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Pine tar
Names
	Other names Pine tar oil, Wood tar oil
Identifiers
CAS Number	8011-48-1;
ChemSpider	none;
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.429
EC Number	232-374-8;
KEGG	D04807;
PubChem CID	17398176;
UNII	YFH4WC535J ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID60897317 ;
Properties
Appearance	Blackish-brown viscous liquid
Density	1.01–1.06
Boiling point	150 to 400 °C (302 to 752 °F; 423 to 673 K)
Solubility in water	Slightly
Solubility	alc, chloroform, ether, acetone, glacial acetic acid, fixed/volatile oils, solutions of caustic alkalies
Pharmacology
Routes of; administration	Topical
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H317, H412
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 0 0
Flash point	90 °C (194 °F; 363 K)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Pine tar is a form of wood tar produced by the high temperature carbonization of pine wood in anoxic conditions (dry distillation or destructive distillation). The wood is rapidly decomposed by applying heat and pressure in a closed container; the primary resulting products are charcoal and pine tar.

Pine tar consists primarily of aromatic hydrocarbons, tar acids, and tar bases. Components of tar vary according to the pyrolytic process (e.g. method, duration, temperature) and origin of the wood (e.g. age of pine trees, type of soil, and moisture conditions during tree growth). The choice of wood, design of kiln, burning, and collection of the tar can vary. Only pine stumps and roots are used in the traditional production of pine tar.^{[citation needed]}

Pine tar has a long history as a wood preservative, as a wood sealant for maritime use, in roofing construction and maintenance, in soaps, and in the treatment of carbuncles and skin diseases, such as psoriasis, eczema, and rosacea. It is used in baseball to enhance the grip of a hitter's bat; it is also sometimes used by pitchers to improve their grip on the ball, in violation of the rules.^[1]

History

Nordic Iron Age

Based on chemical analysis of organic residues, there are strong indications that cone-shaped pits discovered north of Uppsala, Sweden, have been used for pine tar production. Three of the pits have been radiocarbon dated. The oldest dates back to 540–380 BCE, which would make it the world's oldest known, still existing tar production facility. The other dates from 230–390 CE.^[2]

Classical antiquity

In his encyclopedic work Natural History (Latin: Naturalis Historia) the Roman naturalist and author Pliny the Elder (23/24–79 CE) describes how, in Europe, tar is produced through the destructive distillation of pine wood. The wood was chopped into small pieces (billets) and heated in a furnace. The tar was used "for coating ships and for many other useful purposes."^[3]

17th century

Finland

Pine tar has long been used in Nordic nations as a preservative for wood which may be exposed to harsh conditions, including outdoor furniture and ship decking and rigging. Tar demand surged in the 17th century as European nations began constructing naval and merchant fleets that required tar and pitch for ship waterproofing and caulking. In Finland, then a part of Sweden, large-scale tar production began in the early 17th century. By the late 17th century, tar was Sweden's third most valuable export commodity.

North American colonies

Tar and pitch for maritime use was in such demand that it became an important export for the American colonies, which had extensive pine forests. North Carolinians became known as "Tar Heels."^{[citation needed]}

18th–19th century

Sweden

In present-day Sweden, large-scale tar production started around 1700. Swedish pine tar was often called "Stockholm tar"^[4] since, for many years, a single company held a royal monopoly on its export out of Stockholm, Sweden.^[5] It was also known as "Archangel Tar".^[6] Stockholm tar became synonymous with top-quality tar. Tar production peaked around the mid-1850s and gradually declined thereafter, largely due to new shipbuilding materials reducing the need for tar as a waterproofing agent, and to the decreasing use of hemp rope as sailing ships were phased out.

Use

Pine tar was used as a preservative on the bottoms of traditional Nordic-style skis until modern synthetic materials replaced wood in their construction. It also helped waxes adhere, which aided such skis’ grip and glide.

Pine tar is widely used as a veterinary care product,^[7] particularly as an antiseptic and hoof care treatment for horses and cattle.^[7] It also has been used when chickens start pecking the low hen.^[8] Applying a smear of pine tar on the hens' wound acts as a natural germicidal/antibacterial agent that discourages continued attacks on the affected hen due to its foreign texture.^[8]

Pine tar is used as a softening solvent in the rubber industry, for treating and fabricating construction materials, and in special paints.

As a wood preservative

Pine tar is combined with gum turpentine and boiled linseed oil to create a wood preservative. First, a thin coat is applied using a mixture with a greater proportion of turpentine. This allows it to permeate deeper into the oakum and fibre of the wood and lets the tar seep into any pinholes and larger gaps that might be in the planks. The tar weeps out to the exterior and indicates where the boat needs the most attention.^[how?] This is followed with a thicker standard mix. Such treatments, while effective, must be continually reapplied.

Weatherproofing rope

Traditionally, hemp and other natural fibers were the norm for rope production. Such rope would quickly rot when exposed to rain, and was typically tarred to preserve it. The tar would stain the hands of ship's crews, and British Navy seamen became known as "tars."

Baseball

Pine tar is applied to the handles of baseball bats to improve a batter's grip.

Rule 1.10(c) of the 2002 Official rules of Major League Baseball restricts application to the lower 18 inches of a bat. The most famous example of the rule being applied is the Pine Tar Incident, which occurred during the July 24, 1983 game between the Kansas City Royals and New York Yankees which resulted in a George Brett go-ahead home run in the ninth inning being nullified and the game being protested.

Pine tar is also sometimes used illegally by pitchers to improve their grip on the ball in cold weather. This is not allowed due to a regulation prohibiting the application of any foreign substance to a ball (except grip-improving baseball rubbing mud applied by the umpires).

Medical

Pine tar has historically been used for treating skin conditions, usually as an additive in cold process solid soap or lotions.^[9] Due to the high presence of phenol in the early manufacturing of pine tar, it was deemed carcinogenic. However, now much of the phenol has been removed. Pine tar was banned by the FDA along with many other ingredients categorized as over the counter drugs, due to a lack of evidence of safety and effectiveness for the specific uses named.^[10] However, clinical tests in Australia in 2017 demonstrated that the greatest risk comes from acute sensitivity for those with severe dermatological conditions, and if it comes in contact with the eyes.^[9] The number of positive reactions for wood tars was not significantly greater than those for other common allergens. In addition, the concentration of pine tar in topical products available in Australia is up to 2.3%, which is up to four times less than that tested in these studies.

Pine tar has been used to cover peck wounds in captive bird flocks such as chickens, to prevent continued pecking on a wound and cannibalism.^[11] Pine tar is also used in veterinary medicine as an expectorant and an antiseptic in chronic skin conditions.^[12]

References

^ Matthews, Wallace (April 24, 2014). "Michael Pineda suspended 10 games". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
^ Björck, Niclas; Appelgren, Katarina (2005). Boplats och gravar från äldre järnålder i Fyrisåns dalgång [Settlements and graves from the early Iron Age in the Fyris valley]. UV GAL, Rapport 2005:5 (in Swedish). Riksantikvarieämbetet, Avdelningen för arkeologiska undersökningar. pp. 16, 26.
^ Pliny the Elder (1855) [Pliny published the first 10 books in 77 CE. The rest was published posthumously by Pliny the Younger]. "XVI.21(11)". The Natural History of Pliny: Translated, with Copious Notes and Illustrations. Vol. III. Translated by Bostock, John; Riley, Henry Thomas. Henry G. Bohn.
^ "Stockholm Tar". MedicAnimal.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
^ Theodore P. Kaye. "Pine Tar; History And Uses". San Francisco Maritime Park Association. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tar" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 414: see second para. Wood Tar.—Wood tar, known also as Stockholm and as Archangel tar, is....."
^ ^a ^b Wickstrom, Mark. "Phenols and Related Compounds". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck Manuals. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
^ ^a ^b Laura Bryant. Chickens: A Step-by-Step Guide to Raising and Keeping Hens. Cedar Fort, Inc. ISBN 9781462103409. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
^ ^a ^b Barnes, Tanya M.; Greive, Kerryn A. (2017). "Topical pine tar: History, properties and use as a treatment for common skin conditions". Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 58 (2): 80–85. doi:10.1111/ajd.12427. ISSN 1440-0960. PMC 5434829. PMID 26790564.
^ Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. 14CFR310.545
^ Gail Damerow (1 January 2010). Guide to Raising Chickens. Storey Publishing, LLC. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-60342-469-1.
^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 7417. p. 1182