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PM
Type	Daily newspaper
Founder(s)	Ralph Ingersoll
Founded	June 1940
Political alignment	Liberal
Ceased publication	June 1948
Headquarters	New York City
Circulation	165,000

PM was a liberal-leaning daily newspaper published in New York City by Ralph Ingersoll from June 1940 to June 1948 and financed by Chicago millionaire Marshall Field III.

The paper borrowed many elements from weekly news magazines, such as many large photos and at first was bound with staples. In an attempt to be free of pressure from business interests, it did not accept advertising. These departures from the norms of newspaper publishing created excitement in the industry. Some 11,000 people applied for the 150 jobs available when the publication first hired staff.

Publication history

In 1945, Coulton Waugh employed a novel art approach on his PM strip *Hank*. According to Waugh, *Hank* was "a deliberate attempt to work in the field of social usefulness."^[1]

The origin of the name is unknown, although Ingersoll recalled that it probably referred to the fact that the paper appeared post meridiem (in the afternoon);^[2] The New Yorker reported that the name had been suggested by Lillian Hellman.^[3] (There is no historical evidence for the suggestion that the name was an abbreviation of Picture Magazine.)

The first year of the paper was a general success, though it was already in some financial trouble: its circulation of 100,000–200,000 was insufficient. Circulation averaged 165,000, but the paper never managed to sell the 225,000 copies a day it needed to break even. Marshall Field III had become the paper's funder; quite unusually, he was a "silent partner" in this continually money-losing undertaking.^[4]

According to a June 21, 1966, memo from Ingersoll:

Before the end of the War it was actually operating in the black.... In my opinion at the time and these 20 years later−PM's death is most soundly attributable to a sustained and well-organized plot originating amongst Field's friends and associates in the business world who were alienated by Field's loyalty to PM and to me. The hostility was there from the beginning; the plot came together under the auspices of a man named Harry Cushing who was a retainer of Field's. The principal and successful offensive of this group was that it had as its objective Field's distraction from PM by persuading him to start the Sun in Chicago. Once they committed Field to the Sun venture, the end was inevitable. I can diagram it for you but merely put it on record here.^[5]

PM was sold in 1948 and published its final issue on June 22. The next day it was replaced by the New York Star, which folded on January 28, 1949.

Politics

Chronicles has accused the paper of being Communist-dominated,^[6] but Anya Schiffrin has said that the paper frequently opposed the policies of the Communist Party (CP) and engaged in editorial battles with the CP's paper, the Daily Worker.^[7]

In 1946, PM published some of the findings of federal investigator O. John Rogge into the inter-relationship during the 1930s and war years of authoritarian beliefs, armed militia groups, antisemitism and collusion between elected U.S. politicians and the German Nazi propaganda mill. Rogge had little success publishing his information elsewhere for many years.^[8]

Staff

Editors

Leo Huberman was labor editor.

Writers

I. F. Stone was the paper's Washington correspondent. He published an award-winning series on European Jewish refugees attempting to run the British blockade to reach Palestine (later collected and published as Underground to Palestine). Staffers included theater critic Louis Kronenberger and film critic Cecelia Ager. Kenneth G. Crawford wrote for PM from 1939 to 1942.

The sports writers were Tom Meany, Tom O’Reilly and George F. T. Ryall, who covered horse racing. Sophie Smoliar was the New York City reporter working frequently with photographer Arthur Felig ("Weegee") (submitted by her son and a collection of her original articles). Elizabeth Hawes wrote about fashion, and her sister Charlotte Adams covered food.^[4]^[9]

Contributors

Theodor Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, published more than 400 cartoons on PM's editorial page.^[9]^[10] Crockett Johnson's comic strip Barnaby debuted in the paper in 1942. Other artists who worked at PM included Ad Reinhardt, one of the founders of Abstract Expressionism, and Joseph Leboit; both contributed margin cartoons and drawings. Noted artist Jack Coggins contributed wartime artwork for at least nine issues between 1940 and 1942.^[11]

Coulton Waugh created his short-lived strip, Hank, which began April 30, 1945, in PM. The story of a disabled G.I. returning to civilian life, Hank had a unique look due to Waugh's decorative art style, combined with dialogue lettered in upper and lower case rather than the accepted convention of all uppercase lettering in balloons and captions. Some dialogue was displayed with white lettering reversed into black balloons. Hank sought to raise questions about the reasons for war, and how it might be prevented by the next generation. Waugh discontinued it at the very end of 1945 because of eyestrain.^[1] Cartoonist Jack Sparling created the short-lived comic strip Claire Voyant, which ran from 1943 to 1948 in PM, and which was subsequently syndicated by the Chicago Sun-Times. Cartoonist Howard Sparber (né Howard Paul Sparber; 1921–2018) contributed after World War II. The Argentine Cartoonist Dante Quinterno publishes: Patoruzú his successful strip in South America.

Other writers who contributed articles included Erskine Caldwell, Myril Axlerod, McGeorge Bundy, Saul K. Padover, James Wechsler, eventually the paper's editorial writer, Penn Kimball, later a professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Myril Axelrod Bennett, Heywood Hale Broun, James Thurber, Dorothy Parker, Ernest Hemingway, Eugene Lyons, Earl Conrad, Benjamin Stolberg, Louis Adamic, Malcolm Cowley,^[4] Tip O'Neill (later Speaker of the House;^[9] and Ben Hecht.^[4]

Photographers

Weegee, Margaret Bourke-White, Ray Platnick and Arthur Leipzig were the primary photographers.

Julius "Skippy" Adelman (born around 1924)^[12]^[13]
John Albert 1910–1972)
Bernie Aumuller (né Bernard A. Aumuller; 1920–1971), his father, Bernard George Aumuller (1895–1975) was also a photographer
Gene Badger
Margaret Bourke-White (1904–1971)
Hugh Broderick (né Hugh J. Broderick; 1910–1971)
William "Bill" Brunk (Los Angeles Examiner)
John S. DeBiase (1901–1954)^[14]
John Derry
Stephen Derry
David Eisendrath, Jr. (né David Benjamin Eisendrath; 1914–1988)
Morris Engel (1918–2005)
Alan Fisher
Morris Gordon (1918–2005)
Irving Haberman (né Isaac Haberman; 1916–2003)
Martin Harris (1908–1971)
Dan Israel
Charles Fenno Jacobs (1904–1974)
Dan Keleher, (né Daniel J. Keleher, Jr., 1908–1952)
Peter Killian
Arthur Leipzig (né Isidore Leipzig; 1918–2014)^[15]
Helen Levitt (1913–2009)
Leo Lieb (né Morris Leo Lieb; 1909–2001)
Ray Platnick (né Raphael Platnick; 1917–1986)
Weegee, (pseudonym of Arthur (Usher) Fellig (1899–1968)^[16]
Mary "Morrie" Morris (né Mary Louise Morris; 1914–2009), one of the first female AP photographers and pioneer of white umbrellas used give a softer look to flash lighting and portraiture. She, in June 1937, married filmmaker Ralph Steiner. In 1963, she married classical record producer for Mercury, Harold Lawrence (né Harold Levine; 1923–2011), who, at the time, was the General Manager of the London Symphony Orchestra

Contributing photographers

Robert Capa (1913–1954)
Walker Evans (1903–1975)
Edward Weston (1886–1958)
Edward Steichen (1879–1973)
Ralph Steiner (1899–1986)

Sunday magazine section

Picture News was the Sunday magazine section of PM.

Editor: William Thomas McCleery (1912–2000)

Managing editor: Herbert Yahraes (né Herbert Conrad Yahraes, Jr.; 1906–1985)

Associate editors: Lorimer Dexter Heywood (1899–1977), Kenneth Stewart, David Rodman Lindsay (1916–1985), Peggy Wright, Gertrude Stamm

Staff: Raymond Abrashkin (1911–1960), Skippy Adelman, Holly Beye (née Helen Beye; 1922–2011), W. Russell Bowie, Jr. (1920–2002) (son of Walter Russell Bowie), Mary Morris (maiden; 1914–2009), Charles Norman (1904–1996), Roger Samuel Pippett (1895–1962), Robert Rice (1916–1998), Selma Robinson (maiden; 1899–1977) (mother-in-law of Hymen B. Mintz), Dale Rooks (né Rhine Dale Rooks; 1917–1954) (photographer), Lillian E. Ross (née Lillian Rosovsky; 1918–2017)

Art director: H. Russell Countryman

Citations

^ ^a ^b Waugh, Coulton (1974) [1947]. The Comics. New York: Luna Press.
^ Hoopes, Roy (1985). Ralph Ingersoll: A Biography. New York: Atheneum. p. 216. OCLC 1088214949.
^ "Notes & Comment: Newspaper". The New Yorker. 18 May 1940. pp. 13–14.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Starr, Roger. "PM: New York's Highbrow Tabloid". City Journal. No. Summer 1993. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
^ Ingersoll to Mrs. Leighner, Boston University Gottlieb Archives
^ "Leave Dr. Seuss for Dead".
^ Schiffrin, Anya (1984). We Are Against People who Push Other People Around: A Study of the Newspaper (B.A.). Reed College. OCLC 268862072.
^ Maddow. Prequel An American Fight Against Fascism. pp. 303–304.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nel, Philip. "About the Newspaper PM". The Crockett Johnson Homepage. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
^ "Serious Seuss: Children's author as political cartoonist". CNN. October 17, 1999.
^ "Jack Coggins - Newspaper PM Illustrations". January 13, 2018.
^ Jazz Pix: Skippy Adelman's Pictures Have the Spontaniety That is the Very Soul of Jazz, vol. 18, Popular Photography, June 1946, p. 54
^ The Hardboiled School of Photography: The Legend of Skip Adelman, PM's Picture Ace, vol. 8, Minicam Photography, April 1945, pp. 30, 33, 80, 82
^ "John S. DeBiase". Daily News. 1954-05-18. p. 27C. (accessible via Newspapers.com, subscription required)
^ "Interviews with ASMP Founder: Arthur Leipzig". American Society of Media Photographers. 1966. (re: Arthur Leipzig), interview and transcript by Kay Reese & Mimi Leipzig
ASMP staff edited the transcript for online presentation and added supplemental biographic information.
^ Pelizzon, V. Penelope; West, Nancy M. (2010), "Tabloid, Inc.: Crimes, Newspapers, Narratives" (PDF), Theory and Interpretation of Narrative, Ohio State University Press, hdl:1811/44630

General and cited references

Jason E. Hill (2018). Artist as Reporter: Weegee, Ad Reinhardt, and the PM News Picture. Oakland, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-29143-0.
Paul Milkman (1997). PM: A New Deal in Journalism 1940–1948. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2434-2.