The mountain caracara (Phalcoboenus megalopterus), (Spanish: corequenque) is a species of bird of prey in the family Falconidae. It is found in puna and páramo in the Andes, ranging from northern Ecuador, through Peru and Bolivia, to northern Argentina and Chile. It is generally uncommon to fairly common. It resembles the closely related Carunculated Caracara and White-throated Caracara, but unlike those species, its chest is uniform black. Juveniles are far less distinctive than the red-faced pied adults, being overall brown with dull pinkish-grey facial skin.
Description
A medium-sized caracara with a faintly blue beak tip turning to bright orange, strongly contrasted by the jet-black feathers of its head, back and chest. Its rump, belly and upper tail and undertail coverts are pure white, changing sharply from black to white between the belly and chest. Its black wings have small white shoulder patches and it has white spots on some of its outer primaries.[4] In the 1960s, 17 individual birds were caught and measured and it was noted that the species wing length could range from 358 to 403 mm, giving them a medium-sized wing for a caracara, but a comparatively short tail.[5] Despite an important food source being carcasses, the Mountain Caracara's head and throat remain feathered (unlike some vultures), and only its lores are kept naked. Its legs are yellow and the males and females look similar, while the juveniles are brown.
Habitat and Distribution
Mountain Caracaras are endemic to South America and are found throughout several countries, including Bolivia, Chile, Peru and Argentina.[6] They prefer unforested regions where they can perch on power poles or fence posts to overlook a large area.[5][7] They are usually grouped near cities and along highways.
Mountain Caracara adult (left) and juvenile (right)
Behaviour
Diet
A highly opportunistic bird commonly seen walking on the ground, it feeds on both carrion and virtually any small animal it can catch. Those living in the high plains of northwestern Argentina seem to rely more heavily on animal carcasses as a food source, while some studied in the Andes of South Central Chile left pellets that were composed mostly of insect remains (up to 94%).[8] These birds scratch and stamp at the dirt to scare up bugs from the ground and flip over rocks to find more arthropods and even rodents. Group foraging behaviour has been observed and several birds are able to overturn rocks that would be impossible for a single bird to move on its own. These groups are most often formed by a couple of adults and a juvenile that combine their efforts in search of food.[9] Small birds, such as the Plain-mantled Tit-spinetail also fall prey to them.[8] Lone Caracaras were also recorded to follow human vehicles that would periodically throw out scraps of food.[5] Being opportunistic feeders, they have adapted well to living near humans and are more concentrated near cities where they are more likely to be able to feast on carrion and refuse.[7]
Reproduction
The Caracara species are unique among the family Falconidae in that they build their own nests of sticks, though these can range from a bare minimum of materials to quite a substantial amount; some nests consist merely of an empty cliff ledge while others are massive weaves of branches.[7] Breeding season is from October to December and the nest will usually contain two eggs, and very rarely three, that hatch in December. The chicks have fledged and are independent by March, though they may stay with their parents for months afterward.[9]
Mountain Caracara
Group Foraging
It is still unknown why some Mountain Caracaras use a group foraging method to hunt down food. Even though the hunting party may be able to overturn bigger rocks and cover more ground, the prey captured is usually not shared amongst the hunters and usually little to no benefit is received by the youngest in the group. The Caracara that decides on the most likely rock to move is usually the bird who grabs and eats the prey, though if enough food is available, all members could potentially receive a meal at some point during their forage.[5]
Vocalizations
When group foraging, an adult who finds a rock worth turning over will call out to attract the rest of its nearby party.[9] A flight call has also been recorded.
Taxonomy
The Mountain Caracara is closely related to the other birds of the genus Phalcoboenus, a group which separated from the rest of the Caracaras around 1.9 million years ago.[10] The White-throated Caracara (Phalcoboenus albogularis) is the Mountain Caracara's closest relative and there have been recordings of hybridization events between the two species.[10] They differ mostly by the colour of their plumage and by their habitat preference. It is supposed that the Phalcoboenus taxa diverged within themselves roughly 0.6 million years ago when there was a large amount of glacial activity in the area.[10]
^ Meyen (1834). "Beiträge zur Zoologie, Gesammelt auf Einer Reise um die Erde … Vierte Abhandlung. Vögel." Supplement to vol. 16 of Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum. p. 64–65 and pl. 7 [1] (in German)
^ abClements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
^Poulsen, B. (1993) A contact zone between Mountain and Carunculated Caracaras in Ecuador. The Wilson Bulletin, 105:688-691.
^ abcdVuilleumier, F. (1970) Generic relations and speciation patterns in the Caracaras (Aves: Falconidae). Breviora, 355:1-29.
^Donadio, E., Bolgeri, M.J. & Wurstten, A. (2007) First quantitative data on the diet of the Mountain Caracara (Phalcoboenus megalopterus). Journal of Raptor Research, 41:328-330.
^ abcWhite, C., & Boyce, D. (1986) Notes on the Mountain Caracara (Phalcoboenus megalopterus) in the Argentine puna. The Wilson Bulletin, 99:283-284.
^ abRojas, R., Orellana, S., & Stappung, E. (2003) Notes on a range expansion and summer diet of the Mountain Caracara in the Andes of south-central Chile. Journal of Raptor Research, 38:290-292.
^ abcJones, J. (1999) Cooperative foraging in the Mountain Caracara in Peru. Wilson Bulletin, 111:437–439.
^ abcFuchs, J., Johnson, J., & Mindell, D. (2012) Molecular systematics of the caracaras and allies (Falconidae: Polyborinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Ibis 154:520-532.
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
^Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Seriemas, falcons". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
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