From 1906, anarchism in Norway was closely linked with the Norwegian labour movement.[3] The anarcho-syndicalist movement was constituted by opponents of the social-democratic leadership within Norway's trade unions.[4] Although opposed to the reformist leadership, the Norwegian syndicalists pursued a strategy of dual unionism, working within existing trade unions with the intention of radicalising them.[5] In the summer of 1911, a wave of lockouts resulted in trade union leaders agreeing to a compromise agreement with business leaders, which caused disillusioned workers to gravitate towards syndicalism.[2] At a conference in Trondheim, syndicalists repudiated agreements with employers and instead endorsed methods of direct action to win workers' demands.[6] In 1912, syndicalists began publishing the newspaper Direkte Aktion.[7]
Although the NFO was supported by some within the Central Organisation of Swedish Workers (SAC), the SAC's decision to establish its own local organisations in Norway caused friction with the NFO. By 1916, the NFO counted 10,000 members, while the Norwegian branch of the SAC counted 700.[11] In December 1916, the two parties attempted to reach an agreement, but talks broke down. The SAC members in Norway subsequently decided to establish their own independent organisation, the Norwegian Syndicalist Federation (NSF). Albert Jensen, a vocal supporter of the NFO, was fiercely critical of the formation of the NSF, which he considered to be a small sectarian group.[12] By 1920, the NFO had succeeded in taking over the LO; its ideology subsequently shifted from syndicalism to communism.[13] In 1919, the NSF began publishing its journal Alarm.[1]
International connections
After the conclusion of World War I, in February 1919, delegates from the NSF, SAC and the Danish Fagsoppositionens Sammenslutning (FS) met at a conference in Copenhagen to consolidate their international ties.[14] In December 1920, the NSF declared its support for the revolutionary syndicalist conference being held in Berlin, where syndicalist delegates debated whether to join the Bolshevik-aligned Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) or to establish their own trade union international.[15] The NSF ultimately signalled its support for the latter option.[16] In June 1922, the NSF delegated Jensen to represent it at the international syndicalist conference in Berlin, which resolved to create a new trade union international.[17] Finally, in December 1922, the NSF was represented by Gus Smith at the constitutional convention of the International Workers' Association (IWA), which brought together more than 2 million members of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions from throughout Europe and Latin America.[18] An internal referendum by the NSF unanimously approved the creation of the IWA.[19] At the time of the IWA's founding, the NSF counted 20,000 members.[20]
Repression and decline
During the German occupation of Norway, from 1940 to 1945, the NSF was outlawed by the Quisling regime.[21] After World War II ended, although European anarcho-syndicalists had the possibility of returning to illegal activity, the movement entered a sustained decline.[22] While the SAC managed to remain a major force in Swedish labour movement, the NSF effectively dissolved.[20] During the 1950s, Alarm resumed publication under the name Solidaritet, which remained in print until 1960; some short-lived anarcho-syndicalist groups were also established, including the Syndicalist Youth Alliance (Norwegian: Syndikalistiske Ungdomsforbund).[1]
Anarcho-syndicalism only began to experience a revival in Europe after the protests of 1968.[23] Since 1976, the NSF has been reconstituted,[24] continuing on as a relatively small propaganda group. In 1998, it counted roughly 40 members, who have continued to agitate for anarcho-syndicalism within Norway's larger trade unions.[25] The NSF remained affiliated with the IWA into the 21st century.[26]
Damier, Vadim (2009) [2000]. Anarcho-syndicalism in the 20th Century. Translated by Archibald, Malcolm. Edmonton: Black Cat Press. ISBN978-0-9737827-6-9.
Bals, J.; Beyer-Arnesen, Harald (2006). Utopi, revolusjon, sosialisme [Utopia, Revolution, Socialism] (in Norwegian). Oslo: News From Nowhere. ISBN9788299730105. OCLC938047087.
Bull, Edvard, ed. (1985–1990). Arbeiderbevegelsens historie i Norge [History of the Workers’ Movement in Norway] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Tiden. OCLC17339094.
