Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Pope Gregory X


Gregory X
Bishop of Rome
Fresco of Gregory X by Buonamico Buffalmacco (c. 1330)
ChurchCatholic Church
Papacy began1 September 1271
Papacy ended10 January 1276
PredecessorClement IV
SuccessorInnocent V
Orders
Ordination19 March 1272
Consecration27 March 1272
by John of Toledo
Personal details
Born
Teobaldo Visconti

c. 1210
Died10 January 1276(1276-01-10) (aged 65–66)
Arezzo, Holy Roman Empire
Previous post(s)
  • Archdeacon of Liège (1246–1271)
Coat of armsGregory X's coat of arms
Sainthood
Feast day10 January
Venerated inCatholic Church
Title as SaintBlessed
Beatified8 July 1713
Rome, Papal States
by Pope Clement XI
Attributes
Patronage
Other popes named Gregory
Ordination history of
Pope Gregory X
History
Priestly ordination
Date19 March 1272
Episcopal consecration
Date27 March 1272
Episcopal succession
Bishops consecrated by Pope Gregory X as principal consecrator
Pietro Angelleli, O.P.?? ???? 1272
Bishop Matthew of Ross29 December 1272
Guy des Prés5 January 1273
Saint Bonaventure, O.F.M.11 November 1273
Giselbert von Brunkhorst?? ???? 1274
Rudolf von Habsburg-Laufenburg?? ???? 1274
Pierre d'Anisy16 September 1274
Juan de Luna5 November 1274
Amedée de Roussillon?? ???? 1275
Siegfried de Westeburg7 April 1275
Henri d'Isny, O.F.M.9 October 1275

Pope Gregory X (Latin: Gregorius X; c. 1210 – 10 January 1276), born Teobaldo Visconti, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 September 1271 to his death and was a member of the Secular Franciscan Order. He was elected at the conclusion of a papal election that ran from 1268 to 1271, the longest papal election in the history of the Catholic Church.

He convened the Second Council of Lyon and also made new regulations in regards to the papal conclave. Gregory was beatified by Pope Clement XI in 1713 after the confirmation of his cultus.

As to Gregory's regulations on the conduct of the conclave, though briefly annulled by Adrian V and John XXI, they remained in force until the 20th century. In 1798 Pope Pius VI, in consideration of the occupation of Rome by the French, dispensed the Cardinals from many of the conclave regulations, including those of Gregory X,[1] while in 1878 Pope Pius IX, fearing that the Italians might invade the Vatican on his death and try to prevent or dominate a conclave, gave Cardinals great latitude in the regulating of the next conclave.[2]

Early life

Teobaldo Visconti, a member of the Visconti family of Piacenza, was born in Piacenza around 1210.

It is said that he began his career by attaching himself to the household of the Cistercian Cardinal Giacomo di Pecorari, Bishop of Palestrina (1231–1244), who was also from Piacenza. He was attracted by the reputation of holiness which the Cardinal enjoyed; he had been elected abbot of the monastery of Trois-Fontaines in Champagne. Teobaldo became the Cardinal's Oeconomus or Majordomo, and was therefore in constant attendance.[3] The Cardinal was Legate of Pope Gregory IX in Tuscany in 1235, in Lombardy in 1236-1237, and in Provence, France and Germany in 1239-1241. It was probably during the assignment in Provence that Teobaldo became known to important French clergy and laity.[4] He was already Canon of the Basilica of S. Antonino in Piacenza when he returned to Piacenza on business of the Cardinal in 1239.[5]

He then returned to the Cardinal, whose new assignment in France was actually to preach a crusade against Frederick II, the Hohenstaufen Emperor, who was again at war with Pope Gregory IX. Early in 1239, the Pope had again excommunicated the Emperor. Each had demanded an Ecumenical Council to settle their differences. The Pope was willing, but he planned that the council would meet under his auspices and in his territory. He would also bring to Rome all of the enemies of Frederick Hohenstaufen. It was at this point in 1240 that Teobaldo also became a Canon of the Cathedral of Lyons, at the request of the Canons made to Cardinal Giacomo de Pecorari when a vacancy in their number occurred.[6] Pope Gregory's ecumenical council never took place, and he died on 22 August 1241.

The search for a successor to Gregory IX took more than two months. The new Pope, Celestine IV, who was old and ill, survived his election by only 17 days, dying on 10 November 1241. The second electoral assembly of 1241 did not take place for some time, however. The cardinals who were in Rome at the pope's death, having endured considerable mistreatment during the Vacancy of 22 August 1241 to 25 October 1241, which they did not want to endure again, scattered immediately.[7] Only a half-dozen of the 12 cardinals remained in the city. It was not until June 1243 that all the Cardinals, assembled at Anagni and not in Rome, elected Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa as Pope Innocent IV. In 1243, when the Bishop of Piacenza died, Innocent IV offered the position to Archdeacon Teobaldo, who declined, preferring to follow in the company of Cardinal Giacomo.[8] Cardinal Giacomo, however, died in Rome on 25 June 1244.

France

Upon the death of his patron and spiritual model, Teobaldo decided not to remain any longer in the Curia, planning to travel to Paris, where he would study theology. When he reached Lyons, however, he was received by the Archbishop-elect, Philippe, who asked him to be the dominus and magister of the household. Teobaldo initially refused, but the Archbishop insisted and finally Teobaldo accepted the position.

In July 1244, Pope Innocent IV was forced by Frederick II Augustus to flee from Rome. He first travelled to his native Genoa, and then headed to Lyons, where the idea of an ecumenical council took shape. Teobaldo helped to organize the Ecumenical Council which met at Lyons in June and July 1245.[9] During this period, Visconti became acquainted with people such as Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Gui Foucois, Pierre de Tarentaise and Matteo Rubeo Orsini, all of whom were participants in the Council. Visconti was appointed Archdeacon of Heinault in the diocese of Liège on 9 September 1246, perhaps as a reward for his services.[10] He was instructed by Pope Innocent IV (Sinibaldo Fieschi, 1243–1254) to preach the crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land. Such preaching had more of a financial character than one might think, since both Crusaders and Papacy were desperate to raise funds.[11] Teobaldo was not able to do much more than preach, sacerdotally, since he still was not a priest.

Teobaldo's time in Liège was evidently not a happy one. The bishop whom he had come to know at the Council of Lyons, Robert de Thorete, died after a brief illness on 16 October 1246.[12] There had been a struggle for the episcopal seat when he was appointed. The Provost of Utrecht, the candidate of Frederick II, had attempted to usurp the seat, and Cardinal Giacomo de Pecorari, Bishop of Palestrina had been ordered by the Pope to intervene and prohibit an election until the canons of the Cathedral could meet with him. But the vacancy of the papal throne occurred after the death of Pope Gregory IX, and lasted until June 1243. In that interval the squabbling electors came to an understanding, and on 30 October 1240, Robert, the brother of the Bishop of Verdun, was chosen. Another struggle between two candidates ensued on his death, and Cardinal Robert Capocci was sent to settle the election. Since Teobaldo was a canon as well as Archdeacon, he was directly involved. The successful candidate, on 10 October 1247, Henry III of Guelders [de], was a worldly man, the brother of Otto III, Count of Gelders, and was not yet in Holy Orders. In fact, for the next twelve years, he was neither ordained priest nor consecrated bishop. The new Bishop-Elect and his Archdeacon immediately had problems about Teobaldo's conduct of his office while being absent in Paris, an issue which was not settled until the end of 1250.[13]

Finally, in 1258, Henry of Guelders was consecrated. He also had himself elected Abbot of the famous Monastery of Stabulo (Stavelo).[14] This did not mean, unfortunately, that he gave up his former dissolute military life. In 1262, he clashed with Archdeacon Teobaldo. During a Chapter meeting, he was roundly criticized by Teobaldo, who accused him of compromising the virtue of Berta, daughter of Conrardi de Coen le Frison, by force. The Bishop threatened to strike the Archdeacon. Consequently, few days later, Teobaldo was moved to leave Liège, and it is said that he undertook a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[15] He actually got as far as Paris, where he resumed his long-standing plan of studying Theology. During this time he became a friend of King Louis IX.[16]

Visconti left Liège in 1267 for Paris at the behest of Pope Clement IV who sent him to England to assist Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi, who had been appointed Papal Legate in England in 1265, to support King Henry III in the rebellion of the barons, led by Simon de Montfort.[17] It was during this assignment that Teobaldo became friends with Prince Edward of England (the future Edward I), with whom he went on Crusade. Cardinal Fieschi returned to Viterbo, and participated in the conclave of 1268-1271. Edward took the cross on 24 June 1268, followed Louis IX to Tunisia, and finally reached Acre on 9 May 1271.

Papal election

Visconti was elected to succeed Pope Clement IV on 1 September 1271 after the papal chair had been vacant for two years and nine months, due to divisions among the cardinals. The College of Cardinals, meeting in Viterbo where Pope Clement IV (1265–1268) had died, was equally divided between the French and Italian cardinals. The French wanted a pope from their own country, influenced by Charles of Anjou, the younger brother of King Louis IX of France, who had been invested with the throne of Sicily by Pope Clement IV (1265–1268). Charles had also successfully intrigued to have himself elected Senator of Rome, and he repeatedly intervened in the political affairs of the entire Italian peninsula. He had entered Rome on 23 May 1265 where he was made Senator and was proclaimed king of Sicily. On 6 January 1266, he was crowned in St. Peter's Basilica by Cardinals Riccardo Annibaldi, Raoul de Grosparmy, Ancher Pantaleoni, Matteo Orsini, and Goffredo da Alatri, with permission of Pope Clement IV, who did not dare to approach Rome himself due to the hostility of the Ghibelline government toward him.[18]

The deadlock was not even broken when the citizens of Viterbo locked up the cardinals in the Episcopal palace where they were meeting, and finally tearing off part of the roof of the building. Finally, in August 1271, the Cardinals decided to appoint a committee, three of their number from each side, to negotiate a settlement (Election by Compromise). When the six could not agree, however, on the choice of one of the cardinals, they decided to look outside their ranks. They settled on Teobaldo Visconti, the Archdeacon of Liège. Their decision was ratified by all of the Cardinals on 1 September 1271.[19] This was a victory, in fact, for the French-leaning faction, since Teobaldo had intimate connections with France, and his nephew, Vicedomino de Vicedomini, a native of Piacenza but Archbishop of Aix in Provence, had been a follower and advisor of Charles of Anjou ever since he came into Italy.

The election of Visconti, after a 2-year, 9-month struggle, came as a complete surprise to him, since it took place while he was engaged in the Ninth Crusade at Acre in Palestine with King Edward I of England. Not wanting to abandon his mission, his first action upon hearing of his election, was to send out appeals for aid to the Crusaders. At his final sermon at Acre just before setting sail for Italy, he famously remarked, quoting Psalm 137, "If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning". Nonetheless, he had to return to Italy immediately, since he had been summoned by the Cardinals in order to accept the election at their hands. On 1 January 1272, the Pope-Elect reached Brindisi, and he arrived in Viterbo, the site of the Election, where the Cardinals were waiting, in early February 1272. On some unknown date he completed the Election by accepting the Papacy; it was in Viterbo that he assumed the papal mantle. But he was still careful to call himself Episcopus-electus. On 13 March 1272, he entered Rome with the entire Roman Curia. Since he was not in Holy Orders, he had to be ordained a priest, which took place on 19 March 1272. He was consecrated a bishop and crowned on 27 March 1272 at St. Peter's Basilica.

Diplomatic communications with Mongols

Niccolò and Maffeo Polo remitting a letter from Kublai Khan to Pope Gregory X in 1271.

As soon as he was elected in 1271, Pope Gregory X received a letter from the Mongol Great Khan Kublai, remitted by Niccolò and Maffeo Polo following their travels to his court in Mongolia. Kublai was asking for the dispatch of a hundred missionaries, and some oil from the lamp of the Holy Sepulcher. The new Pope could spare only two friars and some lamp oil. The friars turned back soon after the party left for Mongolia. The two Polos (this time accompanied by the young Marco Polo, who was then 17 years old) returned to the Mongol Empire and remitted the oil from the Pope to Kublai in 1275.[20]

The Mongol Ilkhanate leader Abaqa sent a delegation with over a dozen members to the 1274 Council of Lyon, where plans were made for possible military cooperation between the Mongols and the Europeans.[21] After the Council, Abaqa sent another embassy led by the Georgian Vassali brothers to further notify Western leaders of military preparations. Gregory X answered that his legates would accompany the Crusade, and that they would be in charge of coordinating military operations with the Il-Khan.[22] However, these projects for a major new Crusade essentially came to a halt with the death of Gregory X on 10 January 1276. The money which had been saved to finance the expedition was instead distributed in Italy.[23]

Pope and Council

Sometime during his reign as pope, Gregory X wrote a letter against the charges of "blood libel" and persecution against the Jews.[24] Mindful of the scandals attached to the conclave at Viterbo that had elected him, realizing that tighter controls on the entire process of election were needed, he produced the papal bull Ubi periculum which was subsequently ratified by the Council of Lyons on 16 July 1274 and incorporated into the Code of Canon Law.

On his arrival at Rome in 1272, his first act was to carry forward the wish of Gregory IX and summon a council. Two days after his coronation Gregory X sent a letter to King Edward I of England, inviting him to a general council to be held on the subject of the Holy Land, beginning on 1 May 1274.[25] Pope Gregory X left Orvieto on 5 June 1273, and arrived in Lyons in the middle of November 1273.[26] Not all of the cardinals followed him. Pope Gregory notes in a letter to King Edward dated 29 November 1273 that Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi and Cardinal Giovanni Orsini were still in Rome and had been ordered to find a secure place of imprisonment for Guy de Montfort.[27] The two cardinals were hereditary enemies and would be an effective check on each other. Neither was present at the opening of the Council of Lyons.[28] Gregory himself had an immediate meeting with King Philip III of France, whom he had been cultivating vigorously since his accession. The meeting was evidently quite harmonious and successful, since Philip ceded to the Papacy the Comtat Venaissin.[29] The Second Ecumenical Council met at Lyons, beginning on 1 May 1274 for the purpose of considering the East-West Schism, the condition of the Holy Land, and the abuses of the Catholic Church.

Council objectives

His main objective as pope was to convene the council, and he had a programme for that council:

  • Reconciliation with the Orthodox Church to end the schism between the East and West.[30]
  • Preparation of a new crusade and donations of a tithe of all churches for it.[31]
  • Establishment of measures to end abuses in the church.
  • Regulation of papal elections through the constitution "Ubi periculum maius".
Papal bulla of Gregory X

The Pope's interests were not doctrinal in nature, but disciplinary.[32]

In connection with the financing of the Crusade, Pope Gregory imposed on all clerics a six-year long tax of 10% of their income. This was a considerable increase in the tax rate, which, on previous occasions had been for three years, at a rate of 5%. 26 permanent tax districts were established, each having a Collector and a Sub-Collector.[33]

His Constitution with respect to conclaves legislated a number of important points:[34]

  • that a meeting for the election of a pope should be held at a suitable place, where the Pope and his Curia were residing when the Pope died; if they were at a villa, or a country village, or a town, they should proceed to the nearest city in the diocese (unless it was under an interdict).
  • that a meeting for the election of a pope should not take place until the space of at least ten days had intervened;
  • that all cardinals who were absent from the Conclave should have no right to cast a vote;
  • that not only absent cardinals, but also men of every order and condition, are eligible to be created the Roman pontiff;
  • that, at the conclusion of the Novendiales, and the Mass of the Holy Spirit sung on the tenth day, all the cardinals who are present should be enclosed in the palace where the Pope died; along with two or, if they are ill, three or four servants; none may enter or leave, except on account of illness. There should be no interior walls, but each cardinal's quarters should be separated from the rest by cloth drapes, and they should live in common.
  • that the place of the conclave and its entries should be carefully guarded;
  • that the Cardinals may not leave the Conclave for any reason, until a new pope has been elected;
  • that Cardinals who arrive after the enclosing of the Conclave, and before the election of a new pope, have the power to enter the Conclave and vote along with the others, and no Cardinal can be excluded for any reason, not even if he be excommunicated;
  • that, if a pope has not been elected in three days, then cardinals are permitted to have only one dish at their meals;
  • that, in holding the deliberations, no one is to be put under an anathema, no one is to engage in bribery, or to make any promises, or by going around politicking to promise a cardinal anything once he has been created pope. During the Conclave, the cardinals are to engage in no other business than completing the election;
  • that no one can be elected pope without the votes of two-thirds of the Cardinals present in the Conclave;
  • that, upon the death of a pope, all magistracies and offices cease and vacate their functions, except for the Major Penitentiary and the Minor Penitentiaries, and the Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church (Camerlengo).

Death and burial

The effigy of Pope Gregory X in Arezzo.

Pope Gregory's health had worsened after he left Lyons in April 1275. He was suffering from a hernia, and so he was forced to stop frequently on the way back toward Rome. He departed Vienne shortly after 30 September 1275 and arrived in Lausanne on 6 October 1275.[35] In Lausanne, he met with the Emperor-elect Rudolph, King of the Romans, and on 20 October 1275, received his oath of fealty.[36] On Tuesday, 12 November 1275, he was in Milan. His party reached Reggio Aemilia on 5 December 1275, and they were in Bologna on 11 December 1275. A severe rise in his temperature and the presence of the hernia forced him to a halt at Arezzo in time for Christmas of 1275. His condition rapidly declined following this and led to his death on 10 January 1276 in Arezzo. He is buried inside the Cathedral Church of Arezzo.

He was succeeded by the Dominican Peter of Tarantaise of Savoy (Pope Innocent V), a close collaborator of the pontiff throughout his pontificate.[37]

Beatifications and canonizations

Throughout his pontificate, Gregory X only canonized one individual. He confirmed the cultus of Franca Visalta in September 1273. She was a Cistercian nun from Piacenza, authoritarian and given to extreme forms of self-mortification. Having been eased out of a Benedictine convent, where she had been placed at the age of seven, she built her own convent, over which she ruled as Abbess.[38]

He commenced the cause of canonization of King Louis IX of France in 1272, an act which bestowed on the king who had died in August 1270 the title of Servant of God.

He beatified Luchesius Modestini in 1274 with the confirmation of his cultus.

Vestments

Writing in L'Osservatore Romano, Agostino Paravicini Bagliani says that the popular belief that Pius V (1566–72) was the first Pope to wear the white cassock is inaccurate. Instead, writes Bagliani, the first document that mentions the Pope's white cassock dates from 1274. "The first pope to be solemnly invested with the red mantle immediately after his election was Gregory VII (1076)," the scholar added, noting that traditionally "from the moment of his election the Pope put on vestments of two colors: red (cope, mozzetta, shoes); and white (cassock, socks)."[39][40]

Beatification

Pope Clement XI beatified Gregory X in 1713.[41] He was made a patron of the Diocese of Arezzo and of Franciscan tertiaries. His cause of canonization resumed in 1944 under Pope Pius XII[41] and remains open, with the requirement of a miracle attributed to his intercession needed for his canonization.

Pope Gregory X in popular culture

Teobaldo Visconti is a central character in the 1982 American-Italian miniseries Marco Polo, in which he is portrayed by American actor Burt Lancaster.[42] He is also depicted by Irish actor Gabriel Byrne in the 2014-2016 Netflix series Marco Polo.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ (Pietro Baldassari, Relazione delle aversita e patimenti del glorioso Papa Pio VI negli ultimi tre anni del suo pontificato (Roma: Tipografia poliglotta del S.C. di Propaganda Fide, 1889) II, pp. 297-302)
  2. ^ Agostino Ceccaroni, Il conclavo (Torino-Roma 1901), pp. 85-129.
  3. ^ Pietro Maria Campi Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza II (Piacenza 1651), p. 155, quoting from manuscripts in the Cathedral library at Piacenza and at the Church of S. Antonino. Campi was a Canon of the Cathedral.
  4. ^ Campi, p. 163.
  5. ^ Campi. p. 167. The date of appointment as Canon is unknown, as is the patron. It may have been family influence, the influence of his uncle the Archbishop of Milan, or that of Cardinal Giacomo de Pecorari. In September 1239, he is signatory to a contract drawn up by the Canons of the Basilica.
  6. ^ Campi, p. 169; P. Clerion, Histoire de Lyon Tome troisieme (Lyon 1830), pp. 276-277. Giuseppe de Novaes, Elementi della storia de'sommi pontefici da San Pietro, sino al Pio papa VII III (Roma 1821), p. 249.
  7. ^ Adams, Dr. J. P. "The Sede Vacante and Conclave of 10 November 1241-24 June 1243".
  8. ^ Muratori, p. 600.
  9. ^ Baldwin, Pope Gregory X and the Crusades, p. 25.
  10. ^ Émile Schoolmeesters, "Tableau des archdiacres de Liége pendant le XIIIe siècle," Leodium II (Liège 1903), p. 5. Berger, Les registres d' Innocent IV Volume I (Paris 1884), p. 334 no. 2260, shows that Pope Innocent IV approved the grant on 19 September 1246 by allowing Teobaldo to hold multiple benefices. Cf. Baldwin, p. 24 and n. 50. He held the archdeaconry until 8 March 1271.
  11. ^ Judith Bronstein, The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274 (Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press 2005), pp. 24-25; 115-121.
  12. ^ Gallia christiana III (Paris 1725), 888-889.
  13. ^ Baldwin, Pope Gregory X and the Crusades, p. 30-31.
  14. ^ Gallia christiana III (Paris 1725), 939-952, at 948-949. He finally resigned all his offices in 1274 in the presence of Gregory X at the Council of Lyons.
  15. ^ Gallia christiana III (Paris 1725), 888-889. Alphonsus Ciaconius, Vitae et Res Gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S.R.E. Cardinalium (ab Augusto Olduino recognitae) Tomus II (Roma 1677), 185—where it is alleged that Henry actually struck Teobaldo. Baldwin, Pope Gregory X and the Crusades, p. 31. The "Vita Gregorii X Papae" severely telescopes events at this point by some five years. It seeks to have Teobaldo take the Cross along with Louis IX and his sons, but that event did not happen until 24 March 1267. If that collocation is accepted, then the length of Teobaldo's assignment in England is seriously reduced and its purpose compromised.
  16. ^ "Vita Gregorii X Papae," ab antiquissimo anonymo auctore scripta, in Ludovico Muratori Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus tertius (Mediolani 1733), p. 600. Campi, p. 223.
  17. ^ Francis Gasquet, Henry the Third and the English Church (London 1905), pp. 403-416.
  18. ^ A. Tomassetti, Bullarium Romanum III (Turin 1858), pp. 748-763. F. Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume V.2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906), pp. 381-382.
  19. ^ F. Gregorovius, pp. 457-460. H. D. Sedgwick, Italy in the Thirteenth Century Volume II (Boston-New York 1912) 71-80. F. Cristofori, Il conclave del MCCLXX in Viterbo (Roma-Siena-Viterbo 1888) pp. 9-42; 337-348.
  20. ^ J.R.S. Phillips, The Medieval Expansion of Europe second edition (Oxford: Clarendon 1998), p. 113.
  21. ^ Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410 (New York: Routledge 2014), especially pp. 167-196. B. Roberg, "Die Tartaren auf dem 2. Konzil von Lyon 1274," Annuarium historiae conciliarum 5 (1973), 241-302.
  22. ^ Jean Richard, Histoire des Croisades (Paris: Fayard 1996), p.465
  23. ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith, "Atlas des Croisades", p.69 (English-language version: The Atlas of the Crusades (Facts-on-file 1991))
  24. ^ [1]. Brian Tierney, The Middle Ages: Sources of Medieval History sixth edition, revised, Vol 1 (New York: McGraw-Hill 1999), 259-260.
  25. ^ Thomas Rymer Foedera, Conventiones, Literae et cuiusque generis Acta Publica inter Reges Angliae et alios... editio tertia, Tomus I. pars 2 (The Hague 1745), pp. 121-122. Other copies went out to other Kings, Princes and rulers of Europe.
  26. ^ Augustus Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), p. 1671, 1672.
  27. ^ Rymer, II. 2, pp. 134-135. Potthast, no. 20767.
  28. ^ Isidoro Carini, "Brevis Historia Concilii Lugdunensis," in Specilegio Vaticano di documenti inediti e rari estratti dagli Archivi e dalla Biblioteca della Sede Apostolica Volume I (Roma: Ermanno Loescher 1890), pp. 250-251.
  29. ^ Potthast, no. 20761 (21 November 1273).
  30. ^ J. M. Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (Oxford-New York: OUP 2010), Section VIII, parts 1-3.
  31. ^ Maureen Purcell, Papal Crusading Policy, 1244-1291: The Chief Instruments of Papal Crusading Policy and Crusade to the Holy Land from the Final Loss of Jerusalem to the Fall of Acre 1244-1291 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1975), especially pp. 135-195. Judith Bronstein, The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274 (Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press 2005), pp. 127-133.
  32. ^ Norman Tanner, Church in Council: Conciliar Movements, Religious Practice and the Papacy (New York-London: I.B.Tauris 2011), pp. 24-25. Cf. Edmund J. Fortman, The Triune God: A Historical Study of the Doctrine of the Trinity (Eugene, Oregon, USA: Wipf and Stock Publishers 1999), p. 229. William Crockett et al., Four Views on Hell (Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA: Zondervan, 1996), pp. 111-113.
  33. ^ Baldwin, Pope Gregory X and the Crusades, p. 4.
  34. ^ These are summarized from the Constitution 'ubi primus', by Franciscus Pagi, Breviarium historico-chronologico-criticum illustriora pontificum Romanorum, Conciliorum Generaliorum acta... III (Antwerp 1718), pp. 406-408.
  35. ^ August Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), p. 1700
  36. ^ Pietro Campi, Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza II (Piacenza 1662), p. 483.
  37. ^ "SEDE VACANTE". www.csun.edu.
  38. ^ Acta Sanctorum: Aprilis Tomus III (Antwerp 1675), pp. 379-404 (biography by Fr. Bertramo Reoldi, O.Cist.).
  39. ^ "Vatican newspaper examines history of red, white papal garb". catholicculture.org. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  40. ^ "L'Osservatore Romano". osservatoreromano.va. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  41. ^ a b Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum (in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 86.
  42. ^ Marco Polo at IMDb Edit this at Wikidata

Further reading

  • Conclave of 1268–71 (Dr. J.P. Adams)
  • Conclave of January 1276 (Dr. J.P. Adams)
  • Anton Maria Bonucci, Istoria del Pontefice Ottimo Massimo il B. Gregorio X (Roma 1711).
  • H. D. Sedgwick, Italy in the Thirteenth Century Volume II (Boston–New York 1912) 71–80.
  • Ludovico Gatto, Il pontificato di Gregorio X (1271–1276) (Roma: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo 1959) (Studi Storici, 28–30).
  • Philip B. Baldwin, Pope Gregory X and the Crusades (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2014). (Studies in the History of Medieval Religion, volume 41)
  • J. Guiraud and L. Cadier (editors), Les registres de Grégoire X et de Jean XXI (1271–1277) (Paris, 1892–98) [Bibliothèque de l'Ecole Française à Rome 2 série, 12].
  • Pope Gregory X's Privilege for the Holy Monastery of St Catherine of Sinai (24 September 1274). Interactive scholarly edition, Diplomatics and Historical Commentary, Deep zoom, English translation, multimodal resources mashup (publications, images, videos). Link Engineering Historical Memory

External links

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Pope
1271–76
Succeeded by
Baca informasi lainnya:

سيباستيان إغورين معلومات شخصية الميلاد 8 يناير 1981 (العمر 42 سنة)مونتيفيديو الطول 1.86 م (6 قدم 1 بوصة) مركز اللعب وسط الجنسية الأوروغواي  المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 1999–2002 مونتيفيديو واندررز 36 (6) 2002–2003 دانوبيو 27 (6) 2003–2004 ناسيونال مونتيفيديو 39 (5) 2005 مونتيفيديو …

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (ديسمبر 2018) مصطفى يافوز   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 13 أبريل 1994 (29 سنة)  النمسا  الطول 1.84 م (6 قدم 1⁄2 بوصة) مركز اللعب وسط[1] الجنسية النمسا  معلومات الناد…

Este artigo não cita fontes confiáveis. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW  • CAPES  • Google (N • L • A) (Junho de 2021) O Pregão de São Nicolau ou Bando Escolástico, como primitivamente designado, é um dos oito números das Festas Nicolinas e tem lugar no dia 5 de Dezembro, em Guimarães. Consiste numa récita efectuada por um jovem estudante designado por Pregoe…

 Nota: Para outras cidades contendo este nome, veja Bertrand. Anse-Bertrand   Comuna francesa    Localização País  França Departamento Guadalupe Características geográficas Área total 53,8 km² População total (2010) [1] 4 775 hab. Densidade 88,8 hab./km² Código Postal 97121 Código INSEE 97102 Anse-Bertrand é uma comuna francesa na região administrativa de Guadeloupe, no departamento de Guadeloupe. Estende-se por uma área de 53,8 k…

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Smith. Pour l’article ayant un titre homophone, voir Patty Smyth. Patti Smith Patti Smith en concert à Berlin, en juin 2022.Informations générales Nom de naissance Patricia Lee Smith Naissance 30 décembre 1946 (76 ans)Chicago (Illinois, États-Unis) Nationalité Américaine Activité principale Auteure-compositrice-interprète Activités annexes Écrivaine, Dessinatrice, Photographe, Artiste visuelle, Poètesse, Militante pour les droits de l'homme Ge…

Sporting event delegationCuba at the2015 Pan American GamesIOC codeCUBNOCCuban Olympic Committeein Toronto, Canada10–26 July 2015Competitors213 in 30 sportsFlag bearer (opening)Mijaín LópezFlag bearer (closing)Mijaín LópezMedalsRanked 4th Gold 36 Silver 27 Bronze 34 Total 97 Pan American Games appearances (overview)1951195519591963196719711975197919831987199119951999200320072011201520192023 Cuba competed at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from July 10 to …

Clashes between Russia and Ukraine on the Dnieper delta For other uses, see Dnieper campaign (disambiguation). Dnieper campaignPart of the Southern Ukraine campaign in the Russian invasion of UkraineDate1 September 2022 – present(1 year, 3 months and 2 days)LocationDnieper (Dnipro) river delta, Kherson Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast and Zaporizhia OblastResult OngoingBelligerents  Russia  UkraineCommanders and leaders Unknown Ihor Oliinyk †Units involved Russian Ar…

此條目需要精通或熟悉粒子物理的编者参与及协助编辑。請邀請適合的人士改善本条目。更多的細節與詳情請參见討論頁。 NNPDF開發者The NNPDF Collaboration类型粒子物理网站nnpdf.hepforge.org NNPDF是用於識別部分子分佈函數(英語:parton distribution functions)的首字母縮寫詞。 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容,歡迎參與翻譯。 NNPDF is the acronym used to identify the parton distribution functions from the NNPDF Colla…

Contoh ukaze modern: perjanjian kedutaan. Halaman artikel ini diterjemahkan, sebagian atau seluruhnya, dari halaman di (Tolong cantumkan kode bahasa Wiki sumber terjemahan) yang berjudul (Tolong cantumkan nama artikel sumber terjemahan). Lihat pula [{{localurle:{{{1}}}:|oldid=&action=history}} sejarah suntingan halaman aslinya] untuk melihat daftar penulisnya. Sebuah ukase, Ukaze atau Ukaz (/ ju ː keɪs /; bahasa Rusia: указ [ʊkas], berarti pemaksaan), dalam sejarah Imperial Rusia, ada…

Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885-1918 & 1983 onwards Not to be confused with Central Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency). Mid NorfolkCounty constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Mid Norfolk in Norfolk for the 2010 general electionLocation of Norfolk within EnglandCountyNorfolkElectorate75,080 (December 2010)[1]Major settlementsDereham and WymondhamCurrent constituencyCreated1983Member of ParliamentGeorge Freeman (Conservative)SeatsOneCreated fromN…

Ukrainian political party Native Zakarpattia Рідне ЗакарпаттяLeaderAndriy NovytskyiFoundedOctober 24, 2018HeadquartersUzhhorod, UkraineIdeologyRegionalismVerkhovna Rada0 / 450Zakarpattia Oblast Council12 / 64[1]Regions354 / 43,122[2]Politics of UkrainePolitical partiesElections Native Zakarpattia (Ukrainian: Рідне Закарпаття, romanized: Ridne Zakarpattia) is a political party in Zakarpattia Oblast, western Ukraine. Founded in 2018,[3] it…

National legal system This article is about the Ukrainian legal system. For primary legislation in Ukraine, see Law of Ukraine (legislation). This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 202…

Engineering college in Chennai, India 13°00′40″N 80°14′08″E / 13.010979°N 80.235426°E / 13.010979; 80.235426 College of Engineering, GuindySeal of College of Engineering, GuindyMottoLabor omnia vincit (Latin)Motto in EnglishWork conquers allTypePublic, AutonomousEstablished17 May 1794; 229 years ago (1794-05-17)[1]FounderMichael ToppingChancellorGovernor of Tamil NaduVice-ChancellorR. VelrajDeanL. SuganthiLocationChennai, Tamil N…

2000 World JuniorChampionships in AthleticsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen3000 mwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 msteeplechasemen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenwomen10,000 m walkmenwomenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenwomenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenwomenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenHammer throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenCombined eventsHeptathlonwomenDecathlo…

UK registered charity championing public paths and open spaces The Open Spaces Society is a campaign group that works to protect public rights of way and open spaces in the United Kingdom, such as common land and village greens. It is Britain's oldest national conservation body and a registered charity. Hampstead Heath Founding The society was founded as the Commons Preservation Society and merged with the National Footpaths Society in 1899, becoming the Commons and Footpaths Preservation Societ…

Uluberia CollegeTypeUndergraduate collegeEstablished1948; 75 years ago (1948)FounderHaripada GhosalPrincipalDr. Debasish PalLocationUluberia, West Bengal, 711315, India22°28′10″N 88°06′24″E / 22.4694283°N 88.1067941°E / 22.4694283; 88.1067941CampusUrbanAffiliationsUniversity of CalcuttaWebsitewww.uluberiacollege.inLocation in West BengalShow map of West BengalUluberia College (India)Show map of India Uluberia College (Bengali: উলুবে…

For the Bosnian-American poet Skenderija, see Sasha Skenderija. SkenderijaSkenderijaSkenderijaLocationSarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCoordinates43°51′17.31″N 18°24′50.5″E / 43.8548083°N 18.414028°E / 43.8548083; 18.414028Opened29 November 1969; 54 years ago (1969-11-29)Websitehttp://www.skenderija.ba/ Skenderija is a cultural, sports and trade center located in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the area of 70,000 square meters there are m…

2007 racing video game by Codemasters 2007 video gameColin McRae: DirtDeveloper(s)CodemastersPublisher(s)CodemastersProducer(s)Clive Moody Alex GrimbleyDesigner(s)Matthew HorsmanBrian CollerJamie AdamsonSeriesDirtEngineNeonPlatform(s)Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Java MEReleaseMicrosoft Windows & Xbox 360EU: 15 June 2007NA: 19 June 2007AU: 29 June 2007PlayStation 3NA: 11 September 2007EU: 14 September 2007AU: 27 September 2007Genre(s)RacingMode(s)Single-player, Multiplayer Coli…

Microsoft certification This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2021) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (January 20…

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, bapak Turki modern pendiri Republik Turki Nasionalisme Turki adalah ideologi politik yang mempromosikan dan mengagungkan bangsa Turki, baik sebagai bangsa, kelompok etnis, maupun kelompok liguistik, dan menaruh perhatian pada negara di atas pengaruh lainnya. Gerakan ini memunculkan organisasi politik Turki Muda, ketika kesultanan Utsmaniyah sudah di ambang keruntuhan. Hingga akhirnya Mustafa Kemal Atatürk muncul sebagai tokoh yang membawa era modern Turki sekuler. Rujuka…

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Bendungan, Kuwarasan, Kebumen – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR BendunganDesaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenKebumenKecamatanKuwarasanKode pos54366Kode Kemendagri33.05.16.…

Orde Serafim KerajaanKungliga SerafimerordenBintang ordeDianugerahkan oleh Raja SwediaTipeOrde jasa dengan satu tingkatanNegara SwediaMottoIesus Hominum Salvator (IHS)KelayakanKepala negara lain atau yang setara dan anggota Keluarga Kerajaan Swedia.Dianugerahkan kepadajasa kepada SwediaStatusKini dianugerahkanPenguasaRaja Carl XVI GustafKanselirSvante LindqvistTingkatKesatria(umum: RSerafO/LSerafO,Orang Swedia: RoKavKMO/LoKavKMO)StatistikPenganugerahan pertama1748, Frederick I dari SwediaPe…

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2020) كيكا إدغار   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 9 يناير 1977 (46 سنة)  مواطنة المكسيك  الحياة العملية المهنة مغنية،  وممثلة  اللغات الإسبانية  المواقع الموقع ال…

The Son of the SheikSutradara George Fitzmaurice Produser George Fitzmaurice [[John W. Considine, Jr. (tak disebutkan)]][[Kategori:Film yang diproduseri John W. Considine, Jr. (tak disebutkan)]] Ditulis olehFrances Marion (adaptasi)Fred de Gresac (adaptasi)George Marion, Jr. (judul)Paul Girard Smith (tak disebutkan)BerdasarkanThe Sons of the Sheikoleh Edith HullPemeranRudolph ValentinoVilma BánkyMontagu LoveKarl DaneGeorge FawcettPenata musikArtur Guttmann (1937)Jack Ward (1969)Alloy Orch…

Georgian politician (1864–1926) Not to be confused with the footballer Nikoloz Chkheidze. In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Semyonovich and the family name is Chkheidze. Nikoloz Chkheidzeნიკოლოზ ჩხეიძე (Georgian) Никола́й Чхеи́дзе (Russian)Autochrome portrait by Auguste Léon, 1919Leader of Social-Democrat Opposition (Duma)In office1907–1917Executive President of Petrograd SovietIn officeMarc…

  关于与「中国共产党中央委员会宣传部」標題相近或相同的条目,請見「中央宣传部」。 中国共产党中央委员会宣传部 加挂牌子 国务院新闻办公室国家新闻出版署(国家版权局)国家电影局 主要领导 部长 李书磊(中央政治局委员、书记处书记兼,副国级) 分管日常工作的副部长 胡和平(正部长级) 副部长(6) 慎海雄(兼中央广电总台台长,正部长级)庄荣文(…

State park in Windham County, Connecticut Mashamoquet Brook State ParkLocation in ConnecticutShow map of ConnecticutMashamoquet Brook State Park (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationPomfret, Connecticut, United StatesCoordinates41°51′04″N 71°59′05″W / 41.85111°N 71.98472°W / 41.85111; -71.98472Area917 acres (371 ha)[1]Elevation594 ft (181 m)[2]DesignationConnecticut state parkEstablished1918AdministratorConnect…

Paghimo ni bot Lsjbot. Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Ormgrunden. Ormgrunden (Käärmekarit) Mga bato Nasod  Finland Lalawigan Uusimaa Tiganos 60°08′29″N 24°50′30″E / 60.14139°N 24.84167°Ö / 60.14139; 24.84167 Timezone EET (UTC+2)  - summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) GeoNames 843415 Ormgrunden (Pinulongang Pines: Käärmekarit) maoy mga bato sa Finland.[1] Nahimutang ni sa lalawigan sa Uusimaa, sa ha…

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. STMIK CIC Cirebon Universitas Catur Insan Cendekia (CIC) Cirebon merupakan institusi pendidikan di bawah naungan Yayasan Catur Insan Cendekia (CIC) yang berdiri pada tahun 1999 dengan SK Mendiknas No. 123/D/0/1999 dengan Awaal Pendirian bernama STMIK CIC,…

American baseball player (born 1996) Baseball player Clarke SchmidtSchmidt with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders in 2022New York Yankees – No. 36PitcherBorn: (1996-02-20) February 20, 1996 (age 28)Acworth, Georgia, U.S.Bats: RightThrows: RightMLB debutSeptember 4, 2020, for the New York YankeesMLB statistics (through 2023 season)Win–loss record14–15Earned run average4.36Strikeouts218 Teams New York Yankees (2020–present) Clarke Douglas Schmidt (born February 20, 1…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya