Parens patriae

Parens patriae is Latin for "parent of the nation" (lit., "parent of one's country").[1][2] In law, it refers to the public policy power of the state to intervene against an abusive or negligent parent, legal guardian, or informal caretaker, and to act as the parent of any child, individual or animal who is in need of protection. For example, some children, incapacitated individuals, and disabled individuals lack parents who are able and willing to render adequate care, thus requiring state intervention.[3]

In U.S. litigation, parens patriae can be invoked by the state to create its standing to sue; the state declares itself to be suing on behalf of its people. For example, the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvement Act of 1976 (15 USC 15c), through Section 4C of the Clayton Act, permits state attorneys general to bring parens patriae suits on behalf of those injured by violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Discussion

Parens patriae relates to a notion initially invoked by the King's Bench in the sixteenth century in cases of non compos mentis adults.[4] The notion dates from at least 1608, as recorded in Coke's report of Calvin's Case, wherein it is said "that moral law, honora patrem… doubtless doth extend to him that is pater patriae."[5]

The parens patrae doctrine was gradually applied to children throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and has since evolved from one granting absolute rights to the sovereign to one more associated with rights and obligations of the state and courts towards children and incapacitated adults.[6][7]

In some situations, the parties may have submitted their dispute to formal arbitration proceedings. Such proceedings, whether judicial or quasi-judicial, cannot displace the supervisory power of the court in the exercise of its parens patriae function to the child. To the extent that such an award conflicts with the best interests of the child, the courts will treat it as void in respect of the child, even though it might be binding on the parents. The test of the best interests of the child can always be the basis of a challenge by a parent, grandparent, an interested relative, or the child acting through a friend.

Thus, for example, the spouses might already have been through a religious form of divorce known as the get before the Beth Din, the Jewish rabbinical court, which included provision for the children. Even though there might appear to be a grant of custody in absolute terms by this court, public policy always requires that it can be reviewed by a secular court and, if the state court is of the view that it is not in the best interests of the child, it will be set aside (see Stanley G. v. Eileen G. New York Law Journal, 10-13-94, P.22, Col.6, Sup. Ct., NY Co.).

Within the EU, the right of the child to be heard in any proceedings is a fundamental right provided in Article 24 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The views of the child shall be considered on matters which concern them in accordance with their age and maturity. It also provides that the child's best interest shall be the primary consideration in all actions relating to children, whether taken by public authorities or private institutions.

The same principles apply to individuals whose mental capacity is impaired and who are being abused by carers or other individuals, whether family members or otherwise. Since these individuals cannot protect themselves, the courts have an inherent jurisdiction to appoint a guardian ad litem for particular proceedings. In English Law, long-term care is arranged through the Court of Protection.

In US federal courts

The concept of the parens patriae suit has been greatly expanded in the United States federal courts beyond those that existed in England.[8]

In Louisiana v. Texas,[9] the State of Louisiana brought suit to enjoin officials of the State of Texas from so administering the Texas quarantine regulations as to prevent Louisiana merchants from sending goods into Texas. The US Supreme Court recognized that Louisiana was attempting to sue, not because of any particular injury to a particular business of the state, but as parens patriae for all its citizens.[10] While the Court found that parens patriae could not properly be invoked in that case, the propriety and utility of parens patriae suits were clearly recognized,[a] thus setting a precedent. Thus, in a series of cases after Louisiana v. Texas the Supreme Court followed that precedent to allow states to sue as parens patriae:

  • Missouri v. Illinois, 180 U.S. 208 (1901) (holding that Missouri was permitted to sue Illinois and a Chicago sanitation district on behalf of Missouri citizens to enjoin the discharge of sewage into the Mississippi River);
  • Kansas v. Colorado, 206 U.S. 46 (1907) (holding that Kansas was permitted to sue as parens patriae to enjoin the diversion of water from an interstate stream);
  • Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Co., 206 U.S. 230 (1907) (holding that Georgia was entitled to sue to enjoin fumes from a copper plant across the state border from injuring land in five Georgia counties);
  • New York v. New Jersey, 256 U.S. 296 (1921) (holding that New York could sue to enjoin the discharge of sewage into the New York harbor);
  • Pennsylvania v. West Virginia, 262 U.S. 553 (1923) (holding that Pennsylvania might sue to enjoin restraints on the commercial flow of natural gas);
  • North Dakota v. Minnesota, 263 U.S. 365 (1923) (holding that Minnesota could sue to enjoin changes in drainage which increase the flow of water in an interstate stream).

The Supreme Court recognized a different kind of parens patriae suit in Georgia v. Pennsylvania R. Co.[11] While the earlier cases were common-law actions to prevent or repair harm to a state's "quasi-sovereign" interests. Georgia now sought relief under the federal antitrust statute, alleging that twenty railroads had conspired to restrain trade and to fix prices in a manner that would favor shippers in other states (particularly northern states) to the detriment of Georgia shippers and the state's economy. The court upheld Georgia's claim as parens patriae with respect to injunctive relief, but did not consider whether the antitrust laws also authorized damages for an injury to the state's economy, because the ICC's approval of the challenged rates barred any damage recovery.

Then, three decades later, in Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co.,[12] the court considered a generally similar damages action Hawaii brought under the antitrust laws for damages to its general economy resulting from a price fix by four oil companies. The court held that the state could sue as parens patriae only for injunctive relief and not for damages. Its citizens would have to sue individually for damages.

In Massachusetts v. EPA,[13] a group of states (mostly coastal states) sought to sue the EPA to require it to regulate greenhouse gas emissions because they were causing global warming and rising sea levels. "These rising seas have already begun to swallow Massachusetts' coastal land."[14] The court stated:

In sum—at least according to petitioners' uncontested affidavits—the rise in sea levels associated with global warming has already harmed and will continue to harm Massachusetts. The risk of catastrophic harm, though remote, is nevertheless real. That risk would be reduced to some extent if petitioners received the relief they seek.[15]

Therefore, states such as Massachusetts had standing as parens patriae to sue EPA to seeks to require it to regulate to protect their coastlines. The Court held that EPA would have to consider the matter and give a reasoned explanation of whatever its decision on the merits would be.[16]

In Pennsylvania v. Mid-Atlantic Toyota Distributors, Inc.,[17] the Fourth Circuit held that several state attorney generals were proper parens patriae plaintiffs to sue a group of car dealers for price fixing, in order to recover damages for their citizen injured by overcharges. The court held that because plaintiffs were authorized to pursue antitrust litigation against defendants on behalf of their states' natural-person residents under both 15 U.S.C. §§ 15c-15h and state laws and constitutions, they could sue on behalf of their citizens.

The relation of parens patriae suits brought under state law to the federal Class Action Fairness Act is an unclear issue with implications related to American federalism.[18]

The United States Supreme Court ruled in Haaland v. Brackeen that states do not have the authority to sue the federal government under parens patriae.[19]

Animals

Supreme Court of India invoked the doctrine of parens patriae in Animal Welfare Board Of India vs A. Nagaraja & Ors, the court observed, "PCA Act (Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act), is a welfare legislation which has to be construed bearing in mind the purpose and object of the Act and the Directive Principles of State Policy. It is trite law that, in the matters of welfare legislation, the provisions of law should be liberally construed in favour of the weak and infirm. Court also should be vigilant to see that benefits conferred by such remedial and welfare legislation are not defeated by subtle devices. Court has also a duty under the doctrine of parens patriae to take care of the rights of animals, since they are unable to take care of themselves as against human beings."[20]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "It is in this aspect that the bill before us is framed. Its gravamen is not a special and peculiar injury such as would sustain an action by a private person, but the State of Louisiana presents herself in the attitude of parens patriae, trustee, guardian, or representative of all her citizens. She does this from the point of view that the State of Texas is intentionally absolutely interdicting interstate commerce as respects the State of Louisiana by means of unnecessary and unreasonable quarantine regulations. Inasmuch as the vindication of the freedom of interstate commerce is not committed to the State of Louisiana, and that state is not engaged in such commerce, the cause of action must be regarded not as involving any infringement of the powers of the State of Louisiana, or any special injury to her property, but as asserting that the state is entitled to seek relief in this way because the matters complained of affect her citizens at large."

References

  1. ^ "Protecting Subject Children in Family Court and beyond: The Necessity to Utilize Identical Confidentiality Measures between Necessity to Utilize Identical Confidentiality Measures between Article 6 Lincoln Hearings and Article 10 Lincoln Hearings Article 6 Lincoln Hearings and Article 10 Lincoln Hearings".
  2. ^ DeBellis, Claudio; Soja, Marta (Spring 1993). "Gregory K.: Child Standing in Parental Termination Proceedings and the Implications of the Foster Parent-Foster Child and the Implications of the Foster Parent-Foster Child Relationship on the Best Interests Standard Relationship on the Best Interests Standard". DePaul Law Review DeP. 8 (2): 501.
  3. ^ "parens patriae". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
  4. ^ Lat: not having control over the mind or intellect. Not of sound mind; insane. See 108 A. 2d 820, 822. In certain circumstances its effect is lessened to mean only "not legally competent." See 1 S.E. 2d 768, 770. Compare diminished capacity; incompetent; non sui juris.
  5. ^ Sir Edward Coke; John Henry Thomas; John Farquhar Fraser (1826). The Reports of Sir Edward Coke, Knt. [1572-1617]: In Thirteen Parts. J. Butterworth and Son. pp. 21. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  6. ^ People v. Bennett: Analytic Approaches to Recognizing a Fundamental Parental Right Under the Ninth Amendment, 1996 BYU Law Review 186, 227-34
  7. ^ Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice, 2008 BYU Law Review 377, 386 n.30
  8. ^ Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co., 405 U.S. 251 (1972).
  9. ^ 176 U.S. 1 (1900).
  10. ^ 176 U.S., at 19.
  11. ^ 324 U.S. 439 (1945).
  12. ^ 405 U.S. 251 (1972).
  13. ^ 549 U.S. 497 (2007).
  14. ^ 549 U.S. at 522.
  15. ^ 549 U.S. at 526.
  16. ^ 549 U.S. at 534-35.
  17. ^ 704 F.2d 125 (4th Cir. 1983).
  18. ^ Carswell, Dwight R. (2011). "CAFA and Parens Patriae Actions". The University of Chicago Law Review. 78 (1): 345–376. ISSN 0041-9494. JSTOR 41552860.
  19. ^ Amy Coney Barrett (June 15, 2023). "Brackeen v. Haaland" (PDF). Supreme Court. United States Supreme Court. p. 32.
  20. ^ K. S., Radhakrishnan (2014-05-07). "Supreme Court of India: Animal Welfare Board Of India vs A. Nagaraja & Ors". India Kanoon. Archived from the original on Dec 30, 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-13.

Further reading

Read other articles:

This is a list of airlines currently operating in Svalbard. Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Service Notes Arktikugol Operates helicopter service Lufttransport Svalbard Operates aircraft service See also List of airlines vteList of airlines in EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechte...

 

Romelu Lukaku Lukaku bermain untuk Chelsea pada 2021Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Romelu Lukaku Bolingoli[1]Tanggal lahir 13 Mei 1993 (umur 30)[3][2]Tempat lahir Antwerpen, Belgia[2]Tinggi 191 cm (6 ft 3 in)[2]Posisi bermain StrikerInformasi klubKlub saat ini AS Roma(dipinjam dari Chelsea)Nomor 90Karier junior1999–2003 Rupel Boom2003–2004 KFC Wintam2004–2006 Lierse2006–2009 AnderlechtKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2009...

 

31°26′23″N 30°23′22″E / 31.439722222222°N 30.389444444444°E / 31.439722222222; 30.389444444444 طابية رشيدمعلومات عامةنوع المبنى حصن المنطقة الإدارية رشيد البلد  مصر أبرز الأحداثأحداث مهمة حصار فورت جوليان معلومات أخرىالإحداثيات 31°26′23″N 30°23′22″E / 31.4397°N 30.3894°E / 31.4397; 30.3894 تعديل - تع

У Вікіпедії є статті про інші географічні об’єкти з назвою Емгерст. Переписна місцевість Емгерстангл. Amherst Координати 42°51′ пн. ш. 71°37′ зх. д. / 42.850° пн. ш. 71.617° зх. д. / 42.850; -71.617Координати: 42°51′ пн. ш. 71°37′ зх. д. / 42.850° пн...

 

City in MarylandSeat Pleasant, MarylandCity FlagSealLocation of Seat Pleasant, MarylandCoordinates: 38°53′43″N 76°54′8″W / 38.89528°N 76.90222°W / 38.89528; -76.90222Country United States of AmericaState MarylandCounty Prince George'sIncorporated1931[1]Government • TypeNonpartisan • MayorKelly PorterArea[2] • Total0.74 sq mi (1.92 km2) • Land0.74 sq mi (1.92&#...

 

American politician For the U.S. Senator from Mississippi, see John Henderson (Mississippi politician). John HendersonUnited States Senatorfrom MissouriIn officeJanuary 17, 1862 – March 3, 1869Preceded byTrusten PolkSucceeded byCarl Schurz Personal detailsBornJohn Brooks Henderson(1826-11-16)November 16, 1826near Danville, Virginia, U.S.DiedApril 12, 1913(1913-04-12) (aged 86)Washington, D.C., U.S.Political partyDemocratic (before 1862)Unionist (1886–1863)Unconditional Union...

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) نايجل ر. فرانكس معلومات شخصية الميلاد 21 أغسطس 1956 (67 سنة)  مواطنة المملكة المتحدة  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة ليدز  المهنة عالم سلوك الحيوان،  ...

 

Hindu temple in Telangana, India Sri Ranganathaswamy TempleReligionAffiliationHinduismDeityRanganathaLocationLocationHyderabadStateTelanganaCountryIndiaArchitectureTypeSouth Indian Nanakramguda temple or Sri Ranganadha swamy temple is a 400-year-old Ranganatha temple in Nanakramguda, near Manikonda in Hyderabad.[1] It is located at Rangbagh in Nanakramguda, which is approximately 15 km from Mehdipatnam. References ^ Theft in Ranganatha Swamy temple, The Hindu, 5 September 2008 Ex...

 

Flemish politician, mayor of Antwerp (1560–1640) Nicolaas RockoxknightNicolaas Rockox,painted by Otto van Veen.Mayor of AntwerpMonarchPhilip II of Spain Personal detailsBorn14 December 1560AntwerpDied12 December 1640(1640-12-12) (aged 79)AntwerpSpouseAdriana Perez (1568–1619) Nicolaas Rockox (1560–1640), was an art patron and collector, numismatist, humanist, philanthropist and mayor of Antwerp. He was a close personal friend and important patron of Peter Paul Rubens. His residence...

Ruta 210 Puente Río Bueno. Pasarela de Peatones, Sector kilómetro 8. Longitud 14 km Regiones Los Ríos Inicio La Unión Intersecciones Ruta CH-5 en Río Bueno Final Río Bueno La Ruta 210 es una carretera chilena que abarca la Región de Los Ríos en el sur de Chile. La Ruta se inicia en La Unión y finaliza en Río Bueno. Áreas Geográficas y Urbanas kilómetro 0 Comuna de La Unión. kilómetro 8 Accesos a Puerto Nuevo, Autopista de Los Ríos (Panamericana, camino alternativo), Coique y a...

 

Ini adalah nama Maluku (Buru), marganya adalah Henitu Husnie HentihuBupati Buru pertamaMasa jabatan2002–2012PresidenMegawati SoekarnoputriSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoGubernurM. Saleh LatuconsinaKarel Albert RalahaluWakilBakri LumbessyRamly UmasugiPendahuluR.S. Sangadji (Pj.)PenggantiRamly Umasugi Informasi pribadiLahir(1950-08-20)20 Agustus 1950Wamlana, Fena Leisela, Buru, MalukuMeninggal20 Februari 2023(2023-02-20) (umur 72)Ambon, MalukuKebangsaanIndonesiaSuami/istriHj. Murniaty Sulai...

 

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (February 2010) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikip...

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Sfera mall – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Sfera in Bielsko-Biała Sfera is the largest mall in Bielsko-Biała, Poland housing about 120 shops, music club, cinema (Helios) and supermarket. Ar...

 

Series of comic books This article is about the publication. For the publisher, see Archie Comics. For the character, see Archie Andrews. ArchieCover to Archie #1 (vol. 1) (Winter 1942).Publication informationPublisherArchie ComicsScheduleMonthlyFormatOngoing seriesPublication date(vol. 1)Winter 1942 – June 2015(vol. 2)July 2015 – September 2018(vol. 1 cont.)October 2018 – present (as of October 2018 cover date)No. of issues(vol. 1): 666 (#1–666)(vol. 2): 32 (#1 - 32)(vol. 1 cont.): 1...

 

Former method of emergency broadcasting in the United States For the band, see Conelrad (band). CONELRADCONELRAD Logo, incorporating the shield of United States Civil DefenseTypeEmergency warning systemCountryUnited StatesBroadcast areaNationwideOwnershipOwnerFederal Civil Defense AdministrationHistoryLaunch date1951ClosedAugust 5, 1963Replaced byEmergency Broadcast System (as Emergency Action Notification System)CoverageStations640 AM or 1240 AMTransmittersVarious CONELRAD (Control of E...

Railway line in Yorkshire, England Hallam LineLNER Class A4 4498 Sir Nigel Gresley passing the former Brightside stationOverviewOwnerNetwork RailLocaleWest YorkshireSouth YorkshireTerminiLeedsSheffieldTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge Route map (Click to expand) vteHallam Line Legend Selby Line Leeds Wakefield, Airedale, andHuddersfield lines Leeds New Approach Leeds Hunslet Lane Hunslet Middleton Railway EWYUR Woodlesford Methley ...

 

History of the English county of Hampshire This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verifica...

 

Italian political party This article is about the Italian political party established in 2017. For its predecessor, see Lega Nord. League LegaSecretaryMatteo SalviniDeputy Secretaries Giancarlo Giorgetti Lorenzo Fontana Andrea Crippa [it] Founded14 December 2017; 5 years ago (2017-12-14)Preceded byLega Nord (alive, but inactive)Us with Salvini (disbanded)HeadquartersVia Carlo Bellerio 41, Milan[1]Student wingLega UniversitariaYouth wingLega GiovaniI...

Distributed collective of library workers working on social justice Radical ReferenceRadRef meeting in 2005Formation2004Founded atNew York CityWebsiteradicalreference.info Radical Reference is a distributed collective of library workers, students and information activists who work on social justice issues.[1] They provide professional research support, education and access to information to activist communities, progressive organizations, and independent journalists who they describe ...

 

Funke Mediengruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA Logo Rechtsform GmbH & Co. KGaA Sitz Essen, Deutschland Deutschland Leitung Simone Kasik, Bianca Pohlmann, Christoph Rüth, Stephan Thurm und Jochen Beckmann (Geschäftsführung)[1] Julia Becker (Aufsichtsratsvorsitz)[2] Mitarbeiterzahl 5.403[3] Umsatz 1,119 Milliarden Euro[3] Branche Massenmedien Website www.funkemedien.de Stand: 2021 Die Funke Mediengruppe mit Sitz in Essen ist ein Medienkonzern in der Rechtsfo...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!