Red-billed hornbill

Red-billed hornbill
A northern red-billed hornbill (T. erythrorhynchus) at Tarangire NP
Call of T. erythrorhynchus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Bucerotiformes
Family:	Bucerotidae
Genus:	Tockus
Species complex:	Tockus erythrorhynchus complex A. C. Kemp & W. Delport 2002[1]
Species[1]
Tockus rufirostris (Sundevall, 1850) Tockus ruahae Kemp & Delport, 2002 Tockus kempi Tréca & Érard, 2000 Tockus erythrorhynchus (Temminck, 1823) Tockus damarensis (Shelley, 1888)

The red-billed hornbills are a group of hornbills found in the savannas and woodlands of sub-Saharan Africa. They are now usually split into five species, the northern red-billed hornbill (Tockus erythrorhynchus), western red-billed hornbill (T. kempi), Tanzanian red-billed hornbill (T. ruahae), southern red-billed hornbill (T. rufirostris) and Damara red-billed hornbill (T. damarensis), but some authorities consider the latter four all subspecies of Tockus erythrorhynchus.^[2]

Description

Breeding display at Buffalo Springs National Reserve, Kenya – Tockus rufirostris however, does not lift the wings in display.^[3]

T. kempi at a nest in The Gambia

This group of conspicuous birds have mainly whitish underparts and head, grey upperparts, long tails, and a long curved red bill which lacks a casque. The sexes are similar, but the female has a smaller bill. They are generally large, at 42 centimetres (17 in) long, but the entire group is considered one of the smaller hornbills.

Behaviour

Breeding

During incubation, the female lays three to six white eggs in a tree hole that has been converted to a nest, which is blocked off with a plaster of mud, droppings and fruit pulp, with her inside, where she remains for a time after the eggs are hatched. The nest is built by both parents. Once the mother is inside the nest, there is only one narrow aperture, just big enough for the male to transfer food gathered from the outside habitat, to the mother and the chicks. When the chicks and the female are too big for the nest, the mother breaks out and rebuilds the wall, leaving the chicks inside for their continued protection from predators. Then both parents continued to feed the chicks.

Nesting

The female red-billed hornbill protects her young against intruders by building a wall across the opening of her nest. She then seals herself in and brings up her chicks in the enclosed space.

Feeding

They are omnivorous, taking and eating insects, fruit, seeds and even small rodents.^[4] They feed mainly on the ground and will form flocks outside the breeding season.

Gallery

• 
  The southern species T. rufirostris is endemic to southern Africa
• 
  The northern red-billed hornbill has reddish ocular skin and dark eyes.
• 
  T. ruahae is endemic to Tanzania
• 
  T. damarensis, illustration by Keulemans, 1892
• 
  T. kempi of West Africa is the only species with both dark eyes and black ocular skin

References

1. Kemp, A.C.; W. Delport (1 January 2002). "Comments on the status of subspecies in the red-billed hornbill (Tockus erythrorhynchus) complex (Aves: Bucerotidae), with the description of a new taxon endemic to Tanzania". Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 39 (1).
2. "Red-billed Hornbill". www.hbw.com. Handbook of Birds of the World online. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
3. Sinclair, Ian; Ryan, Peter (2010). Birds of Africa south of the Sahara (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Struik Nature. pp. 290–291. ISBN 9781770076235.
4. "Twitch". 6 June 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.

• Birds of The Gambia by Barlow, Wacher and Disley, ISBN 1-873403-32-1

External links

• Red-billed Hornbill videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
• Red-billed hornbill – Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.