbage is a better keeper than its "white" relatives and does not need to be converted to sauerkraut to last the winter.

Composition

Nutrition

Cooked red cabbage is 91% water, 7% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). It has a high content of vitamin C and vitamin K, containing 44% and 72%, respectively, of the Daily Value (DV) per 100-gram amount, and is a moderate source of vitamin B6 (17% DV) (table).

Phytochemicals

Red cabbage phytochemicals include sulforaphane and other glucosinolates.^[6]

Uses

Culinary

Red cabbage is often used raw for salads and coleslaw. This vegetable can be eaten cooked. It is the traditional accompanying side dish paired with many German meals, notably meat dishes like Sauerbraten or Döner. At Christmas, it can be spiced, braised, and served as an accompaniment to seasonal roast goose or turkey. Apples and a little vinegar are often added to give it a sweet and sour taste.

pH indicator

A gradient of red cabbage extract pH indicator from acidic solution on the left to basic on the right

Red cabbage contains an anthocyanin-based dye that can be used as a pH indicator. It is red, pink, or magenta in acids (pH < 7), purple in neutral solutions (pH ≈7), and ranges from blue to green to yellow in alkaline solutions (pH > 7).^[7]

Cultivation

Red cabbage plantation on a farm

A cut red cabbage

It is recommended to start red cabbage seeds indoors four weeks before the last frost. Sow in containers that allow for the movement of water through the bottom of a cell. Popular seedling starting containers are peat pots, egg cartons, plug trays, or milk cartons. Once the seedlings grow to about 5 centimetres (2 inches) tall and have developed their first leaves, they can be hardened off and moved outside for transplanting.

Red cabbage prefers climates that remain moist and cool for most of its vegetative growth stage, so it can be placed in the ground shortly after the last frost while the spring is still cool. The cabbage plants can be spaced about 30–65 cm (12–26 in) from one another. They will need watering often but are otherwise low-maintenance plants.^[8]

References

1. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
2. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
3. "Where does the color come from in purple cabbage?". HowStuffWorks. 7 August 2000. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
4. "How to Keep Red Cabbage Red When Cooking". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
5. "How To Grow Red Cabbages - Vegetable Gardening". www.quickcrop.ie. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
6. Dinkova-Kostova AT, Kostov RV (2012). "Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in health and disease". Trends Mol Med. 18 (6): 337–47. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.003. PMID 22578879.
7. "Red Cabbage Lab: Acids and Bases" (pdf)
8. Alex (5 December 2017). "How to Grow Red Cabbage". Plant Instructions. Retrieved 14 March 2019.

External links

• How to Make Red Cabbage pH Indicator Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
• How to extract the dye