The Nishan Sahib (Punjabi: ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ ਸਾਹਿਬ, lit. 'respected ensign'), also known as the Sikh flag, is used to represent the Sikh people worldwide.[5] In 1936, the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee ratified the Sikh Rehet Maryada, which states its colour as either basanti (xanthic) or surmai (navy blue).[3] It is a triangular flag with a Khanda in its centre, made of cotton or silk cloth, and has a tassel at its end.[6]
The most common form of the Nishan Sahib, used in gurdwaras around the world, features a saffron (orange) colour.[7] The Akal Takht decided on 15 July 2024, in accordance with the Sikh Rehat Maryada, that only basanti or surmai colours are acceptable, while kesri (saffron) is not.[8]
Overview
Nishan Sahib emplaced at the Golden Temple, Amritsar
The flag is hoisted on a tall flagpole outside most Gurdwaras. The flagpole itself, covered with fabric (called chola) of the same colour as the flag proper, ends with a Khanda on top (In the past an Astbuj, nagani barsha or a teer would be placed on top).[7][citation needed] The emblem on the flag is known as Khanda, which depicts a double-edged sword called a khanda (Miri te Piri) (☬) in the centre, a chakkar which is circular, and flanked by two single-edged swords, or kirpans.[7]
Almost all Sikh warriors used to wear it in the eighteenth century, and Nihangs of today still do.[citation needed] The Khanda Sahib is not to be confused with the Nihang's Aad Chand which was the first symbol of the Khalsa.[citation needed] The Khanda was not introduced by Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji but it was a plain yellow banner.[citation needed]
Traditional symbol of the Khalsa Panth (corps of initiated Sikhs), the Nishan Sahib can be seen from far away, signifying the presence of Khalsa in the neighbourhood.[citation needed] It is taken down every Baisakhi (harvest festival, mid-April in the Gregorian calendar and in Vaisakh month in the Nanakshahi calendar), and replaced with a fresh flag, and the flagpole refurbished.[citation needed]
The flagbearer or standardbearer carrying the Nishan Sahib in a procession is referred to as a Nishanchi.[7]
The Nishan Sahib is placed outside Sikh Gurdwaras and is supported by a pole.
The Khanda, a Sikh symbol, today, is rendered in navy blue on the saffron background while the original was basanti (bright yellow) and surrmai neela (Royal blue).[citation needed] The khanda is placed high up on a flagpole as a sign for all Sikhs and indeed any other people that they can come and pray in this building.[citation needed] Great respect is shown to this flag and the flag is considered sacred and washed using milk and water every year in April at the festival of Vaisakhi.[9][10] The Nishan Sahib is changed once the saffron color has faded.[citation needed]
The Sikh Rehat Maryada clearly states that the Nishan Sahib hoisted outside every Gurudwara should be xanthic (Basanti in Punjabi) or greyish blue (modern day Navy blue) (Surmaaee in Punjabi) color.[3][11]
History
Guru Amar Das
In the era of Guru Amar Das, a white-triangular flag was erected at the then-newly constructed Baoli Sahib (stepwell) located in Goindwal on the bank of the Beas River.[12][13][7][14] This white flag was coined the dhaval dhuja ('white banner').[12] The white in the flag symbolized Piri, or saintliness, but also "goodwill" and "peace", and also acting as a landmark to aid visitors seeking out a Sikh site.[12][13] Some Sikh scholars believe there was also an Ik Onkar symbol inscribed on the flag that represented the oneness of the divine.[12] The white flag was a characterization of the raj (era) embarked by Guru Nanak.[12]Pashaura Singh speculates that the colour of the Nishan Sahib located at the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar was white as well during the period of Bhai Gurdas.[13]
Within the Guru Granth Sahib, there is a reference made to the flag established by Guru Amar Das in a hymn penned by Bhatt Kalshar:[12]
After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan, the colour of the formerly white Sikh flag was replaced with saffron to symbolize sacrifice.[12][7]
A new envisionment of the Nishan Sahib was raised by Guru Hargobind at the consecration of the Akal Bunga in 1606.[15][16] The flag during this time was known as the Akal Dhuja ("the immortal flag") or Satguru ka Nishan (standard of the true Guru).[16] Guru Hargobind inscribed the flag with two symbols: the two swords of miri and piri, which were actual swords and a representation of the Sikh dual concept of temporality and spirituality.[7]
When Hargobind was imprisoned at the Gwalior Fort by the Mughal authorities, a protest march was organized by Baba Buddha and Bhai Gurdas.[7] The protest march was known as chaunki charhni and it began from the Akal Takht in Amritsar and ended at the Gwalior Fort.[7] It consisted of a flagbearer (nishanchi) at the front of the procession holding the Nishan Sahib.[7] Beside the flagbearer was a torchbearer, known as a mishalchi.[7]
Guru Gobind Singh
Guru Gobind Singh imprinted two symbols on the Nishan Sahib after the formalization of the Khalsa order in 1699: a cooking vessel or cauldron to represent deg (food for all) and a sword, known as a tegh (justice for all).[7]These concepts were Sikh ideals to live up to and were represented by these symbols on the flag.[7]
Sikh Confederacy
During the time of the Sikh Misls, the misl which was responsible for bearing the Nishan Sahib was the Nishanwalia Misl, named after this role.[12] The Nishanwalia Misl also was responsible for appointing the flag-bearers for the other misls.[12] The role assigned to carry the flag in procession was considered an honourable one.[12]
Sikh Empire
Within the Sikh Khalsa Army, different regiments had their own particular flags they flew.[7]
Colonial period
Later during the British Rule it became from Basanti and Surmayee to Kesari.[citation needed]
The modern form and envisionment of the Nishan Sahib can be traced back ultimately to the time of the Singh Sabha movement.[7]
Present day
Most modern Nishan Sahibs are saffron in colour but the Nihang sect of Sikhs usually maintain a dark blue-coloured flag at their gurdwaras.[7] In a 26 July 2024 circular, the SGPC mandated that the Nishan Sahib flown by Sikhs should be either basanti (xanthic) or surmai (greyish-blue) in colour.[17]
Weapons and ornaments
The original Nishan Sahib carried by Guru Gobind Singh ji in the Kattar, Dhal, Kirpan format had either a Ashtabhuja Duja, Nangini Barcha or Karpa Barcha used as a spear on top.[citation needed] The Nagni Barcha or snake like sword was created by Guru Gobind Singh ji and famously used by Bhai Bachittar Singh to pierce the trunk of a drunken, armored elephant in the Battle of Nimolgarh.[citation needed] The Ashtabhuja is a spear with three crescents stuck to an iron rod with two spears coming out on top.[citation needed] The Ashtabhuja was mainly used as the Battle Stadered of the Tenth Guru and is highly recommended.[citation needed] Guru Gobind Singh Ji's ashtabhuja was found in Chamkaur sahib the place where his two sons were martyred and other two captured with his mother.[citation needed] The flag is simply wrapped around the top of the spear with two strings of fabric coming out of the tip.[citation needed]
While today's Nishan Sahib has a Khanda in a dagger form on top of the flag and the fabric covering the spear till the top. The Khanda symbol is also relatively new and was made in the early 19th century.[citation needed]
Historical Evolution of the Nishan Sahib
Flag
Date introduced
Use
Description
1606 - Present
Period during Guru Hargobind
After Guru Arjan's martyrdom, the Sikh flag's color was changed from white to saffron to symbolize sacrifice. The flag was still adopted by Sikh till the present day.
1699 - Present
Flag of the Akali Sikhs
The flag is still used by Nihang Sikhs at their Gurdwara's and congregations.
1699 - Present
Flag of the Akali Sikhs
The flag is still used by Nihang Sikhs at their Gurdwara's and congregations.
1748 - 1849
Flag of Sikh Confederacy and Sikh Empire
Flag used during the times of Sikh Misl (Confederacy) and the Sikh Empire. It incorporates a gold colour with the Talwar and Shield.
Flag used during the times of Sikh misls and the Sikh Empire[citation needed]
19th century painting depicting Guru Gobind Singh with followers carrying Basanti flag with emblems
Sikh Empire Nishan Sahib flag, introduced by Ranjit Singh[citation needed]
Flag of the Nihang Khalsa Fauj showing weapons like Katar (dagger), Dhal Shield and Kirpan. The standard goes from 'bottom to top' signifying that the armies of the tenth guru are always victorious.[citation needed]
Illuminated Guru Granth Sahib folio of a Nishan, ca. 1775, with red background, thin gold borders, and central motif of a tulwar sword and dhal shield. Paint on paper, Punjab
^ abcdefghijklmnopSingh, Pashaura (2019). A Dictionary of Sikh Studies. Oxford Quick Reference. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780192508430. Mostly, the flag is triangular in shape and saffron in colour. Nihangs usually have dark-blue-coloured flags in their gurdwaras.
^ abcdSingh, Pashaura (2006). Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199087808. He [Bhai Gurdas] also points towards the existence of a flag (nishan) at the Sikh court (divan). In fact, the tradition of mounting a white flag (dhaval dhuja) had already begun at Goindval during the period of Guru Amar Das. Presumably, the colour of the Sikh flag at Darbar Sahib was also white, standing for the message of peace and goodwill and leading new visitors to the Sikh place of worship.
^Singh, Pashaura; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2023). The Sikh World. Routledge Worlds. Taylor & Francis. ISBN9780429848384. For the first time the third Guru mounted a "white flag" (dhaval dhuja) at the central place of Goindval, giving the message of peace and prosperity to his audience (GGS 1393).
_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_housed_at_Takht_Keshgarh_Sahib,_Anandpur_and_dated_to_1771_B.S._(1714_C.E.).jpg)
.jpg)
