PROFILBARU.COM

Pitch is a viscoelastic polymer which can be natural or manufactured, derived from petroleum, coal tar,^[1] or plants. Pitch produced from petroleum may be called bitumen or asphalt, while plant-derived pitch, a resin, is known as rosin in its solid form. Tar is sometimes used interchangeably with pitch, but generally refers to a more liquid substance derived from coal production, including coal tar, or from plants, as in pine tar.^[2]

Uses

Pitch, a traditional naval store, was traditionally used to help caulk the seams of wooden sailing vessels (see shipbuilding). Other important historic uses included coating earthenware vessels for the preservation of wine, waterproofing wooden containers, and making torches. Petroleum-derived pitch is black in colour, hence the adjectival phrase, "pitch-black".^[3]

The viscoelastic properties of pitch make it well suited for the polishing of high-quality optical lenses and mirrors. In use, the pitch is formed into a lap or polishing surface, which is charged with iron oxide (Jewelers' rouge) or cerium oxide. The surface to be polished is pressed into the pitch, then rubbed against the surface so formed. The ability of pitch to flow, albeit slowly, keeps it in constant uniform contact with the optical surface.

Chasers pitch is a combination of pitch and other substances, used in jewelry making.

Viscoelastic properties

Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen, a type of pitch, is a viscoelastic polymer. This means that even though it seems to be solid at room temperature and can be shattered with a hard impact, it is actually fluid and will flow over time, but extremely slowly. The pitch drop experiment taking place at University of Queensland is a long-term experiment which demonstrates the flow of a piece of pitch over many years. For the experiment, pitch was put in a glass funnel and allowed to slowly drip out. Since the pitch was allowed to start dripping in 1930, only nine drops have fallen. It was calculated in the 1980s that the pitch in the experiment has a viscosity approximately 230 billion (2.3×10¹¹) times that of water.^[4] The eighth drop fell on 28 November 2000, and the ninth drop fell on 17 April 2014.^[5] Another experiment was started by a colleague of Nobel Prize winner Ernest Walton in the physics department of Trinity College in Ireland in 1944. Over the years, the pitch had produced several drops, but none had been recorded. On July 11, 2013, scientists at Trinity College caught pitch dripping from a funnel on camera for the first time.^[6]

Winchester College has a 'pitch glacier' demonstration which has been running since 21 July 1906, but does not have records of regular measurements.^[7]

Production

The heating (dry distilling) of wood causes tar and pitch to drip away from the wood and leave behind charcoal. Birchbark is used to make birch-tar, a particularly fine tar. The terms tar and pitch are often used interchangeably. However, pitch is considered more solid, while tar is more liquid. Traditionally, pitch that was used for waterproofing buckets, barrels and ships was drawn from pine. It is used to make cutler's resin.

A 10th-century redaction of an earlier Greek Byzantine agricultural work brings down the ancient method of applying pitch to ceramic wine casks:

[A wood-based pitch]^{[note 1]} is put into an earthen vessel, and it is put over a small fire in the sun, then some hot water percolated through wood-ashes is poured on it, and the pitch is stirred; when it has afterward stood, it is poured out after two hours, then there is as much water again poured in. Having therefore done this thrice every day for three days and having taken up the moisture on the surface, they make the pitch that is left exceedingly good. Dry pitch is also bitter, but being boiled with wine it becomes more useful; [...] and having boiled the mixture to a third part, they use it as properly qualified: but some throw wood-ashes into it and boil it down.
In Italy they use pitch of this kind: forty minæ^{[note 2]} of pitch, one of wax, eight drams^{[note 3]} of sal ammoniac, six drams of manna.^{[note 4]} Thus, having pounded them and boiled them together, they sprinkle eight ounces (uncia)^{[note 5]} of well-ground fenugreek over them and they pitch the cask with them when they are well mixed.^[8]

The ceramic ware was pitched, both inside and out, immediately while they were removed from the kiln and still hot.^[9]

Literary references

The ability of pitch to contaminate those in contact with it is mentioned by Dogberry, a character in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing,^[10] and the same point is made in a speech by Falstaff in Henry IV, Part 1,^[11] who refers to "ancient writers" who have made this observation. The Jewish deuterocanonical Book of Sirach states that "whoever touches pitch gets dirty, and whoever associates with a proud person becomes like him".^[12]^[13]

Notes

^ The more commonly used wood resin used for making pitch was extracted from the lentisk and from pine, and was first washed in a lixivium of ashes. (Geoponika, vol. 1, p. 202. For an extraction method, see Dry distillation#Wood.
^ The Attic mina weighed 436.6 grams (15.4 ounces). Forty minæ was equivalent in weight to 17.4 kilograms (38 lb). See: Sherwood, Andrew; Nikolic, Milorad; Humphrey, John; Oleson, John (1997). Greek and Roman Technology A Sourcebook of Translated Greek and Roman Texts (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 764. ISBN 0-415-06136-9.
^ One Attic Greek drachma was a weight of about 4.37 grams; eight drams therefore being the equivalent of 35 g. (1.2 ounces).
^ The sense here is to the crystallized products of plant sap.
^ The Attic uncia was equivalent in weight to about 27.4 grams. Eight ounces would therefore be the equivalent of 219 grams (7.7 UK ounces).