Polytetrafluoroethylene

"Teflon" redirects here. For other uses, see Teflon (disambiguation).

Polytetrafluoroethylene
Names
IUPAC name
Poly(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethylene)[1]
Other names
Fluon, Poly(tetrafluoroethene), Poly(tetrafluoroethylene), Teflon
Identifiers
Abbreviations PTFE
ChEBI
ChemSpider
  • None
ECHA InfoCard 100.120.367 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
Properties
(C2F4)n
Density 2200 kg/m3
Melting point 327 °C
Electrical resistivity 1018 Ω·cm[a]
Thermal conductivity 0.25 W/(m·K)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate
1
0
0
OX
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, and has numerous applications because it is chemically inert.[3] The commonly known brand name of PTFE-based composition is Teflon by Chemours,[4] a spin-off from DuPont, which originally discovered the compound in 1938.[4] Polytetrafluoroethylene is a fluorocarbon solid, as it is a high-molecular-weight polymer consisting wholly of carbon and fluorine. PTFE is hydrophobic: neither water nor water-containing substances wet PTFE, as fluorocarbons exhibit only small London dispersion forces due to the low electric polarizability of fluorine. PTFE has one of the lowest coefficients of friction of any solid.

Polytetrafluoroethylene is used as a non-stick coating for pans and other cookware. It is non-reactive, partly because of the strength of carbon–fluorine bonds, so it is often used in containers and pipework for reactive and corrosive chemicals. Where used as a lubricant, PTFE reduces friction, wear, and energy consumption of machinery. It is used as a graft material in surgery and as a coating on catheters.

PTFE and chemicals used in its production are some of the best-known and widely applied PFAS,[5] which are persistent organic pollutants. PTFE occupies more than half of all fluoropolymer production, followed by polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF).[5]

For decades, DuPont used perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, or C8) during production of PTFE, later discontinuing its use due to legal actions over ecotoxicological and health effects of exposure to PFOA.[6][7] Dupont's spin-off Chemours today manufactures PTFE using an alternative chemical it calls GenX, another PFAS. Although GenX was designed to be less persistent in the environment compared to PFOA, it has proven to be a "regrettable substitute".[8] Its effects may be equally harmful or even more detrimental than those of the chemical it was meant to replace.[8][9][10]

History

Advertisement of the Happy Pan, a Teflon-coated pan from the 1960s
Advertisement for Zepel, the trade name used to market Teflon as a fabric treatment
PTFE thermal cover showing impact craters, from NASA's Ultra Heavy Cosmic Ray Experiment (UHCRE) on the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF)
Logo of Teflon, the commonly known brand name of PTFE-based compositions manufactured by Chemours

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was accidentally discovered in 1938 by Roy J. Plunkett while he was working in Chemours Chambers Works plant in New Jersey for DuPont. A team of Dupont chemists attempted to make a new chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, called tetrafluoroethylene. The gas in its pressure bottle stopped flowing before the bottle's weight had dropped to the point signaling "empty". John J. Beall (chemist), noticing a weight differential in his test cylinder, brought it to the attention of Roy Plunkett. The chemists in the lab sawed the bottle apart and found the bottle's interior coated with a waxy white material that was oddly slippery. Analysis showed that it was polymerized perfluoroethylene, with the iron from the inside of the container having acted as a catalyst at high pressure.[11] Kinetic Chemicals patented the new fluorinated plastic (analogous to the already known polyethylene) in 1941,[12] and registered the Teflon trademark in 1945.[13][14]

By 1948, DuPont, which founded Kinetic Chemicals in partnership with General Motors, was producing over 910,000 kilograms (2,000,000 lb) of Teflon-brand polytetrafluoroethylene per year in Parkersburg, West Virginia.[15] An early use was in the Manhattan Project as a material to coat valves and seals in the pipes holding highly reactive uranium hexafluoride at the vast K-25 uranium enrichment plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.[16]

In 1954, Colette Grégoire urged her husband, the French engineer Marc Grégoire, to try the material he had been using on fishing tackle on her cooking pans. He subsequently created the first PTFE-coated, non-stick pans under the brand name Tefal (combining "Tef" from "Teflon" and "al" from aluminium).[17] In the United States, Marion A. Trozzolo, who had been using the substance on scientific utensils, marketed the first US-made PTFE-coated pan, "The Happy Pan", in 1961.[18] Non-stick cookware has since become a common household product, now offered by hundreds of manufacturers across the world.

The brand name Zepel was used for promoting its stain-resistance and water-resistance when applied to fabrics.[19]

In the 1990s, it was found that PTFE could be radiation cross-linked above its melting point in an oxygen-free environment.[20] Electron beam processing is one example of radiation processing. Cross-linked PTFE has improved high-temperature mechanical properties and radiation stability. That was significant because, for many years, irradiation at ambient conditions has been used to break down PTFE for recycling.[21] This radiation-induced chain scission allows it to be more easily reground and reused.

Corona discharge treatment of the surface to increase the energy and improve adhesion has been reported.[22]

Production

PTFE is produced by free-radical polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene.[23] The net equation is as follows:

n F2C=CF2 → −(F2C−CF2)n−

Because tetrafluoroethylene can explosively decompose to tetrafluoromethane () and carbon, a special apparatus is required for the polymerization to prevent hot spots that might initiate this dangerous side reaction. The process is typically initiated with persulfate, which homolyzes to generate sulfate radicals:

[O3SO−OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 SO•−
4

The resulting polymer is terminated with sulfate ester groups, which can be hydrolyzed to give OH end-groups.[24]

Granular PTFE is produced via suspension polymerization, where PTFE is suspended in an aqueous medium primarily via agitation and sometimes with the use of a surfactant. PTFE is also synthesized via emulsion polymerization, where a surfactant is the primary means of keeping PTFE in an aqueous medium.[25] Surfactants in the past have included perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). More recently, Perfluoro 3,6 dioxaoctanoic acid (PFO2OA) and FRD-903 (GenX) are being used as alternatives.[26]

Properties

PTFE is often used to coat non-stick pans as it is hydrophobic and possesses fairly high heat resistance.

PTFE is a thermoplastic polymer, which is a white solid at room temperature, with a density of about 2200 kg/m3 and a melting point of 600 K (327 °C; 620 °F).[27] It maintains high strength, toughness and self-lubrication at low temperatures down to 5 K (−268.2 °C; −450.7 °F), and good flexibility at temperatures above 194 K (−79.15 °C; −110.5 °F).[28] PTFE gains its properties from the aggregate effect of carbon-fluorine bonds, as do all fluorocarbons. The only chemicals known to affect these carbon-fluorine bonds are highly reactive metals like the alkali metals, at higher temperatures such metals as aluminium and magnesium, and fluorinating agents such as xenon difluoride and cobalt(III) fluoride.[29] At temperatures above 650–700 °C (1,200–1,290 °F) PTFE undergoes depolymerization.[30] However, it begins to decompose at about 260 °C (500 °F) through 350 °C (662 °F), and pyrolysis occurs at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F).[31]

Property Value
Glass temperature 114.85 °C (238.73 °F; 388.00 K)[32]
Thermal expansion 112–125×10−6 K−1[33]
Thermal diffusivity 0.124 mm2/s[34]
Young's modulus 0.5 GPa
Yield strength 23 MPa
Coefficient of friction 0.05–0.10
Dielectric constant ε = 2.1, tan(δ) < 5×10−2
Dielectric constant (60 Hz) ε = 2.1, tan(δ) < 2×10−2
Dielectric strength (1 MHz) 60 MV/m
Magnetic susceptibility (SI, 22 °C) −10.28×10−6[35]

The coefficient of friction of plastics is usually measured against polished steel.[36] PTFE's coefficient of friction is 0.05 to 0.10,[27] which is the third-lowest of any known solid material (aluminium magnesium boride (BAM) being the lowest, with a coefficient of friction of 0.02; diamond-like carbon being second-lowest at 0.05).[citation needed] PTFE's resistance to van der Waals forces means that it is the only known surface to which a gecko cannot stick.[37] In addition, PTFE can be used to prevent insects from climbing up surfaces painted with the material. For example, PTFE is used to prevent ants from climbing out of formicaria. There are surface treatments for PTFE that alter the surface to allow adhesion to other materials.

Because of its chemical and thermal properties, PTFE is often used as a gasket material within industries that require resistance to aggressive chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or chemical processing.[38] However, until the 1990s,[20] PTFE was not known to crosslink like an elastomer, due to its chemical inertness. Therefore, it has no "memory" and is subject to creep. Because of the propensity to creep, the long-term performance of such seals is worse than for elastomers that exhibit zero, or near-zero, levels of creep. In critical applications, Belleville washers are often used to apply continuous force to PTFE gaskets, thereby ensuring a minimal loss of performance over the lifetime of the gasket.[39]

PTFE is an ultraviolet (UV) transparent polymer. However, when exposed to an excimer laser beam it severely degrades due to heterogeneous photothermal effect.[40]

Processing

Processing PTFE can be difficult and expensive because its high melting temperature, 327 °C (621 °F), is above its decomposition temperature. Even when molten, PTFE does not flow due to its exceedingly high melt-viscosity.[41][42] The viscosity and melting point can be decreased by inclusion of small amount of comonomers such as perfluoro (propylvinyl ether) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP). These cause the otherwise perfectly linear PTFE chain to become branched, reducing its crystallinity.[43]

Some PTFE parts are made by cold-moulding, a form of compression molding.[44] Here, fine powdered PTFE is forced into a mould under high pressure (10–100 MPa).[44] After a settling period, lasting from minutes to days, the mould is heated at 360 to 380 °C (680 to 716 °F),[44] allowing the fine particles to fuse (sinter) into a single mass.[45]

Applications and uses

PTFE-jacketed (white) shielded twisted-pair cables

Wire insulation, electronics

The most common use of PTFE, consuming about 50% of production,[46] is for the insulation of wiring in aerospace and computer applications (e.g. hookup wire, coaxial cables).[47][46] This application exploits the fact that PTFE has excellent dielectric properties, specifically low group velocity dispersion,[48] especially at high radio frequencies,[48] making it suitable for use as an excellent insulator in connector assemblies and cables, and in printed circuit boards used at microwave frequencies. Combined with its high melting temperature, this makes PTFE the material of choice as a high-performance substitute for the weaker, higher dispersion and lower-melting-point polyethylene commonly used in low-cost applications.

Bearings seals

In industrial applications, owing to its low friction, PTFE is used for plain bearings, gears, slide plates, seals, gaskets, bushings,[49] and more applications with sliding action of parts, where it outperforms acetal and nylon.[50]

Electrets

Its extremely high bulk resistivity makes it an ideal material for fabricating long-life electrets, the electrostatic analogues of permanent magnets.

Composites

PTFE film is also widely used in the production of carbon fiber composites as well as fiberglass composites, notably in the aerospace industry. PTFE film is used as a barrier between the carbon or fiberglass part being built and, in breather and bagging materials, is used to incapsulate the bondment when debulking (vacuum removal of air from between layers of laid-up plies of material) and when curing the composite, usually in an autoclave. The PTFE, used here as a film, prevents the non-production materials from sticking to the part being built, which is sticky due to the carbon-graphite or fiberglass plies being pre-pregnated with bismaleimide resin. Non-production materials such as Teflon, Airweave Breather, and the bag itself would be considered F.O.D. (foreign object debris/damage) if left in layup.

Gore-Tex is a brand of expanded PTFE (ePTFE), a material incorporating a fluoropolymer membrane with micropores. The roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, US, was one of the largest applications of PTFE coatings. 20 acres (81,000 m2) of the material was used in the creation of the white double-layered PTFE-coated fiberglass dome.

Chemically inert liners

Because of its extreme non-reactivity and high temperature rating, PTFE is often used as the liner in hose assemblies, expansion joints, and in industrial pipe lines, particularly in applications using acids, alkalis, or other chemicals. Its frictionless qualities allow improved flow of highly viscous liquids and for uses in applications such as brake hoses.

Tensioned membrane structures

PTFE architectural membranes are created by coating a woven glass-fibre base cloth with PTFE, forming one of the strongest and most durable materials used in tensile structures.[51] Some notable structures featuring PTFE-tensioned membranes include The O2 Arena in London, Moses Mabhida Stadium in South Africa, Metropolitano Stadium in Spain and the Sydney Football Stadium Roof in Australia.[52]

Musical instruments

PTFE is often found in musical instrument lubrication products, most commonly valve oil.

Lubricants

PTFE is used in some aerosol lubricant sprays, including in micronized and polarized form. It is notable for its extremely low coefficient of friction, its hydrophobia (which serves to inhibit rust), and for the dry film it forms after application, which allows it to resist collecting particles that might otherwise form an abrasive paste.[53] Brands include GT85, Tri-Flow and WD-40 Specialist.[54][55][56]

Kitchenware

Two teflon jars
Two molded PTFE jars.

PTFE is best known for its use in coating non-stick frying pans and other cookware, as it is hydrophobic and possesses fairly high heat resistance.

The sole plates of some clothes irons are coated with PTFE.[57]

Others

PTFE tapes with pressure-sensitive adhesive backing

Other niche applications include:

  • It is often found in ski bindings as a non-mechanical AFD (anti-friction device)
  • It can be stretched to contain small pores of varying sizes and is then placed between fabric layers to make a waterproof, breathable fabric in outdoor apparel.[58]
  • It is used widely as a fabric protector to repel stains on formal school-wear, like uniform blazers.[59]
  • It is frequently used as a lubricant to prevent captive insects and other arthropods from escaping.
  • It is used as a coating for medical and healthcare applications formulated to provide strength and heat resistance to surgical devices and other medical equipment.[60]
  • It is used as a film interface patch for sports and medical applications, featuring a pressure-sensitive adhesive backing, which is installed in strategic high friction areas of footwear, insoles, ankle-foot orthosis, and other medical devices to prevent and relieve friction-induced blisters, calluses and foot ulceration.[61]
  • Expanded PTFE membranes have been used in trials to assist trabeculectomy surgery to treat glaucoma.[62]
  • Powdered PTFE is used in pyrotechnic compositions as an oxidizer with powdered metals such as aluminium and magnesium. Upon ignition, these mixtures form carbonaceous soot and the corresponding metal fluoride, and release large amounts of heat. They are used in infrared decoy flares and as igniters for solid-fuel rocket propellants.[63] Aluminium and PTFE is also used in some thermobaric fuel compositions.
  • Powdered PTFE is used in a suspension with a low-viscosity, azeotropic mixture of siloxane ethers to create a lubricant for use in twisty puzzles.[64]
  • In optical radiometry, sheets of PTFE are used as measuring heads in spectroradiometers and broadband radiometers (e.g., illuminance meters and UV radiometers) due to PTFE's capability to diffuse a transmitting light nearly perfectly. Moreover, optical properties of PTFE stay constant over a wide range of wavelengths, from UV down to near infrared. In this region, the ratio of its regular transmittance to diffuse transmittance is negligibly small, so light transmitted through a diffuser (PTFE sheet) radiates like Lambert's cosine law. Thus PTFE enables cosinusoidal angular response for a detector measuring the power of optical radiation at a surface, e.g. in solar irradiance measurements.
  • Teflon-coated bullets are coated with PTFE to reduce wear on the rifling of firearms that uncoated projectiles would cause. PTFE itself does not give a projectile an armor-piercing property.[65]
  • Its high corrosion resistance makes PTFE useful in laboratory environments, where it is used for lining containers, as a coating for magnetic stirrers, and as tubing for highly corrosive chemicals such as hydrofluoric acid, which will dissolve glass containers. It is used in containers for storing fluoroantimonic acid, a superacid.[66]
  • PTFE tubes are used in gas-gas heat exchangers in gas cleaning of waste incinerators. Unit power capacity is typically several megawatts.
  • PTFE is widely used as a thread seal tape in plumbing applications, largely replacing paste thread dope.
  • PTFE membrane filters are among the most efficient industrial air filters. PTFE-coated filters are often used in dust collection systems to collect particulate matter from air streams in applications involving high temperatures and high particulate loads such as coal-fired power plants, cement production and steel foundries.[67]
  • PTFE grafts can be used to bypass stenotic arteries in peripheral vascular disease if a suitable autologous vein graft is not available.
  • Many bicycle lubricants and greases contain PTFE and are used on chains and other moving parts subjected to frictional forces (such as hub bearings).
  • PTFE is used for some types of dental floss.
  • PTFE can also be used when placing dental fillings, to isolate the contacts of the adjacent tooth so the restorative materials will not stick to the adjacent tooth.[68][69]
  • PTFE sheets are used in the production of butane hash oil due to its non-stick properties and resistance to non-polar solvents.[70]
  • PTFE, associated with a slightly textured laminate, makes the plain bearing system of a Dobsonian telescope.
  • PTFE is widely used as a non-stick coating for food processing equipment;[71] dough hoppers, mixing bowls, conveyor systems, rollers, and chutes. PTFE can also be reinforced where abrasion is present – for equipment processing seeded or grainy dough for example.[71]
  • PTFE has been experimented with for electroless nickel plating.
  • PTFE tubing is used for Bowden tubing in 3D printers because its low friction allows the extruder stepper motor to push filament through it more easily.
  • PTFE is commonly used in aftermarket add-on mouse feet for gaming mice to reduce friction of the mouse against the mouse pad, resulting in a smoother glide.
  • PTFE foils are commonly used with laserprinters everywhere, in their fuser unit, wrapped around the heater element(s) and as well on the opposite pressure roller to prevent any kind of sticking to it (neither the printed paper nor toner waste)
  • PTFE is also used to make body jewellery as it's much safer to wear compared to materials like acrylic, that release toxics into the body at 26.6 °C, unlike PTFE at 650–700 °C.
  • PTFE is used to make bookbinding tools for folding, scoring and separating sheets of paper. These are typically referred to as Teflon bone folders.
  • PTFE is commonly used for the tip of desoldering pumps due to its high melting temperature.

Safety

While PTFE is stable at lower temperatures, it begins to deteriorate at temperatures of about 260 °C (500 °F), it decomposes above 350 °C (662 °F), and pyrolysis occurs at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F).[31] The main decomposition products are fluorocarbon gases and a sublimate, including tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and difluorocarbene radicals (RCF2).[31]

An animal study conducted in 1955 concluded that it is unlikely that these products would be generated in amounts significant to health at temperatures below 250 °C (482 °F).[72] Above those temperatures the degradation by-products can be lethal to birds,[73] and can cause flu-like symptoms in humans (polymer fume fever),[74] although in humans those symptoms disappear within a day or two of being moved to fresh air.[75]

Most cases of polymer fume fever in humans occur due to smoking PTFE-contaminated tobacco,[75] although cases have occurred in people who have welded near PTFE components.[75] PTFE-coated cookware is unlikely to reach dangerous temperatures with normal use, as meat is usually fried between 204 and 232 °C (399 and 450 °F), and most cooking oils (except refined safflower and avocado oils) start to smoke before a temperature of 260 °C (500 °F) is reached. A 1973 study by DuPont's Haskell Laboratory found that a 4-hour exposure to the fumes emitted by PTFE cookware heated to 280 °C (536 °F) was lethal for parakeets, although that was a higher temperature than the 260 °C (500 °F) required for fumes from pyrolyzed butter to be lethal to the birds.[76]

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a chemical formerly used in the manufacture of PTFE products such as non-stick coated cookware, can be carcinogenic for people who are exposed to it (see Ecotoxicity).[77] Concerning levels of PFOA have been found in the blood of people who work in or live near factories where the chemical is used, and in people regularly exposed to PFOA-containing products such as some ski waxes and stain-resistant fabric coatings, but non-stick cookware was not found to be a major source of exposure, as the PFOA is burned off during the manufacturing process and not present in the finished product.[75] Non-stick coated cookware has not been manufactured using PFOA since 2013,[78] and PFOA is no longer being made in the United States.[77]

Ecotoxicity

Living Building Challenge

PTFE was added to the Living Building Challenge (LBC) Red List in 2016. The Red List bans substances prevalent in the building industry that pose serious risks to human health and the environment from construction that seeks to meet the criteria of the Living Building Challenge (LBC).[79]

Trifluoroacetate

Sodium trifluoroacetate and the similar compound sodium chlorodifluoroacetate can both be generated when PTFE undergoes thermolysis, as well as producing longer chain polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids which may be equally persistent. These products can accumulate in evaporative wetlands and have been found in the roots and seeds of wetland plant species, but has not been observed to have an adverse impact on plant health or germination success.[75]

PFOA

Main article: Perfluorooctanoic acid

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, or C8) has been used as a surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of PTFE, although several manufacturers have entirely discontinued its use.

PFOA persists indefinitely in the environment.[80] PFOA has been detected in the blood of many individuals of the general US population in the low and sub-parts per billion range, and levels are higher in chemical plant employees and surrounding subpopulations. PFOA and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) have been estimated to be in every American person's blood stream in the parts per billion range, though those concentrations have decreased by 70% for PFOA and 84% for PFOS between 1999 and 2014, which coincides with the end of the production and phase out of PFOA and PFOS in the US.[81] The general population has been exposed to PFOA through massive dumping of C8 waste into the ocean and near the Ohio River Valley.[82][83][84] PFOA has been detected in industrial waste, stain-resistant carpets, carpet cleaning liquids, house dust, microwave popcorn bags, water, food and PTFE cookware.

As a result of a class-action lawsuit and community settlement with DuPont, three epidemiologists conducted studies on the population of Parkersburg, WV surrounding the (former DuPont) Chemours Washington Works chemical plant that was exposed to PFOA at levels greater than in the general population. The studies concluded that there was an association between PFOA exposure and six health outcomes: kidney cancer, testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and gestational hypertension (pregnancy-induced high blood pressure).[85]

Overall, PTFE cookware is considered a minor exposure pathway to PFOA.[86]

GenX

Main article: GenX

As a result of the lawsuits concerning the PFOA class-action lawsuit, DuPont began to use GenX, a similarly fluorinated compound, as a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid in the manufacture of fluoropolymers, such as Teflon-brand PTFE.[87][88] However, the EPA has classified GenX as more toxic than PFOA[9] and it has proven to be a "regrettable substitute";[8] its effects may be equally harmful or even more detrimental than those of the chemical it was meant to replace.[8][10]

The chemicals are manufactured by Chemours, a corporate spin-off of DuPont, in Fayetteville, North Carolina.[89] Fayetteville Works was the site where DuPont began manufacture of PFOA after the lawsuit in Parkersburg WV halted their production there. When EPA asked companies to voluntarily phase out PFOA production, it was replaced by GenX in Fayetteville Works. In June of 2017, The Wilmington Star-News broke the story[90] that GenX was found in the Cape Fear River – the drinking water supply for 500,000 people. The source of the pollution was determined to be the Fayetteville Works site, which had been run by DuPont since its founding in 1971 and then managed by DuPont spinoff, The Chemours Company, since 2015. The water utility confirmed they had no ability to filter these chemicals from the drinking water.

The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ) records[91] indicate that DuPont started release PFAS into the area beginning in 1976 with the production of Nafion, and that PFAS including GenX had been released as a byproduct of the production of Vinyl Ethers since 1980, exposing the Cape Fear Basin for decades. A small nonprofit called Cape Fear River Watch sued NC DEQ for not taking swifter and stronger action, and sued the polluter, Chemours, for violations of the Clean Water Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act. The result was a Consent Order,[92] signed February 25, 2019 by Cape Fear River Watch, NC DEQ, and Chemours.[93] The order has required Chemours to stop wastewater discharge, air emissions, groundwater discharge, sampling and filtration options to well users, and required sampling that proved there were upwards of 300 distinct PFAS compounds being released from Fayetteville Works.[94]

Similar polymers

Teflon is also used as the trade name for a polymer with similar properties, perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA).

The Teflon trade name is also used for other polymers with similar compositions:

These retain the useful PTFE properties of low friction and nonreactivity, but are also more easily formable. For example, FEP is softer than PTFE and melts at 533 K (260 °C; 500 °F); it is also highly transparent and resistant to sunlight.[95]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dielectric. Bulk resistivity.[2]

References

  1. ^ "poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (CHEBI:53251)". ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  2. ^ "PTFE". Microwaves101. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  3. ^ "Ask a Toxicologist: Is it safe to use Teflon pans? – the Pipettepen". The Pipettepen. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  4. ^ a b "The History of Teflon Fluoropolymers". Teflon.com. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  5. ^ a b Améduri, B.; Sawada, Hideo, eds. (2017). Fluorinated polymers. RSC polymer chemistry series. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-1-78262-917-7. OCLC 951763265.[page needed]
  6. ^ Rich, Nathaniel (6 January 2016). "The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  7. ^ Gillam, Carey (2 June 2023). "Top US chemical firms to pay $1.2bn to settle water contamination lawsuits". the Guardian. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d Ahearn, Ashley (24 March 2019). "A Regrettable Substitute: The Story of GenX". Podcasts: The Researcher's Perspective. 2019 (1). doi:10.1289/EHP5134.
  9. ^ a b "US EPA deems two GenX PFAS chemicals more toxic than PFOA". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Fact Sheet: Human Health Toxicity Assessment for GenX Chemicals" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. March 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  11. ^ "Roy J. Plunkett". Science History Institute. June 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  12. ^ US 2230654, Plunkett, Roy J, "Tetrafluoroethylene polymers", issued 4 February 1941 
  13. ^ "History Timeline 1930: The Fluorocarbon Boom". DuPont. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  14. ^ "Roy Plunkett: 1938". Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  15. ^ American Heritage of Invention & Technology, Fall 2010, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 42
  16. ^ Rhodes, Richard (2012). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. Simon and Schuster. p. 494. ISBN 978-1-4391-2622-6.
  17. ^ "Teflon". Useless Information. home.nycap.rr.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008.
  18. ^ Robbins, William (21 December 1986). "Teflon Maker: Out of a Frying Pan Into Fame". New York Times. ProQuest 110883381.
  19. ^ Fenton, Lois (2 January 1992). "Go, spot, go Teflon enters fashion world as a protective coating". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021.
  20. ^ a b Sun, Jiazhen; Zhang, Yuefang; Zhong, Xiaoguang; Zhu, Xianglin (December 1994). "Modification of polytetrafluoroethylene by radiation—1. Improvement in high temperature properties and radiation stability". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 44 (6): 655–659. Bibcode:1994RaPC...44..655S. doi:10.1016/0969-806X(94)90226-7.
  21. ^ Electron Beam Processing of PTFE Archived 6 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine E-BEAM Services website. Accessed 21 May 2013
  22. ^ Wypych, George (2015). "Degradation by Other Forms of Radiation". PVC Degradation and Stabilization. pp. 215–226. doi:10.1016/B978-1-895198-85-0.50009-1. ISBN 978-1-895198-85-0.
  23. ^ Puts, Gerard J.; Crouse, Philip; Ameduri, Bruno M. (28 January 2019). "Polytetrafluoroethylene: Synthesis and Characterization of the Original Extreme Polymer". Chemical Reviews. 119 (3): 1763–1805. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00458. hdl:2263/68582. PMID 30689365. S2CID 59338589.
  24. ^ Carlson, D. Peter and Schmiegel, Walter (2000) "Fluoropolymers, Organic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_393
  25. ^ "Manufacturing Polytetrafluoroethylene". Introduction to Fluoropolymers. 2013. pp. 91–124. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4557-7442-5.00007-3. ISBN 978-1-4557-7442-5.
  26. ^ Pierozan, Paula; Cattani, Daiane; Karlsson, Oskar (February 2022). "Tumorigenic activity of alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Mechanistic in vitro studies". Science of the Total Environment. 808: 151945. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.80851945P. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151945. PMID 34843762. S2CID 244730906.
  27. ^ a b "Fluoroplastic Comparison - Typical Properties". Chemours. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016.
  28. ^ Teflon PTFE Properties Handbook. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  29. ^ "Chemours Teflon™ Coating Applications". plastechcoatings.com.
  30. ^ R. J. Hunadi; K. Baum (1982). "Tetrafluoroethylene: A Convenient Laboratory Preparation". Synthesis. 39 (6): 454. doi:10.1055/s-1982-29830. S2CID 96276938.
  31. ^ a b c Sajid, Muhammad; Ilyas, Muhammad (October 2017). "PTFE-coated non-stick cookware and toxicity concerns: a perspective". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24 (30): 23436–23440. Bibcode:2017ESPR...2423436S. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0095-y. PMID 28913736.
  32. ^ Nicholson, John W. (2012). The Chemistry of Polymers. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-84973-391-5.
  33. ^ "Reference Tables – Thermal Expansion Coefficients – Plastics". engineershandbook.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  34. ^ Blumm, J.; Lindemann, A.; Meyer, M.; Strasser, C. (2011). "Characterization of PTFE Using Advanced Thermal Analysis Technique". International Journal of Thermophysics. 40 (3–4): 311. Bibcode:2010IJT....31.1919B. doi:10.1007/s10765-008-0512-z. S2CID 122020437.
  35. ^ Wapler, M. C.; Leupold, J.; Dragonu, I.; von Elverfeldt, D.; Zaitsev, M.; Wallrabe, U. (2014). "Magnetic properties of materials for MR engineering, micro-MR and beyond". JMR. 242: 233–242. arXiv:1403.4760. Bibcode:2014JMagR.242..233W. doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2014.02.005. PMID 24705364. S2CID 11545416.
  36. ^ Coefficient of Friction (COF) Testing of Plastics. MatWeb Material Property Data. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  37. ^ "Research into Gecko Adhesion",[self-published source?] Berkeley, 2007-10-14. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  38. ^ "PTFE Sheet". Gasket Resources Inc. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  39. ^ Davet, George P. "Using Belleville Springs To Maintain Bolt Preload" (Document). Solon Manufacturing Company. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  40. ^ Ferry, Laurent; Vigier, Gérard; Bessede, Jean Luc (May 1996). "Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Polytetrafluoroethylene: Morphology Influence". Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 7 (5–6): 493–500. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199605)7:5/6<493::AID-PAT536>3.0.CO;2-D.
  41. ^ "Cowie Technology – PTFE: High Thermal Stability". Cowie.com. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  42. ^ "Free Flow Granular PTFE" (PDF). Inoflon Fluoropolymers. 16 August 2017.
  43. ^ Ebnesajjad, Sina (2017). Expanded PTFE Applications Handbook. pp. 31–32. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-61247-2. ISBN 978-1-4377-7855-7.
  44. ^ a b c "Polyflon PTFE Molding Powder" (PDF). Daikin Chemical. 16 August 2017.
  45. ^ "Unraveling Polymers: PTFE". Poly Fouoro Ltd. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  46. ^ a b "Polytetrafluoroethylene - Introduction, Production, Applications, and FAQs". VEDANTU. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  47. ^ Sack, Harald (26 June 2022). "Roy J. Plunkett and the Discovery of Teflon | SciHi Blog". Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  48. ^ a b Mishra, Munmaya; Yagci, Yusuf, eds. (2008). Handbook of Vinyl Polymers: Radical Polymerization, Process, and Technology, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 574. ISBN 978-0-8247-2595-2.
  49. ^ "Teflon Machining & Fabrication". Espemfg.com. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  50. ^ Mishra, Munmaya; Yagci, Yusuf, eds. (2008). Handbook of Vinyl Polymers: Radical Polymerization, Process, and Technology, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 573. ISBN 978-0-8247-2595-2.
  51. ^ "PTFE". MakMax Australia.
  52. ^ "Sydney Football Stadium Roof". MakMax Australia. 16 August 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  53. ^ "What is MicPol?". Interflonusa.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  54. ^ "GT85 General Lubricant with PTFE - 400ml". Baysidemarine.co.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  55. ^ "Tri-Flow Superior Lubricant Aerosol – Triflow Lubricants". Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  56. ^ "Dry Lube PTFE Spray - Dirt & Dust Resistant Dry Lube | WD-40". www.wd40.com. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  57. ^ Fers à repasser semelle teflon - Fiche pratique - Le Parisien. Archived 16 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Pratique.leparisien.fr. Retrieved on 2016-11-17.
  58. ^ "A Motorcyclist's Guide To Gore-Tex". Infinity Motorcycles. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  59. ^ "Advantages and Disadvantages of Teflon-coated Covert Cloth". The Cutter and Tailor. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  60. ^ "PTFE & Industrial Non-Stick Fluoropolymer Coating Services | Delta Coatings & Linings, Inc". Deltacoatingsandliningsbr.com. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  61. ^ "Film Interface Patch". American Academy of Orthotists & Prosthetists.
  62. ^ Park, Junghyun; Rittiphairoj, Thanitsara; Wang, Xue; E, Jian-Yu; Bicket, Amanda K (13 March 2023). "Device-modified trabeculectomy for glaucoma". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (3): CD010472. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010472.pub3. PMC 10010250. PMID 36912740.
  63. ^ Koch, Ernst-Christian (November 2002). "Metal-Fluorocarbon-Pyrolants: III. Development and Application of Magnesium/Teflon/Viton (MTV)". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 27 (5): 262–266. doi:10.1002/1521-4087(200211)27:5<262::AID-PREP262>3.0.CO;2-8.
  64. ^ "Lubicle 1". TheCubicle.us. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  65. ^ "Interview with an inventor of the KTW bullet". NRAction Newsletter. 4 (5). May 1990.
  66. ^ Pomeroy, Ross (24 August 2013). "The World's Strongest Acids: Like Fire and Ice". Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  67. ^ "Industrial Air Permits - New Clean Air Regulations And Baghouses". Baghouse.com. 28 May 2012.
  68. ^ Brown, DDS, Dennis E. (January 2002). "Using Plumber's Teflon Tape to Enhance Bonding Procedures". Dentistry Today. 21 (1): 76–8, 80–1. PMID 11824121.
  69. ^ Dunn, WJ; et al. (2004). "Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape as a matrix in operative dentistry". Operative Dentistry. 29 (4): 470–2. PMID 15279489.
  70. ^ Rosenthal, Ed (21 October 2014). Beyond Buds (Revised ed.). Quick American Archives. ISBN 978-1936807239.
  71. ^ a b "Fluoropolymer PTFE coating services from Surface Technology UK". Surface Technology. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  72. ^ Zapp JA, Limperos G, Brinker KC (26 April 1955). "Toxicity of pyrolysis products of 'Teflon' tetrafluoroethylene resin". Proceedings of the American Industrial Hygiene Association Annual Meeting.
  73. ^ "Key Safety Questions About Teflon Nonstick Coatings". DuPont. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  74. ^ "Key Safety Questions about the Safety of Nonstick Cookware". DuPont. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  75. ^ a b c d e "Teflon". Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Center for Biotechnology Information National Library of Medicine.
  76. ^ Griffith, Franklin D.; Stephens, Susan S.; Tayfun, Figen O. (April 1973). "Exposure of Japanese Quail and Parakeets to the Pyrolysis Products of Fry Pans Coated with Teflon® and Common Cooking Oils". American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 34 (4): 176–178. doi:10.1080/0002889738506828. PMID 4723395.
  77. ^ a b "Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), Teflon, and Related Chemicals". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  78. ^ "The truth about teflon: are non-stick pans safe?". Better Homes and Gardens. 2 October 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  79. ^ "LBC Red List CASRN Guide 2024". International Living Future Institute. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  80. ^ Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet – Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). National Service Center for Environmental Publications (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. March 2014. p. 1. 505-F-14-001. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  81. ^ "PFAs Factsheet" (PDF). Casaweb.org. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  82. ^ Rich, Nathaniel (6 January 2016). "The Lawyer Who Became Dupont's Worst Nightmare". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  83. ^ Blake, Mariah. "Welcome to Beautiful Parkersburg, West Virginia Home to one of the most brazen, deadly corporate gambits in U.S. history". HuffPost. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  84. ^ Fellner, Carrie (16 June 2018). "Toxic Secrets: Professor 'bragged about burying bad science' on 3M chemicals". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  85. ^ Nicole, W. (2013). "PFOA and Cancer in a Highly Exposed Community: New Findings from the C8 Science Panel". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (11–12): A340. doi:10.1289/ehp.121-A340. PMC 3855507. PMID 24284021.
  86. ^ Trudel D, Horowitz L, Wormuth M, Scheringer M, Cousins IT, Hungerbühler K (April 2008). "Estimating consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA". Risk Anal. 28 (2): 251–69. Bibcode:2008RiskA..28..251T. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x. PMID 18419647. S2CID 10777081.
  87. ^ Beekman, M.; et al. (12 December 2016). "Evaluation of substances used in the GenX technology by Chemours, Dordrecht". National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM, The Netherlands). Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  88. ^ "What is the difference between PFOA, PFOS and GenX and other replacement PFAS?". PFOA, PFOS and Other PFASs. EPA. 18 February 2018.
  89. ^ "GenX Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). GenX Investigation. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ). 15 February 2018.
  90. ^ "Toxin taints CFPUA drinking water".
  91. ^ "FACT SHEET: Proposed Chemours Consent Order". 21 December 2018.
  92. ^ "Chemours Consent Order | NC DEQ".
  93. ^ "PFAS | Cape Fear River Watch". 20 September 2019.
  94. ^ "Consent Order Compliance".
  95. ^ FEP Detailed Properties, Parker-TexLoc, 13 April 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2006.

Further reading

Read other articles:

The Ark of the Sun God

1987 Italian filmThe Ark of the Sun GodDVD coverDirected byAntonio MargheritiWritten byGiovanni Paolucci (story)Giovanni SimonelliProduced byGiovanni Paolucci StarringDavid WarbeckCinematographySandro Mancori Edited byAlberto Moriani Music byAldo Tamborelli Distributed byVariety DistributionRelease date21 October 1987 (France)Running time98 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian Sopravvissuti della città morta (Survivors of the Dead City) or Ark of the Sun God is a 1984 Italian action film starr...

 

John McFall, Baron McFall dari Alcluith

Yang Sangat TerhormatBaron McFall dari AlcluithPCPotret Resmi, 2022Ketua Dewan Bangsawan Ke - 4PetahanaMulai menjabat 1 Mei 2021Penguasa monarkiElizabeth II Charles IIIWakilLord Gardiner dari KimblePendahuluLord FowlerWakil Ketua Senior Dewan BangsawanMasa jabatan1 September 2016 – 30 April 2021Penguasa monarkiElizabeth IIKetua Dewan BangsawanLord FowlerPendahuluLord Laming (sebagai Ketua Komite-Komite)PenggantiLord Gardiner dari KimbleAnggota Dewan BangsawanLord TemporalPetaha...

 

Peltophryne lemur

  Sapo puertorriqueño Estado de conservaciónEn peligro crítico (UICN 3.1)[1]​TaxonomíaReino: AnimaliaFilo: ChordataClase: AmphibiaOrden: AnuraSuborden: NeobatrachiaFamilia: BufonidaeGénero: PeltophryneEspecie: P. lemurCope, 1869Sinonimia Bufo panayanus López-Seoane, 1890 Bufo lemur (Cope, 1869) Bufo turpis Barbour, 1917 [editar datos en Wikidata] El sapo puertorriqueño o sapo concho (Peltophryne lemur) es una especie de anuro de la familia Bufonidae,[2]​...

Mancomunidad de los Canales del Taibilla

Mancomunidad de los Canales del Taibilla Logotipo de la Mancomunidad LocalizaciónPaís EspañaInformación generalSigla MCTJurisdicción Castilla-La Mancha Comunidad Valenciana Región de MurciaTipo Organismo autónomoSede Calle Mayor 1, CartagenaOrganizaciónDirección Carlos Conradi Monner (Director)Delegado del Gobierno Francisca Baraza Martínez  (Presidente)Depende de Dirección General del AguaEmpleados 269 (31 de diciembre de 2021)[1]​Presupuesto 242,55 millones de €...

 

Adam Gottlob Casparini

Adam Gottlob Casparini (* 15. April 1715 in Breslau; † 13. Mai 1788 in Königsberg) war ein deutscher Orgelbauer. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Werke 3 Werkliste 3.1 Neubauten 3.2 Neubau-Angebote, die nicht von Casparini ausgeführt wurden 3.3 Reparaturen, Überholungen, Umbauten 4 Literatur 5 Weblinks 6 Einzelnachweise Leben Adam Gottlob Casparini wurde 1715 als Sohn des Orgelbauers Adam Horatio Casparini (1676–1745) und damit Enkel des berühmtesten Orgelbauers der Familie, Eugenio Caspa...

 

Eyalet Silistra

Eyalet-i SilistraEyalet di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah1593–1864Eyalet Silistra pada tahun 1609Ibu kotaSilistra[1] dan ÖziLuas • Coordinates44°7′N 27°16′E / 44.117°N 27.267°E / 44.117; 27.267Koordinat: 44°7′N 27°16′E / 44.117°N 27.267°E / 44.117; 27.267  • 1856[2]94.858 km2 (36.625 sq mi)SejarahSejarah • Didirikan 1593• Dibubarkan 1864 Didahului oleh Digantikan...

Intesa Sanpaolo

Italian banking group Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A.Headquarters building in TurinTypePublicTraded asBIT: ISPFTSE MIB ComponentISINIT0000072618IndustryFinancial servicesPredecessorsBanca IntesaSanpaolo IMIFoundedJanuary 2007; 16 years ago (2007-01) (merger)HeadquartersGrattacielo Intesa Sanpaolo, Turin, ItalyNumber of locations 4,565 branches 3,611 in Italy 954 abroadAreas servedItalyCentral-Eastern EuropeEgyptKey peopleGian Maria Gros-Pietro(Chairman)Carlo Messina(CEO)Pro...

 

Aberforth Dumbledore

Aberforth DumbledorePemeranJim McManusInformasiJenis kelaminLaki-laki Aberforth Dumbledore, adalah karakter fiksi dalam seri Harry Potter karangan J.K. Rowling. Aberforth adalah adik Albus Dumbledore. Dia adalah anggota awal dari Orde Phoenix, dan kemungkinan masih menjadi anggota, meski tidak pernah disebutkan. Aberforth disebut sekilas dalam Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ketika Dumbledore mengatakan pada Harry dan Hagrid bahwa Aberforth tidak peduli ketika ia dituntut karena melakukan...

 

One Piece at a Time

For the Johnny Cash album, see One Piece at a Time (album). 1976 single by Johnny CashOne Piece at a TimeSingle by Johnny Cashfrom the album One Piece at a Time B-sideGo On BluesReleasedMarch 1976 (1976-03)Genre Country Rockabilly novelty Length4:04LabelColumbiaSongwriter(s)Wayne KempProducer(s)Charlie Bragg, Don DavisJohnny Cash singles chronology Strawberry Cake (1976) One Piece at a Time (1976) Sold Out of Flagpoles (1976) One Piece at a Time is a country novelty song written by ...

Earl of Lisburne

Title in the peerage of Ireland Earldom of LisburneArms: Sable, a Chevron between three Fleurs-de-lis Argent. Crest: An Arm in Armour embowed, holding in the hand a Sword, all proper. Supporters: Dexter: A Dragon reguardant wings elevated Vert, gorged with a Collar Sable, edged and charged with three Fleurs-de-lis Argent, affixed thereto a Chain Or; Sinister:A Unicorn reguardant Argent, armed maned tufted and unguled Or, gorged with a Collar Sable, edged and charged with three Fleurs-de-lis A...

 

Far Rockaway Branch

Long Island Rail Road branch This article is about the Long Island Rail Road line. For the section of the route which was incorporated into the New York City Subway in the 1950s, see IND Rockaway Line. Far Rockaway BranchFar Rockaway Branch train 2820 departing Cedarhurst Station.OverviewStatusOperationalOwnerLong Island Rail RoadLocaleQueens and Nassau County, New York, USTerminiValley StreamFar RockawayStations11ServiceTypeCommuter railSystemLong Island Rail RoadServices  Far Rock...

 

Unimog 2010

German truck Motor vehicle Unimog 2010A Swiss army Unimog 2010 in the Unimog museum in GaggenauOverviewTypeTractorManufacturerDaimler-Benz AGAlso calledUnimogUnimog U25Production1951–19535,846 producedAssemblyGermany: Gaggenau (Mercedes-Benz Gaggenau plant)PowertrainEngine1.7 L OM636.912 I4 (diesel) (1950-1952)1.8 L OM636.914 I4 (diesel) (1952-1953)Transmission6-speed manual gearbox, two reverse gearsDimensionsWheelbase1,720 mm (67.7 in)Length3,450 mm (135.8...

Anna Demidova

Anna Demidova Anna Demidova adalah salah satu pelayanan Kanonisasi Keluarga Romanov yang dimasukkan ke dalam daftar para martir oleh Gereja Ortodox Rusia.[1] Ia adalah pelayan dari Alexandra Feodorovna, istri dari Tsar Nikolas II dari Rusia.[2] Ia adalah anak dari Stepan Demidov, seorang pedagang yang cukup besar dari Cherepovets dan lulus dari Institut Yaroslavl dengan sertifikat mengajar.[2] Anna memiliki hubungan dengan Charles Sydney Gibbes, tutor bahasa Inggris un...

 

2000–01 in Scottish football

Football in ScotlandSeason2000–01 ← 1999–2000 2001–02 → 2000–01 in Scottish footballPremier League championsCelticFirst Division championsLivingstonSecond Division championsPartick ThistleThird Division championsHamilton AcademicalScottish Cup winnersCelticLeague Cup winnersCelticChallenge Cup winnersAirdrieoniansJunior Cup winnersRenfrewTeams in EuropeAberdeen, Celtic, Hearts, RangersScotland national team2002 World Cup qualification The 2000–01 season was the...

 

Clementine

Hybrid citrus fruit This article is about the citrus fruit. For other uses, see Clementine (disambiguation). ClementineFive clementines whole, peeled, halved and sectionedSpeciesCitrus × clementinaHybrid parentageMandarin orange × sweet orangeOriginAlgeria A clementine (Citrus × clementina) is a tangor, a citrus fruit hybrid between a willowleaf mandarin orange (C. × deliciosa) and a sweet orange (C. × sinensis),[1][2][3] named in honor of Clément Rodier, a Frenc...

Economy of Kolkata

Economy of Kolkata Kolkata's Central Business District skyline Central Business District of Kolkata Kolkata is the prime business, commercial and financial hub of eastern India and the main hub of communication for the North East Indian states.[1] Kolkata is the fifth largest city by GDP in India after Mumbai and Delhi,[2] with a GDP of $60.447 billion (PPP) (as of 2022).[2][3][4][5] Kolkata is home to India's oldest, stock exchange company (bou...

 

Goonj Uthi Shehnai

1959 Indian filmGoonj Uthi ShehnaiPosterDirected byVijay BhattProduced byVijay BhattStarringRajendra KumarAmeetaAnita GuhaI. S. JoharMusic byVasant DesaiBharat Vyas (lyrics)Release date 29 May 1959 (1959-05-29) Running time174 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageHindiBox officeRs. 1,80,00,000 [1] Goonj Uthi Shehnai (lit. 'The Call of the Shehnai')[a] is a 1959 Hindi film directed by Vijay Bhatt, with Rajendra Kumar, Ameeta, Anita Guha and I. S. Johar as leads. ...

 

German cricket team in Belgium in 2019

German cricket team in Belgium in 2019    Belgium GermanyDates 11 – 12 May 2019Captains Shaheryar Butt Venkatraman GanesanTwenty20 International seriesResults Germany won the 3-match series 3–0Most runs Shaheryar Butt (58) Vijayshankar Chikkannaiah (101)Most wickets Ashiqullah Said (4) Ahmed Wardak (4) The Germany cricket team toured Belgium in May 2019 to play three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches.[1] These were the first T20I fixtures to be played by both te...

Tarui-juku

Pre-modern Japan post-station along highway Tarui-juku垂井宿post stationHiroshige's print of Tarui-juku, part of the Sixty-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō seriesGeneral informationLocationTarui, Gifu (former Mino Province)JapanCoordinates35°22′22″N 136°31′34″E / 35.37278°N 136.52611°E / 35.37278; 136.52611Elevation32 metersLine(s)NakasendōDistance437.4 km from EdoLocationTarui-jukuLocation within Gifu PrefectureShow map of Gifu PrefectureTarui-juk...

 

Droga krajowa nr 32 (Polska)

Zobacz też: inne artykuły o drogach krajowych nr 32. Początek drogi Gubinek51°54′12″N 14°41′40″E/51,903282 14,694427 Koniec drogi Stęszew52°16′02″N 16°40′04″E/52,267200 16,667800 Długość 154[1][a] km Województwa lubuskie (90 km),wielkopolskie (64 km) Mapa Przebieg drogi krajowej nr 32 w Polsce Zdjęcie Droga krajowa nr 32 – przejazd przez Rakoniewice. Przebieg trasy Legenda w użyciu   projekt, budowa, konieczność modernizacji węzeł d...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!