Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Nicomedia

Nicomedia
French illustration of Nicomedia, 1882
Nicomedia is located in Turkey
Nicomedia
Shown within Turkey
Nicomedia is located in Sea of Marmara
Nicomedia
Nicomedia (Sea of Marmara)
LocationTurkey
Regionİzmit, Kocaeli Province
Coordinates40°45′45″N 29°55′03″E / 40.76250°N 29.91750°E / 40.76250; 29.91750

Nicomedia (/ˌnɪkəˈmdiə/;[1] Greek: Νικομήδεια, Nikomedeia; modern İzmit) was an ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. In 286, Nicomedia became the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire (chosen by the emperor Diocletian who ruled in the east), a status which the city maintained during the Tetrarchy system (293–324).

The Tetrarchy ended with the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) in 324, when Constantine defeated Licinius and became the sole emperor. In 330 Constantine chose for himself the nearby Byzantium (which was renamed Constantinople, modern Istanbul) as the new capital of the Roman Empire.

The city was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the victory of Sultan Orhan Gazi against the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines managed to retake it in the aftermath of the Battle of Ankara, but it fell definitively to the Ottomans in 1419.

History

It was founded in 712–11 BC as a Megarian colony and was originally known as Astacus (/ˈæstəkəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀστακός, 'lobster').[2] After being destroyed by Lysimachus,[3] it was rebuilt by Nicomedes I of Bithynia in 264 BC under the name of Nicomedia, and has ever since been one of the most important cities in northwestern Asia Minor. The great military commander Hannibal Barca came to Nicomedia in his final years and committed suicide in nearby Libyssa (Diliskelesi, Gebze). The historian Arrian was born there.

This section of a belt depicting medallions honoring Constantius II and Faustina was minted in Nicomedia.[4] The Walters Art Museum.

Nicomedia was the metropolis and capital of the Roman province of Bithynia under the Roman Empire. It is referenced repeatedly in Pliny the Younger's Epistles to Trajan during his tenure as governor of Bithynia.[5] Pliny, in his letters, mentions several public buildings of the city such as a senate-house, an aqueduct, a forum, a temple of Cybele, and others, and speaks of a great fire, during which the place suffered much.[6] Diocletian made it the eastern capital city of the Roman Empire in 286 when he introduced the Tetrarchy system.

Persecutions of 303

Nicomedia was at the center of the Diocletianic Persecution of Christians which occurred under Diocletian and his Caesar Galerius. On 23 February 303 AD, the pagan festival of the Terminalia, Diocletian ordered that the newly built church at Nicomedia be razed, its scriptures burnt, and its precious stones seized.[7] The next day he issued his "First Edict Against the Christians," which ordered similar measures to be taken at churches across the Empire.

The destruction of the Nicomedia church incited panic in the city, and at the end of the month a fire destroyed part of Diocletian's palace, followed 16 days later by another fire.[8] Although an investigation was made into the cause of the fires, no party was officially charged, but Galerius placed the blame on the Christians. He oversaw the execution of two palace eunuchs, who he claimed conspired with the Christians to start the fire, followed by six more executions through the end of April 303. Soon after Galerius declared Nicomedia to be unsafe and ostentatiously departed the city for Rome, followed soon after by Diocletian.[8]

Later Empire

Map of the Roman Empire during the Tetrarchy system, showing the dioceses and the four tetrarchs' zones of influence. Nicomedia was the eastern and most senior capital city, chosen by Diocletian who assumed the title Augustus of the East.

Nicomedia remained as the eastern (and most senior) capital of the Roman Empire until co-emperor Licinius was defeated by Constantine the Great at the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) in 324. Constantine mainly resided in Nicomedia as his interim capital city for the next six years, until in 330 he declared the nearby Byzantium (which was renamed Constantinople) the new capital. Constantine died in a royal villa in the vicinity of Nicomedia in 337. Owing to its position at the convergence of the Asiatic roads leading to the new capital, Nicomedia retained its importance even after the foundation of Constantinople.[9]

A major earthquake, however, on 24 August 358, caused extensive devastation to Nicomedia, and was followed by a fire which completed the catastrophe. Nicomedia was rebuilt, but on a smaller scale.[10] In the sixth century under Emperor Justinian I the city was extended with new public buildings. Situated on the roads leading to the capital, the city remained a major military center, playing an important role in the Byzantine campaigns against the Caliphate.[11] From inscriptions we learn that in the later period of the empire Nicomedia enjoyed the honour of a Roman colony.[12]

In 451, the local bishopric was promoted to a Metropolitan see under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[13] The metropolis of Nicomedia was ranked 7th in the Notitiae Episcopatuum among the metropolises of the patriarchate.[14] In the eighth century the Emperor Constantine V established his court there for a time, when plague broke out in Constantinople and drove him from his capital in 746–47.[15] From the 840s on, Nicomedia was the capital of the thema of the Optimatoi. By that time, most of the old, seawards city had been abandoned and is described by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurdadhbih as lying in ruins, with settlement restricted to the hilltop citadel.[11] In the 1080s, the city served as the main military base for Alexios I Komnenos in his campaigns against the Seljuk Turks, and the First and Second Crusades both encamped there.

The city was briefly held by the Latin Empire following the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204: in late 1206 the seneschal Thierry de Loos made it his base, converting the church of Saint Sophia into a fortress; however, the Crusader stronghold was subjected to constant raids by the Emperor of Nicaea Theodore I Laskaris, during which de Loos was captured by Nicaean soldiers; by the summer of 1207 Emperor Henry of Flanders agreed to evacuate Nicomedia in exchange for de Loos and other prisoners Emperor Theodore held.[16] The city remained in Byzantine control for over a century after that, but following the Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Bapheus in 1302, it was threatened by the rising Ottoman beylik. The city was twice sieged and blockaded by the Ottomans (in 1304 and 1330) before finally succumbing in 1337.[11]

The city remained in Ottoman hands until the Battle of Ankara and subsequent Ottoman Interregnum weakened them enough for the neighbouring states to demand the return of their conquered lands from the warring Ottoman princes in exchange for their support against the other princes. In this way the Byzantines secured considerable territorial concessions including Nicomedia and other lands on the east side of the Bosphorus. However, this last period of Byzantine rule was rather short-lived, as Nicomedia was definitively taken by the Ottomans around 1419.

Infrastructure

During the Empire, Nicomedia was a cosmopolitan and commercially prosperous city which received all the amenities appropriate for a major Roman city. Nicomedia was well known for having a bountiful water supply from two to three aqueducts,[17] one of which was built in Hellenistic times. Pliny the Younger complains in his Epistulae to Trajan, written in 110 AD, that the Nicomedians wasted 3,318,000 sesterces on an unfinished aqueduct which twice ran into engineering troubles. Trajan instructs him to take steps to complete the aqueduct, and to investigate possible official corruption behind the large waste of money.[18] Under Trajan, there was also a large Roman garrison.[19] Other public amenities included a theatre, a colonnaded street typical of Hellenistic cities and a forum.[20]

The major religious shrine was a temple of Demeter, which stood in a sacred precinct on a hill above the harbor.[5] The city adopted official cults of Rome avidly, there were temples dedicated to the Emperor Commodus,[21] a sacred precinct of the city dedicated to Augustus,[22] and a temple of Roma dedicated during the late-Republic.[5]

The city was sacked in AD 253 by the Goths, but when Diocletian made the city his capital in 283 AD he undertook grand restorations and built an enormous palace, an armory, mint, and new shipyards.[5]

Notable natives and residents

Remains

Ruins of a Nicomedian aqueduct in İzmit

The ruins of Nicomedia are buried beneath the densely populated modern city of İzmit, which has largely obstructed comprehensive excavation. Before the urbanization of the 20th century occurred, select ruins of the Roman-era city could be seen, most prominently sections of the Roman defensive walls which surrounded the city and multiple aqueducts which once supplied Nicomedia's water. Other monuments include the foundations of a 2nd-century AD marble nymphaeum on İstanbul street, a large cistern in the city's Jewish cemetery, and parts of the harbor wall.[5]

The 1999 İzmit earthquake, which seriously damaged most of the city, also led to major discoveries of ancient Nicomedia during the subsequent debris clearing. A wealth of ancient statuary was uncovered, including statues of Hercules, Athena, Diocletian and Constantine.[23]

In the years after the earthquake, the Izmit Provincial Cultural Directorate appropriated small areas for excavation, including the site identified as Diocletian's Palace and a nearby Roman theatre. In April 2016 a more extensive excavation of the palace was begun under the supervision of the Kocaeli Museum, which estimated that the site covers 60,000 square meters (196,850 square feet).[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ ""Nicomedia" in the American Heritage Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2014-09-30. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
  2. ^ Peter Levi, ed. (1971). Guide to Greece By Pausanias. Harmondsworth] Penguin. p. 232. ISBN 0-14-044225-1.
  3. ^ Cohen, Getzel M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. p. 400. ISBN 0-520-08329-6.
  4. ^ "Belt Section with Medallions of Constantius II and Faustina". The Walters Art Museum.
  5. ^ a b c d e W.L. MacDonald (1976). "NICOMEDIA NW Turkey". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press.
  6. ^ Pliny the Younger, Epist. 10.33.
  7. ^ Timothy D. Barnes (1981). Constantine & Eusebius. p. 22.
  8. ^ a b Patricia Southern (2001). The Roman Empire: From Severus to Constantine. p. 168.
  9. ^ See C. Texier, Asie mineure (Paris, 1839); V. Cuenet, Turquie d'Asie (Paris, 1894).
  10. ^ See Ammianus Marcellinus 17.7.1–8
  11. ^ a b c Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, pp. 1483–1484, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
  12. ^ Public Domain Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Nicomedeia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  13. ^ Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press LLC. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.
  14. ^ Terezakis, Yorgos. "Diocese of Nicomedia (Ottoman Period)". Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  15. ^ David Turner, The Politics of Despair: The Plague of 746–747 and Iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 85 (1990), p428
  16. ^ Geoffrey de Villehardouin, translated by M. R. B. Shaw, Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades (London: Penguin, 1963), pp. 147, 154–56
  17. ^ Libanius. Oratories. p. 61.7.18.
  18. ^ Pliny the Younger. Epistulae. p. 10.37 & .38.
  19. ^ Pliny the Younger. Epistles. p. 10.74.
  20. ^ Pliny the Younger. Epistles. p. 10.49.
  21. ^ Dio Cassius. Roman History. p. 73.12.2.
  22. ^ Cassius Dio. Roman History. p. 51.20.7.
  23. ^ "Ancient underground city in izmit excites archaeology world". Hürriyet Daily News. 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  24. ^ "Ancient underground city in izmit excites archaeology world". Hürriyet Daily News. 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-01-14.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainSmith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Nicomedeia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

Baca informasi lainnya:

روجرفيل   الإحداثيات 34°49′24″N 87°17′08″W / 34.823444°N 87.285693°W / 34.823444; -87.285693  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[1]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة لودرديل  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 7.861707 كيلومتر مربع7.861705 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010)[2]  ارتفاع 195 متر،  و195 متر…

Royal MeekerCommissioner of the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsIn officeAugust 11, 1913 – June 1920PresidentWoodrow WilsonPreceded byGeorge Wallace William HangerSucceeded byEthelbert Stewart Personal detailsBorn(1873-02-23)February 23, 1873DiedAugust 16, 1953(1953-08-16) (aged 80)New Haven, ConnecticutPolitical partyDemocratic PartyAlma materIowa State CollegeColumbia University Royal Meeker (February 23, 1873 – August 16, 1953[1]) was a progressive American economist,…

Sporting event delegationDominican Republic at the1996 Summer OlympicsFlag of the Dominican RepublicIOC codeDOMNOCDominican Republic Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.colimdo.org (in Spanish)in AtlantaCompetitors16 (12 men and 4 women) in 7 sportsFlag bearer Joan GuzmánMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)1964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024 The Dominican Republic competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United Sta…

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (سبتمبر 2019) انتباذ العدسة Ectopia lentis معلومات عامة الاختصاص علم الوراثة الطبية  من أنواع أمر…

2011 television film by Gil Junger Teen SpiritPromotional posterWritten by Kathryn McCullough David Kendall Bob Young Directed byGil JungerStarring Cassie Scerbo Lindsey Shaw Tim Gunn Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producers Steven Gary Banks James Middletown ProducerRobert F. PhillipsCinematographyDave PerkalEditorDon BrochuRunning time82 minutesProduction companyABC FamilyOriginal releaseNetworkABC FamilyRelease August 7, 2011 (2011-08-…

Tengku Erry NuradiGubernur Sumatera Utara ke-17Masa jabatan25 Mei 2016 – 16 Juni 2018PresidenJoko WidodoWakilNurhajizah MarpaungPendahuluGatot Pujo NugrohoPenggantiEdy RahmayadiWakil Gubernur Sumatera Utara ke-7Masa jabatan16 Juni 2013 – 25 Mei 2016PresidenSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoJoko WidodoGubernurGatot Pujo NugrohoPendahuluGatot Pujo NugrohoPenggantiNurhajizah MarpaungBupati Serdang Bedagai ke-1Masa jabatan8 Agustus 2005 – 16 Juni 2013PresidenSusilo…

1962 English contract law case The Hong Kong FirCourtCourt of AppealFull case nameHong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd Citation(s)[1961] EWCA Civ 7, [1962] 2 QB 26, [1962] 1 All ER 474Transcript(s)Full text of judgment Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] 2 QB 26 [1961] EWCA Civ 7 is a landmark English contract law case. It introduced the concept of innominate terms, a category between warranties and conditions. Under the English s…

استئصال الفص إزالة ورم غدي خلوي كبدي ضخم بواسطة الاستئصال الفصي للفَص الكبدي الأيسرإزالة ورم غدي خلوي كبدي ضخم بواسطة الاستئصال الفصي للفَص الكبدي الأيسر الإدارة حالات مشابهة عملية فصل فص المخ الجبهي  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   استئصال الفص[1] (بالإنجليزية: Lobectomy)‏ هي عمل…

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Manzanares and the second or maternal family name is Aguilar. Rafael Manzanares AguilarBorn(1918-07-17)July 17, 1918La Esperanza, HondurasDiedJuly 28, 1999(1999-07-28) (aged 81)Tegucigalpa, HondurasNationalityHondurasEducationPrimary Education, Escuela Normal de Occidente in La Esperanza Jurisprudence, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, TegucigalpaOccupation(s)Ethnographer, folklorist, author, and composerEmployer(s)Min…

Velika massacrePart of World War II in YugoslaviaLocationVelika, German-occupied territory of MontenegroDate28 July 1944TargetSerbsAttack typeMass killingsDeaths428-550Perpetrators SS Prinz Eugen SS SkanderbegLocal Muslim Quisling UnitsMotiveReprisalAnti-Serb sentiment The Velika massacre was the mass killing of between 428 and 550 Serb civilians by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen and 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg on 28 July 1944 in the settlement of Velik…

American Le Mans Series race St. Petersburg Street Circuit The 2007 Acura Sports Car Challenge of St. Petersburg was the second round of the 2007 American Le Mans Series season. It took place on March 31, 2007. Official results Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC). Pos Class No Team Drivers Chassis Tyre Laps Engine 1 LMP1 1 Audi Sport North America Rinaldo Capello Allan McNish Audi R10 TDI M 114 Audi 5.5L TDI V12(Diesel) 2 LMP1 2 …

North Pennine RingTwo narrow boats in Kings Road Lock give an idea of the size of locks on the Aire and Calder Navigation.SpecificationsLength184 miles (296 km)Locks215StatusCanal ringNavigation authorityCanal and River Trust, Peel Holdings vteNorth Pennine Ring Legend Main line to Goole Castleford Junction Aire and Calder Navigation 5 locks 6 locks Fall Ing Leeds Calder and Hebble Navigation Leeds and Liverpool Canal 12 locks Huddersfield Broad Canal Outer Pennine Ring 44 locks 14 locks So…

Division of the Greco-Roman world into eastern Greek and western Latin parts This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Greek East and Latin West – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Greek East and Latin West are terms used to distin…

National University in Tokyo, Japan Todai redirects here. For the restaurant chain, see Todai (restaurant). University of Tokyo東京大学 (Japanese)Latin: Universitas TociensisMotto志ある卓越。Motto in EnglishDiscover Excellence.Typeresearch universityEstablishedApril 12, 1877; 146 years ago (1877-04-12)Academic affiliationsIARUAEARUAGSBESETOHAAALAUBudget280 billion JPY (2.54 billion USD) (2021)PresidentTeruo FujiiAcademic staff3,937 full-time (2022)[1]…

Білоцерківський автобус Країна  УкраїнаМісто Біла ЦеркваЕксплуатуюча організація Білоцерківський автобусний парк та інші Білоцерківський автобус — система автобусного громадського транспорту міста Біла Церква. Основним перевізником є Білоцерківський автобусний …

1998 single by Children of BodomDownfallSingle by Children of Bodomfrom the album Hatebreeder Released1998/1999GenreMelodic death metal, power metal, black metalLength4:33LabelSpinefarm, Nuclear BlastSongwriter(s)Alexi LaihoProducer(s)Anssi Kippo and Children of Bodom Downfall is a single taken from the studio album Hatebreeder by Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom.[1] The song, originally called Forevermore, was written by the lead vocalist Alexi Laiho.[2] The vi…

Людовик XIV с семьей (1670) Великий век (фр. Grand Siècle) — традиционно выделяемый во французской историографии период правления трёх первых королей династии Бурбонов — Генриха IV Великого (1589—1610), Людовика XIII Справедливого (1610—1643) и Людовика XIV, Короля-Солнце (1643—1715)[1]&…

Endorheic basin in Xinjiang, China Tarim BasinChinese nameChinese塔里木盆地TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinTǎlǐmù PéndìWade–GilesT'a3-li3-mu4 P'en2-ti4IPA[tʰǎlìmû pʰə̌ntî]NanjiangChinese南疆Literal meaningSouthern XinjiangTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinNánjiāngWade–GilesNan2-chiang1IPA[nǎntɕjáŋ]Uyghur nameUyghurتارىم ئويمانلىقى‎TranscriptionsLatin YëziqiTarim OymanliqiYengi YeziⱪTa…

Joseph HendrieNRC Chairman Joseph Hendrie testifying at a hearing in 1979, following the Three Mile Island accident.BornJoseph Mallam Hendrie[1] (1925-03-18) March 18, 1925 (age 98)Janesville, Wisconsin, U.S.Alma materCase Institute of TechnologyColumbia UniversityOccupationphysicistKnown forFormer Chairman of the United States Nuclear Regulatory CommissionSpouseElaine Kostell[1]Children2[1] Joseph Mallam Hendrie (born March 18, 1925) is a former chairman o…

Canadian gridiron football player (born 1995) Benoit MarionNo. 93     Toronto ArgonautsMarion with the Argonauts in 2022Born: (1995-12-11) December 11, 1995 (age 27)Montreal, QuebecCareer informationStatusActiveCFL statusNationalPosition(s)Defensive linemanHeight6 ft 5 in (196 cm)Weight250 lb (110 kg)UniversityMontrealHigh schoolAndré Grasset (QC)CFL Draft2020 / Round: 3 / Pick: 25Drafted byMontreal AlouettesCareer historyAs …

Chapel of St. Basil at University of St. Thomas The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston manages and oversees several Catholic schools within its area. Tertiary education Universities: Our Lady of the Lake University (Houston campus) St. Mary's Seminary (Houston)[1] University of St. Thomas (Houston) Primary and secondary education K-12 schools Duchesne Academy Duchesne Academy (Houston, Girls only) Secondary schools High schools (9-12) O'Connell College Preparatory School C…

Species of lizard Not to be confused with Asian water monitor. Bengal monitor Bundala National Park Conservation status Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1] CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Family: Varanidae Genus: Varanus Subgenus: Empagusia Species: V. bengalensis Binomial name Varanus bengalensis(Daudin, 1802) Synonyms Tupinambis bengalensis The Bengal monitor (Var…

City in Kentucky, United StatesParis, KentuckyCityDowntown ParisMotto: Thoroughbred Capital of the World[1]Location of Paris in Bourbon County, Kentucky.Coordinates: 38°12′23″N 84°15′28″W / 38.20639°N 84.25778°W / 38.20639; -84.25778CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyBourbonEstablished1789[2]Incorporated1839[2]Reincorporated1890[2]Named forParis, FranceGovernment • MayorJohnny Plummer[3][4]Ar…

De Westhoek De Westhoek is een Vlaamse regio in België en Frankrijk die de volgende gebieden omvat: de West-Vlaamse arrondissementen Diksmuide, Ieper en Veurne met Veurne, Poperinge, Ieper en Diksmuide als voornaamste centrumgemeenten. het arrondissement Duinkerke in de Franse Westhoek, met Grevelingen, Hazebroek en Duinkerke. de Henegouwse gemeente Komen-Waasten (afhankelijk van de definitie) De drie Belgische kustgemeenten De Panne, Koksijde en Nieuwpoort worden vaak als een aparte toeristisc…

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (ديسمبر 2020) تشارلز فيرنون كالفر (بالإنجليزية: Charles Vernon Culver)‏  معلومات شخصية الميلاد 6 سبتمبر 1830  لوغان  الوفاة 10 يناير 1909 (78 سنة)   فيلادلفيا  مواطنة الولايات ا…

Ali Sastroamidjojo Perdana Menteri Indonesia ke-8 dan ke-10Masa jabatan30 Juli 1953 – 11 Agustus 1955PresidenSoekarnoWakilWongsonegoroZainul Arifin Pohan PendahuluWilopoPenggantiBurhanuddin HarahapMasa jabatan24 Maret 1956 – 9 April 1957PresidenSoekarnoWakilMohammad RoemIdham Chalid PendahuluBurhanuddin HarahapPenggantiDjuanda KartawidjajaMenteri Pertahanan Indonesia ke-10Masa jabatan24 Maret 1956 – 9 April 1957Perdana MenteriAli Sastroamidjojo PendahuluB…

Species of legume Lespedeza virginica In Virginia, United States Conservation status Secure (NatureServe)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Genus: Lespedeza Species: L. virginica Binomial name Lespedeza virginica(L.) Britton (1893) Synonyms[2] Synonymy Hedysarum junceum Walter (1788), sensu auct. Hedysarum reticulatum Muhl. ex Willd. (18…

Artikel ini memiliki beberapa masalah. Tolong bantu memperbaikinya atau diskusikan masalah-masalah ini di halaman pembicaraannya. (Pelajari bagaimana dan kapan saat yang tepat untuk menghapus templat pesan ini) Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Wotagei – berita ·…

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Fortune Star Global Fortune Star Global adalah sebuah perusahaan lokal yang bertumbuh menjadi perusahaan di bidang pemeliharaan kesehatan terkemuka, yang memberikan pelayanan kesehatan berbasis preventive dan menghadirkan produk kesehatan serta produk te…

Justice League ActionLogo acaraGenreAksiPetualanganPahlawan superBerdasarkanJustice Leagueoleh Gardner FoxPengisi suaraKevin ConroyRachel KimseyJason J. LewisPenata musikKevin RieplNegara asalAmerika SerikatBahasa asliInggrisJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode52[1] (daftar episode)ProduksiProduser eksekutifSam RegisterJay BastianTramm Wigzell dan Tatiana Krokar (untuk Cartoon Network)ProduserButch LukicAlan BurnettJim KriegRebecca Palatnik (produser sampingan)PenyuntingBruce A. KingDurasi15 …

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya