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Opération Chammal

Opération Chammal
Part of the international military intervention against ISIL

French Dassault Rafale of Squadron 11F prepares to land on USS Carl Vinson. Carl Vinson is deployed as part of maritime security operations and strike operations in Iraq and Syria.
Date19 September 2014 – ongoing
(9 years, 6 months, 1 week and 1 day)
Location
Status

Ongoing

  • French airstrikes on IS in Iraq and Syria
  • IS ground attacks on French special forces repelled
  • Complete military defeat of IS in Iraq on 9 Dec 2017[3]
Belligerents
France France Islamic State
Commanders and leaders

France Emmanuel Macron
(President 2017–present)
France Gabriel Attal
(Prime Minister 2024–present)
France Gérald Darmanin
(Minister of the Interior 2020–present)
Sébastien Lecornu
(Minister of the Armed Forces 2022–present)
Thierry Burkhard
(Chief of the Defence Staff 2021–present)
Pierre Schill
(Chief of the Army Staff 2021–present)
Nicolas Vaujour
(Chief of the Naval Staff 2023–present)
Stéphane Mille
(Chief of the Air and Space Force Staff 2021–present)

Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (Leader of IS)
Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi 
Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi 
Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi [4]

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi  [5]
Islamic State Abu Ala al-Afri [6]
Abu Ali al-Anbari 
Abu Suleiman al-Naser 
Abu Ali al-Anbari 
Abu Omar al-Shishani 
Abu Waheeb 
Units involved
French Air Force
French Navy
French Army
Military activity of the Islamic State
Strength
  • Between 9,000 to 18,000 (U.S. intelligence estimate, January 2015)[11]
  • Between 20,000 to 31,500 (CIA estimate, September 2014)[12]
Casualties and losses
  • 2 killed as of December 2019[13]
  • Unknown wounded
  • Over 2,500 ISIS fighters killed by French forces between September 2014 and December 2016[14] (reports on casualties from 2017 onwards are scarce)
  • Unknown wounded
  • Over 2,000 targets (ISIS bases, weapons and ammunition depots, infrastructures...) destroyed by French air strikes between August 2014 and May 2017[15]

Opération Chammal is a French military operation in Iraq and Syria launched to help curtail the expansion of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and to support the Iraqi Army. Its name comes from the Shamal (Chammal in French), a northwesterly wind that blows over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states.[16]

Airstrikes in Iraq began in 19 September 2014 and airstrikes in Syria by the end of September 2015. The French operation was at first limited to airstrikes and French president, François Hollande, had stated no ground troops would be deployed in the conflict.[17] Additionally, the French frigate Jean Bart joined the United States Navy's Commander Task Force 50 (CTF 50) as an escort.[18]

On 14 November 2015, ISIS claimed that the terrorist attacks that took place in Paris the previous day were retaliation for Opération Chammal.[19] In response, France decided to expand the scope of its operations against the Islamist group, leading to significant assets being deployed.

Background

On 10 June 2014, the terrorist group of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and several other Sunni insurgents took control of the second-most populous city of Iraq, Mosul.[20] After fighting the Iraqi Army, ISIL seized cities and committed massacres and other atrocities.

ISIL committed mass murder and other atrocities against the Assyrians, as well as the Yazidis. ISIL also carried out the Camp Speicher massacre in June 2014, killing thousands of people.[21][22][23] Until August, ISIL had controlled almost one-third of Iraq.

On 7 August 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama authorized airstrikes in Iraq.[24] The next day, the U.S. Air Force launched airstrikes targeting the ISIS fighters, with humanitarian aid support from the United Kingdom and France.[25] On 10 September 2014, Obama outlined plans to expand U.S. operations to Syria.[26]

French authorities' statements leading up to France attacking ISIL

In September 2014, the French president and his ministers alluded to possible French military action against ISIL:

In Iraq and especially in Syria, the Daech terrorist organisation, which claims to be an Islamic state, succeeds in a degree never witnessed before to master a trans-border territory, to organize itself, to finance, and to equip itself. It has already made the world witness barbaric acts. Daily, it terrorises whole populations. It destabilizes a region which is already very fragile and its ambition is to build a terrorist state in the neighbourhood of Europe. (in French) En Irak et en Syrie en particulier, l'organisation terroriste Daesh, qui se prétend État islamique, atteint des degrés de maîtrise territoriale transfrontalière, d'organisation, de capacité financière et d'équipement encore jamais vus. Elle a déjà pris le monde à témoin d'actes barbares. Au quotidien, elle terrorise des populations entières. Elle déstabilise une région déjà très fragilisée et ambitionne de constituer un État terroriste dans le voisinage de l'Europe.

— French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian's closing speech at de Université d'été de la défense, 9 September 2014, in Bordeaux[27]

The determination of the cutthroats from Daech (ISIL) is strong, ours must be even stronger. (in French) La détermination des égorgeurs de Daesh (acronyme de l'État islamique en arabe) est forte, la nôtre doit l'être plus encore.

— Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius, speech in the French National Assembly on 10 September 2014[27][28]

There is no time to lose against the threat of Daech (ISIL) jihadists who now control large parts of Iraqi and Syrian territories, committing more and more extortions. (in French) Il n'y a pas de temps à perdre face à la menace des djihadistes de Daech qui a pris le contrôle de larges secteurs des territoires irakien et syrien, multipliant les exactions

— French President François Hollande, opening speech at the International Conference on Peace and Security in Iraq meeting at the Quai d'Orsay, 15 September 2014[29]

It is also France's security that is threatened by this… pseudo-Islamic State.

— Defence Minister Le Drian, around 15 September[30]

France has taken its responsibilities (…) I've been to Iraq to meet with the Iraqi authorities. They've asked me just one thing: French support for aerial operations. (…) I’ve decided to respond to that Iraqi demand (…) I affirm the need for that aerial support. There will be no other support, no troops on the ground, and we shall intervene nowhere except in Iraq.

— President Hollande, on 18 September[31]

The French government considered that international legitimacy was provided by 15 August 2014 resolution 2170 from the United Nations Security Council.[27]

Air strikes on Iraq

On 18 September 2014, the United States Secretary of State, John Kerry, announced in front of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs in the United States House of Representatives that President François Hollande had announced that he authorized airstrikes in Iraq, in response to a request by the Iraqi government.[32]

On 19 September, the French Air Force carried out their first airstrike using two Rafale jets armed with GBU-12 Paveway II bombs,[33] beginning the French intervention. It conducted the airstrikes on an ISIS depot in Mosul, dropping 4 GBU-12 bombs.[34] Hollande's office said that the ISIS depot that was targeted was hit and completely destroyed.[35] The airstrikes killed 75 fighters from the Islamic State.[36] A spokesman of the Iraqi military, Qassim al-Moussawi, stated that four French airstrikes had hit the town of Zumar, killing dozens of militants.[37]

On 21 September, two Rafale jets provided air support for the Iraqi Army near Baghdad in a reconnaissance mission.[38] A day after, France conducted another reconnaissance mission over Mosul with two Rafale jets.[39] Another reconnaissance mission conducted on 23 September.[40] On 24 September, two reconnaissance and dynamic targeting missions were conducted in Mosul and Baghdad, supporting the Iraqi forces.[40]

On 25 September, while in a reconnaissance mission, two Rafale jets conducted France's second airstrike after the jets received information about targets near them by the Coordination air operation center,[41] a day after the beheading of the French hostage, Hervé Gourdel, by the Jund al-Khilafah terrorist group in Algeria.[42] Stéphane Le Foll said "This morning [France] carried out airstrikes on the territory of Iraq."[42] The jets destroyed 4 warehouses of ISIL near Fallujah.[41] French/American jets conducted airstrikes at night in Kirkuk, killing 15 ISIL fighters and injuring 30.[43]

Two reconnaissance missions were conducted by two Rafale jets and an Atlantique 2 over Nineveh Governorate on 26 September.[44]

In November 2014, the strike force was augmented with 6 Dassault Mirage 2000Ds based in Jordan.[45][46]

Between 18 December 2014 and 7 January 2015, French aircraft performed 45 missions in total. Rafales and Mirages performed 30 of those missions neutralising ten targets.[47]

On 14 January 2015, François Hollande declared that the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle would deploy to the Persian Gulf with its strike group and that it was capable of supporting airstrikes against ISIL.[48][49] The ship was deployed in November and France launched its first airstrikes from the carrier on 23 November.[50]

Air strikes on Syria and Iraq

From the end of September 2015, France began airstrikes on ISIL in Syria as well, on a small scale to avoid inadvertently strengthening the hand of president Bashar Assad by hitting his enemies.[51]

French aircraft hit targets in Syria in early October 2015. In November, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls told reporters in Amman, "Terrorist attacks have taken place (in France) ... In the name of self-defence it is obligatory to strike Daesh and we will continue," and "Whether there are French (citizens) among them, it's possible, but we have a responsibility to hit Daesh. Terrorists do not have passports."[52]

On 14 November 2015, ISIL claimed that the 13 November 2015 Paris terrorist attacks were retaliation for Opération Chammal.[19] In response, the French forces increased their attacks. On 15 November 2015, the French Air Force launched its largest airstrike of the bombing campaign sending 12 planes, including 10 fighters, that dropped 20 bombs in training camps and ammunition facilities in Raqqa, Syria, the de facto capital of ISIL.[53] The UK offered support with air-to-air refuelling and use of its Cyprus air base at RAF Akrotiri.[54] Germany also intervened in response to the Paris attacks and assisted France by sending a frigate and Panavia Tornado reconnaissance aircraft to Turkey.[55]

On 17 January 2019, French President Emmanuel Macron said that the Trump administration's planned withdrawal "should not deflect us from our strategic objective to eradicate Daesh" and vowed to keep French soldiers in Syria throughout 2019.[56]

Battle of Mosul (2016)

France is part of the 60-nation strong international coalition supporting Iraqi and Kurdish forces to reclaim the city of Mosul, which fell to ISIL in 2014. The French army deployed four CAESAR howitzers and 150 to 200 soldiers at Qayyarah Airfield West, with 600 more French troops announced at the end of September.[57] An additional 150 French soldiers were in Erbil, east of Mosul, training Peshmerga.[58] At the end of September 2016, the Charles de Gaulle was deployed from Toulon to the Syrian coast to support the operation against ISIL through airstrikes and reconnaissance missions. France has 36 Rafale M jets in the mission, with 24 based on the Charles de Gaulle and 12 operating out of French Air Force bases in Jordan and the United Arab Emirates.[59][60]

Operations in Libya

During February 2016, it was widely reported that French Special Forces were operating in Libya, alongside similar teams from the United Kingdom and the United States.[61][62]

Military bases

CAESAR artillerymen, attached to Task Force Wagram, supporting Operation Roundup from al-Qa'im, Iraq, May 2018

In 2018, the Lafarge cement plant located south of Kobanî, Syria was being used as a base of operations by 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment and United States Army forces.[63][64]

During the operation, there were at least three bases near Kobanî, Sarrin and Ayn Issa.[65] Moreover, French and American soldiers were reportedly spotted patrolling downtown Manbij, Syria.[66]

Casualties

On 23 September 2017, an operator from the 13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, Adjudant-chef Stéphane Grenier, became France's first soldier to be killed in combat during Operation Chammal.[67] And on 21 March 2018, a legionnaire from the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment, Caporal Bogusz Pochylski, became the second soldier to lose his life.[68]

Assets

See also

References

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  2. ^ "IS conflict: France launches air strikes in Syria". BBC. 27 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  3. ^ England, Andrew (9 December 2017). "Iraq announces defeat of Isis". Manama, Bahrain: Financial Times. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  4. ^ "ISIS leader al-Qurayshi dies in suicide blast alongside six children in US raid". LBC. 3 February 2022.
  5. ^ "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: IS leader 'killed in US operation' in Syria". BBC News. 27 October 2019.
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  11. ^ Barbara Starr, U.S. officials say 6,000 ISIS fighters killed in battles, CNN (22 January 2015).
  12. ^ CIA says IS numbers underestimated, Al Jazeera (12 September 2014).
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Tramlijn Wognum - Schagen Totale lengte20 kmSpoorwijdtenormaalspoor 1435 mmAangelegd doorSMWFGeopend1 november 1898Gesloten31 januari 1930Huidige statusopgebrokenGeëlektrificeerdneeAantal sporen1 Trajekt lijn van Hoorn 0 Wognum-Nibbixwoud lijn naar Medemblik Benningbroek Sijbekarspel Wadway 7 Opmeer-Spanbroek 10 Hoogwoud Aartswoud Langereis 14 Nieuwe Niedorp 15 Winkel 17 Lutjewinkel de Weere 19 Barsingerhorn tramlijn van Van Ewijcksluis opgebroken lijn van Amsterdam Centraal tramlijn van Alkmaa…

Caramuru BuildingEdifício CaramuruCaramuru Building (Edifício Caramuru), Salvador, BahiaCaramuru Building in BrazilGeneral informationArchitectural styleModernistAddressAvenida Ipiranga, 1284, CentroTown or cityBahiaCountryBrazilCoordinates12°58′17″S 38°30′50″W / 12.971351°S 38.513946°W / -12.971351; -38.513946Groundbreaking1946HeightArchitecturalModernTechnical detailsFloor count8Lifts/elevators2Design and constructionArchitect(s)Paulo Antunes Ribeiro Exter…

Metro station in Lisbon, PortugalNot to be confused with Rossio railway station.RossioGeneral informationLocationPraça da Figueira, Lisbon PortugalOwned byGovernment-owned corporationOperated byMetropolitano de Lisboa, EPELine(s)Green LinePlatforms2 side platformsTracks2ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundAccessibleYesArchitectFalcão e CunhaOther informationStation codeROFare zoneLHistoryOpenedJanuary 27, 1963 (60 years ago) (1963-01-27)Services Preceding station Lisbon Met…

كاس السوبر الاوروبى 2019   البلد توركيا  الرياضه كورة قدم  الموسم 44  تاريخ 14 اغسطس 2019  المنظم اتحاد اوروپا لكوره قدم  عدد المشاركين الفرق المشاركه نادى ليفربولنادى تشيلسى  الفايز نادى ليفربول  عدد المباريات الموقع الرسمى الموقع الرسمى  تعديل  كاس السو…

Pemilihan gubernur Sulawesi Utara 201020052015Kandidat Peta persebaran suara Peta lokasi Sulawesi utaraSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Sulawesi Utara mengadakan Pemilihan umum kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah pada tanggal 3 Agustus 2010. Gubernur Sinyo Harry Sarundajang berhasil menduduki jabatan tersebut setelah memperoleh 450.000 suara atau 30 persen. Pada 3 Agustus itu pemilihan umum kepala daerah (pilkada) diselenggarakan serentak. Selain di tingka…

1967 studio album by Robbie BashoBasho SingsStudio album by Robbie BashoReleased1967 (1967)RecordedFebruary 9, 1966 (1966-02-09)GenreAmerican PrimitivismLength41:47LabelTakomaRobbie Basho chronology The Grail & the Lotus(1966) Basho Sings(1967) The Falconer's Arm I(1967) Basho Sings is the third studio album by composer and guitarist Robbie Basho, released in 1967 by Takoma Records. Track listing All music is composed by Robbie BashoSide oneNo.TitleLength1.Salanga…

Medaglia commemorativa per il 1000º anniversario di Kazan' Federazione RussaTipoMedaglia commemorativa statale Statuscessata IstituzioneMosca, 30 luglio 2005 CessazioneMosca, 7 settembre 2010 Concessa aVeterani della Seconda Guerra Mondiale e cittadini della Federazione Russa Diametro32 mm Medaglia più altaMedaglia commemorativa per il 300º anniversario di San Pietroburgo Medaglia più bassaMedaglia commemorativa per l'800º anniversario di Nižnij Novgorod Nastro della medaglia Manuale La me…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 5th Armored Division France – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 5e Division BlindéeActive9 July 1943 – 15 May 1962 1978 – 30 June 1992Country FranceBranch French ArmyTypeArmor…

Paper mill in Norway Norske Skog UnionTypeSubsidiaryIndustryPulp and paperFounded1873HeadquartersSkien, NorwayKey peopleRuben Kaasa (Manager)ProductsNewsprint and Book paperNumber of employees385 (2006)Websitewww.norskeskog.com Norske Skog Union was a paper mill located in Skien in Norway. The mill was part of the Norske Skog Corporation and opened in 1873 with the name Union Co. The mill had two paper machines that produced 240,000 tonnes of newsprint and book paper. It was closed down in 2006.…

1984 European Grand Prix Race 15 of 16 in the 1984 Formula One World Championship Race detailsDate 7 October 1984Official name XXXVI Großer Preis von EuropaLocation NürburgringNürburg, West GermanyCourse Permanent racing facilityCourse length 4.542 km (2.822 miles)Distance 67 laps, 304.314 km (189.091 miles)Weather SunnyPole positionDriver Nelson Piquet Brabham-BMWTime 1:18.871Fastest lapDrivers Nelson Piquet (lap 62) Brabham-BMWFastest lap Michele Alboreto (lap 62) FerrariTime 1:23.146Podium…

Females in the US under the age of 20 and above 13 who become pregnant The article is about teen pregnancy in the United States. For a broader view see Teen pregnancy and Adolescent sexuality in the United States. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide a…

Iron HeroesCoverDesignersMike Mearls, Adam WindsorPublishersFiery Dragon ProductionsPublication2005GenresFantasySystemsd20 System Iron Heroes[1] (previously also known as Monte Cook Presents: Iron Heroes; originally announced as Iron Lore) is a variant Player's Handbook for the d20 System of role-playing games, in the tradition of Arcana Unearthed. It incorporates the core d20 mechanic, while introducing new rules options, differently-balanced classes, an entirely new feat system, and ch…

Lok Sabha constituency in Haryana Faridabad Lok Sabha constituencyLok Sabha constituencyLok Sabha constituencies in Haryana, Faridabad is numbered 10Constituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionNorth IndiaStateHaryanaAssembly constituenciesHathinHodalPalwalPrithlaFaridabad NITBadkhalBallabgarhFaridabadTigaonEstablished1977ReservationNoneMember of Parliament17th Lok SabhaIncumbent Krishan Pal Gurjar PartyBharatiya Janata PartyElected year2019 Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 10 Lok Sabha (…

Historic house in Ohio, United States United States historic placeStowe, Harriet Beecher, HouseU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesCincinnati Local Historic Landmark LocationCincinnati, OhioCoordinates39°7′58.88″N 84°29′15.57″W / 39.1330222°N 84.4876583°W / 39.1330222; -84.4876583Built1832NRHP reference No.70000497 [1]Added to NRHPNovember 10, 1970 The Harriet Beecher Stowe House is a historic home in Cincinnati, Ohio which was once the …

2002 Air Canada CupTournament detailsVenue(s)K. C. Irving Regional Centre in Bathurst, NBDatesApril 22–28, 2002Teams6Final positionsChampions Tisdale TrojansRunner-up Dartmouth SubwaysThird place Riverains du Collège Charles-LemoyneTournament statisticsScoring leader(s)Sidney Crosby (11G 13A 24P)MVPSidney Crosby← 20012003 → The 2002 Air Canada Cup was Canada's 24th annual national midget 'AAA' hockey championship, played April 22–28, 2002 at the K. …

Statue in Baltimore, Maryland U.S. George PeabodyArtistWilliam Wetmore StoryYear1869MediumBronzeDimensions210 cm × 100 cm × 160 cm (84 in × 40 in × 64 in)LocationBaltimore, MarylandCoordinates39°17′51.2″N 76°36′54.14″W / 39.297556°N 76.6150389°W / 39.297556; -76.6150389OwnerCity of Baltimore George Peabody is a bronze statue of George Peabody (1795–1869), by William Wetmore Story. The …

ダニエル・クロスビー・グリーン 生誕 1843年2月11日 アメリカ合衆国マサチューセッツ州ロクスベリー死没 1913年9月15日神奈川県葉山村墓地 同志社墓地(京都市左京区)[1]国籍 アメリカ合衆国出身校 ダートマス大学シカゴ神学校(英語版)アンドーヴァー神学校職業 宣教師、牧師、建築家団体 アメリカン・ボード配偶者 メリー・ジェイン・グリーンテンプレートを…

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