Morse/Long-range potential

The Morse/Long-range potential (MLR potential) is an interatomic interaction model for the potential energy of a diatomic molecule. Due to the simplicity of the regular Morse potential (it only has three adjustable parameters), it is very limited in its applicability in modern spectroscopy. The MLR potential is a modern version of the Morse potential which has the correct theoretical long-range form of the potential naturally built into it.^[1] It has been an important tool for spectroscopists to represent experimental data, verify measurements, and make predictions. It is useful for its extrapolation capability when data for certain regions of the potential are missing, its ability to predict energies with accuracy often better than the most sophisticated ab initio techniques, and its ability to determine precise empirical values for physical parameters such as the dissociation energy, equilibrium bond length, and long-range constants. Cases of particular note include:

1. the c-state^{[clarification needed]} of dilithium (Li₂): where the MLR potential was successfully able to bridge a gap of more than 5000 cm⁻¹ in experimental data.^[2] Two years later it was found that the MLR potential was able to successfully predict the energies in the middle of this gap, correctly within about 1 cm⁻¹.^[3] The accuracy of these predictions was much better than the most sophisticated ab initio techniques at the time.^[4]
2. the A-state^{[clarification needed]} of Li₂: where Le Roy et al.^[1] constructed an MLR potential which determined the C₃ value for atomic lithium to a higher-precision than any previously measured atomic oscillator strength, by an order of magnitude.^[5] This lithium oscillator strength is related to the radiative lifetime of atomic lithium and is used as a benchmark for atomic clocks and measurements of fundamental constants.
3. the a-state^{[clarification needed]} of KLi: where the MLR was used to build an analytic global potential successfully despite there only being a small amount of levels observed near the top of the potential.^[6]

Historical origins

The MLR potential is based on the classic Morse potential which was first introduced in 1929 by Philip M. Morse. A primitive version of the MLR potential was first introduced in 2006 by Robert J. Le Roy and colleagues for a study on N₂.^[7] This primitive form was used on Ca₂,^[8] KLi^[6] and MgH,^[9][10][11] before the more modern version was introduced in 2009.^[1] A further extension of the MLR potential referred to as the MLR3 potential was introduced in a 2010 study of Cs₂,^[12] and this potential has since been used on HF,^[13][14] HCl,^[13][14] HBr^[13][14] and HI.^[13][14]

Function

The Morse/Long-range potential energy function is of the form $${\displaystyle V(r)={\mathfrak {D}}_{e}\left(1-{\frac {u(r)}{u(r_{e})}}e^{-\beta (r)y_{p}^{r_{\rm {eq}}}(r)}\right)^{2}}$$ where for large ${\displaystyle r}$, $${\displaystyle V(r)\simeq {\mathfrak {D}}_{e}-u(r)+{\frac {u(r)^{2}}{4{\mathfrak {D}}_{e}}},}$$ so ${\displaystyle u(r)}$ is defined according to the theoretically correct long-range behavior expected for the interatomic interaction. ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {D}}_{e}}$ is the depth of the potential at equilibrium.

This long-range form of the MLR model is guaranteed because the argument of the exponent is defined to have long-range behavior: $${\displaystyle \beta (r)y_{p}^{r_{\rm {ref}}}(r)\simeq \beta _{\infty }=\ln \left({\frac {2{\mathfrak {D}}_{e}}{u(r_{e})}}\right),}$$ where ${\displaystyle r_{e}}$ is the equilibrium bond length.

There are a few ways in which this long-range behavior can be achieved, the most common is to make ${\displaystyle \beta (r)}$ a polynomial that is constrained to become ${\displaystyle \beta _{\infty }}$ at long-range: $${\displaystyle \beta (r)=\left(1-y_{p}^{r_{\textrm {ref}}}(r)\right)\sum _{i=0}^{N_{\beta }}\beta _{i}y_{q}^{r_{\textrm {ref}}}(r)^{i}+y_{p}^{r_{\textrm {ref}}}(r)\beta _{\infty },}$$ $${\displaystyle y_{n}^{r_{x}}(r)={\frac {r^{n}-r_{x}^{n}}{r^{n}+r_{x}^{n}}},}$$ where n is an integer greater than 1, which value is defined by the model chosen for the long-range potential ${\displaystyle u_{\text{LR}}(r)}$.

It is clear to see that: $${\displaystyle \lim _{r\to \infty }\beta (r)=\beta _{\infty }.}$$

Applications

The MLR potential has successfully summarized all experimental spectroscopic data (and/or virial data) for a number of diatomic molecules, including: N₂,^[7] Ca₂,^[8] KLi,^[6] MgH,^[9][10][11] several electronic states of Li₂,^{[1][2][15][3][10]} Cs₂,^[16][12] Sr₂,^[17] ArXe,^[10][18] LiCa,^[19] LiNa,^[20] Br₂,^[21] Mg₂,^[22] HF,^[13][14] HCl,^[13][14] HBr,^[13][14] HI,^[13][14] MgD,^[9] Be₂,^[23] BeH,^[24] and NaH.^[25] More sophisticated versions are used for polyatomic molecules.

It has also become customary to fit ab initio points to the MLR potential, to achieve a fully analytic ab initio potential and to take advantage of the MLR's ability to incorporate the correct theoretically known short- and long-range behavior into the potential (the latter usually being of higher accuracy than the molecular ab initio points themselves because it is based on atomic ab initio calculations rather than molecular ones, and because features like spin-orbit coupling which are difficult to incorporate into molecular ab initio calculations can more easily be treated in the long-range). MLR has been used to represent ab initio points for KLi^[26] and KBe.^[27]

See also

• Dilithium
• Morse potential
• Lennard-Jones potential

References

1. Le Roy, Robert J.; N. S. Dattani; J. A. Coxon; A. J. Ross; Patrick Crozet; C. Linton (2009). "Accurate analytic potentials for Li₂(X) and Li₂(A) from 2 to 90 Angstroms, and the radiative lifetime of Li(2p)". Journal of Chemical Physics. 131 (20): 204309. Bibcode:2009JChPh.131t4309L. doi:10.1063/1.3264688. PMID 19947682.
2. Dattani, N. S.; R. J. Le Roy (8 May 2011). "A DPF data analysis yields accurate analytic potentials for Li₂(a) and Li₂(c) that incorporate 3-state mixing near the c-state asymptote". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 268 (1–2): 199–210. arXiv:1101.1361. Bibcode:2011JMoSp.268..199D. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2011.03.030. S2CID 119266866.
3. Semczuk, M.; Li, X.; Gunton, W.; Haw, M.; Dattani, N. S.; Witz, J.; Mills, A. K.; Jones, D. J.; Madison, K. W. (2013). "High-resolution photoassociation spectroscopy of the ⁶Li₂ 1³Σ⁺ state". Phys. Rev. A. 87 (5): 052505. arXiv:1309.6662. Bibcode:2013PhRvA..87e2505S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.87.052505. S2CID 119263860.
4. Halls, M. S.; H. B. Schlegal; M. J. DeWitt; G. F. W. Drake (18 May 2001). "Ab initio calculation of the a-state interaction potential and vibrational levels of ⁷Li₂" (PDF). Chemical Physics Letters. 339 (5–6): 427–432. Bibcode:2001CPL...339..427H. doi:10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00403-1.
5. L-Y. Tang; Z-C. Yan; T-Y. Shi; J. Mitroy (30 November 2011). "Third-order perturbation theory for van der Waals interaction coefficients". Physical Review A. 84 (5): 052502. Bibcode:2011PhRvA..84e2502T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.84.052502.
6. Salami, H.; A. J. Ross; P. Crozet; W. Jastrzebski; P. Kowalczyk; R. J. Le Roy (2007). "A full analytic potential energy curve for the a³Σ⁺ state of KLi from a limited vibrational data set". Journal of Chemical Physics. 126 (19): 194313. Bibcode:2007JChPh.126s4313S. doi:10.1063/1.2734973. PMID 17523810.
7. Le Roy, R. J.; Y. Huang; C. Jary (2006). "An accurate analytic potential function for ground-state N₂ from a direct-potential-fit analysis of spectroscopic data". Journal of Chemical Physics. 125 (16): 164310. Bibcode:2006JChPh.125p4310L. doi:10.1063/1.2354502. PMID 17092076.
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9. Henderson, R. D. E.; A. Shayesteh; J. Tao; C. Haugen; P. F. Bernath; R. J. Le Roy (4 October 2013). "Accurate Analytic Potential and Born–Oppenheimer Breakdown Functions for MgH and MgD from a Direct-Potential-Fit Data Analysis". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 117 (50): 13373–87. Bibcode:2013JPCA..11713373H. doi:10.1021/jp406680r. PMID 24093511.
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11. Shayesteh, A.; R. D. E. Henderson; R. J. Le Roy; P. F. Bernath (2007). "Ground State Potential Energy Curve and Dissociation Energy of MgH". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 111 (49): 12495–12505. Bibcode:2007JPCA..11112495S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.584.8808. doi:10.1021/jp075704a. PMID 18020428.
12. Coxon, J. A.; P. G. Hajigeorgiou (2010). "The ground X ¹Σ⁺_g electronic state of the cesium dimer: Application of a direct potential fitting procedure". Journal of Chemical Physics. 132 (9): 094105. Bibcode:2010JChPh.132i4105C. doi:10.1063/1.3319739. PMID 20210387.
13. Li, Gang; I. E. Gordon; P. G. Hajigeorgiou; J. A. Coxon; L. S. Rothman (2013). "Reference spectroscopic data for hydrogen halides, Part II: The line lists". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer. 130: 284–295. Bibcode:2013JQSRT.130..284L. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.07.019.
14. Coxon, John A.; Hajigeorgiou, Photos G. (2015). "Improved direct potential fit analyses for the ground electronic states of the hydrogen halides: HF/DF/TF, HCl/DCl/TCl, HBr/DBr/TBr and HI/DI/TI". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 151: 133–154. Bibcode:2015JQSRT.151..133C. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.08.028.
15. Gunton, Will; Semczuk, Mariusz; Dattani, Nikesh S.; Madison, Kirk W. (2013). "High resolution photoassociation spectroscopy of the ⁶Li₂ A(1¹Σ_u⁺) state". Physical Review A. 88 (6): 062510. arXiv:1309.5870. Bibcode:2013PhRvA..88f2510G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.88.062510. S2CID 119268157.
16. Xie, F.; L. Li; D. Li; V. B. Sovkov; K. V. Minaev; V. S. Ivanov; A. M. Lyyra; S. Magnier (2011). "Joint analysis of the Cs₂ a-state and 1_g(3³Π1_1g) states". Journal of Chemical Physics. 135 (2): 02403. Bibcode:2011JChPh.135b4303X. doi:10.1063/1.3606397. PMID 21766938.
17. Stein, A.; H. Knockel; E. Tiemann (April 2010). "The 1S+1S asymptote of Sr₂ studied by Fourier-transform spectroscopy". The European Physical Journal D. 57 (2): 171–177. arXiv:1001.2741. Bibcode:2010EPJD...57..171S. doi:10.1140/epjd/e2010-00058-y. S2CID 119243162.
18. Piticco, Lorena; F. Merkt; A. A. Cholewinski; F. R. W. McCourt; R. J. Le Roy (December 2010). "Rovibrational structure and potential energy function of the ground electronic state of ArXe". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 264 (2): 83–93. Bibcode:2010JMoSp.264...83P. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2010.08.007. hdl:20.500.11850/210096.
19. Ivanova, Milena; A. Stein; A. Pashov; A. V. Stolyarov; H. Knockel; E. Tiemann (2011). "The X²Σ⁺ state of LiCa studied by Fourier-transform spectroscopy". Journal of Chemical Physics. 135 (17): 174303. Bibcode:2011JChPh.135q4303I. doi:10.1063/1.3652755. PMID 22070298.
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21. Yukiya, T.; N. Nishimiya; Y. Samejima; K. Yamaguchi; M. Suzuki; C. D. Boonec; I. Ozier; R. J. Le Roy (January 2013). "Direct-potential-fit analysis for the system of Br₂". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 283: 32–43. Bibcode:2013JMoSp.283...32Y. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2012.12.006.
22. Knockel, H.; S. Ruhmann; E. Tiemann (2013). "The X-state of Mg2 studied by Fourier-transform spectroscopy". Journal of Chemical Physics. 138 (9): 094303. Bibcode:2013JChPh.138i4303K. doi:10.1063/1.4792725. PMID 23485290.
23. Meshkov, Vladimir V.; Stolyarov, Andrey V.; Heaven, Michael C.; Haugen, Carl; Leroy, Robert J. (2014). "Direct-potential-fit analyses yield improved empirical potentials for the ground X¹Σ_g⁺ state of Be₂". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 140 (6): 064315. Bibcode:2014JChPh.140f4315M. doi:10.1063/1.4864355. PMID 24527923.
24. Dattani, Nikesh S. (2015). "Beryllium monohydride (BeH): Where we are now, after 86 years of spectroscopy". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 311: 76–83. arXiv:1408.3301. Bibcode:2015JMoSp.311...76D. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2014.09.005. S2CID 118542048.
25. Walji, Sadru-Dean; Sentjens, Katherine M.; Le Roy, Robert J. (2015). "Dissociation energies and potential energy functions for the ground X 1Σ+ and "avoided-crossing" A ¹Σ⁺ states of NaH". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 142 (4): 044305. Bibcode:2015JChPh.142d4305W. doi:10.1063/1.4906086. PMID 25637985.
26. Xiao, Ke-La; Yang, Chuan-Lu; Wang, Mei-Shan; Ma, Xiao-Guang; Liu, Wen-Wang (2013). "The effect of inner-shell electrons on the ground and low-lying excited states of KLi: Ab initio study with all-electron basis sets". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 129: 8–14. Bibcode:2013JQSRT.129....8X. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.05.025.
27. Xiao, Ke-La; Yang, Chuan-Lu; Wang, Mei-Shan; Ma, Xiao-Guang; Liu, Wen-Wang (2013). "An ab initio study of the ground and low-lying excited states of KBe with the effect of inner-shell electrons". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 139 (7): 074305. Bibcode:2013JChPh.139g4305X. doi:10.1063/1.4818452. PMID 23968090.