May 30, 1922: U.S. President Harding dedicates the Lincoln MemorialMay 24, 1922: Soviet Communist Party leader Vladimir Lenin debilitated by first of several strokesSculpture of Lincoln unveiled[1]
The following events occurred in May 1922:
May 1, 1922 (Monday)
Deruluft (Deutsch-Russische Luftverkehrs A.G.), an international air carrier started jointly by the governments of Germany and the Soviet Union, flew for the first time, with a flight from the Soviet city of Moscow to the German Prussian city of Königsberg, with stops in the Russian city of Smolensk and the Lithuanian city of Kaunas.[2]
It was Budget Day in the United Kingdom. Chancellor of the ExchequerRobert Horne estimated a surplus of £38 million and cut 1 shilling off income tax and 4 pence off a pound of tea, as well as lowering postal and telephone rates.[3][4]
Korean children's author Bang Jeong-Hwan and seven other people established the first "Children's Day" in Japanese-occupied Korea. After Korea's liberation from Japan, observance of Eorininal (어린이날) the occasion would be moved to May 5, and would become a South Korean national holiday beginning May 5, 1975.
CKOC, the oldest continuously operating radio station in Canada, went on the air in Hamilton, Ontario.[5]
Born:
Vitaly Popkov, Soviet Air Force flying ace with 40 victories during World War II; in Moscow, (d. 2010)
Sofia Ferreira, Portuguese Communist and dissident who was imprisoned by the government from 1949 to 1953 and from 1959 to 1968; in Alhandra (d. 2010)
General Zhang Zuolin's headquarters issued a triumphant statement reporting that rival warlord Wu Peifu had been killed by artillery fire.[8] This report proved to be false.[9]
U.S. Air Force Colonel John J. Voll, American flying ace with 21 victories in World War II; in Cincinnati (d. 1987)
May 4, 1922 (Thursday)
The city of Austin, capital of the U.S. state of Texas, was hit by two different tornadoes in the space of half an hour.[10] The first one, an F2 storm, passed through a largely rural area on the west side of Austin, and largely distracted people from the formation of a second, more powerful F4 storm that swept through the eastern half of the city, and killed at least 12 people.[11]
Outside of Kirvin, Texas, the body of a missing 17-year-old white girl Eula Ausley was found. She had been sexually assaulted and beaten to death. Local townspeople immediately formed a posse to hunt down the assailant under the assumption that she had been killed by a black person.[12][13][14]
Born:
Eugenie Clark, American ichthyologist, conservationist and marine biologist, in New York City (d. 2015)
Philip Lett, American mechanical engineer who oversaw the development of the M1 Abramstank (d. 2014)
Odette L. Shotwell, American organic chemist and handicapped polio survivor who developed the antibiotics azacolutin and duramycin; in Wiley, Colorado (d. 1998)
Dr. Joseph N. McCormack, 74, President of the American Medical Association who reorganized the AMA into a confederation of the state medical associations in the U.S. and provided the basis for common policies for physician certification and conduct
Asle J. Gronna, 63, U.S. Representative for North Dakota 1905 to 1911, and U.S. Senator for North Dakota from 1911 to 1921; Senator Gronna was one of only six Senators to vote against declaring war on Germany in 1917.
May 5, 1922 (Friday)
Around Kirvin, Texas, an African-American suspect was arrested in connection with the Ausley murder. The county sheriff attempted to drive the suspect to Waco, but a gathering lynch mob blocked the road so he drove him to the county jail in Fairfield instead. There the suspect allegedly confessed and implicated two other African-American men who were also arrested. The white mob soon gathered around the Fairfield jail and demanded the prisoners be handed over.[12][13]
Arnold Cook, Australian economics professor and blind pioneer who established the first guide dog training center in Australia; in Narrogin, Western Australia (d. 1981)
Snap Curry, Mose Jones and Johnny Cornish. the three African-American suspects in the murder of a 17-year-old white girl, Eula Ausley Ausley murder were taken from the Fairfield County jail by a white lynch mob (accounts vary as to whether the police handed them over willingly or not) and brought back to Kirvin. They were then burned alive in the middle of the town square at about 5:00 in the morning.[17] Several weeks of race-related violence and murders ensued.[12][13][14] Burning at the stake was carried against other accused African-Americans during the month, including May 18 and May 20.[18]
Henry P. Davison, 54, American banker, philanthropist and financier who oversaw the raising of donations to the American Red Cross during World War I, died while undergoing surgery to remove a brain tumor.[22][23]
Eight Russian priests, two laymen and a woman, all in the town of Shuya were sentenced to death in the Soviet Union for resisting the state confiscation of church property and for alleged participation in disturbances.[25] Although Vladimir Lenin demanded execution and Leon Trotsky concurred, Soviet Communist Politburo member Lev Kamenev intervened in the sentence, saving the lives of the three laypersons and three of the priests.[26]
The engagement of movie idol Rudolph Valentino and a studio costume designer, Winifred Hudnut (who went by the stage name Natacha Rabmova) was announced after Valentino's wife Jean Acker had obtained a judgment of divorce in California.[29]
After the death of two policemen in Chicago, the police department there raided the headquarters of various union halls in the city and arrested 200 officials including "Big Tim" Murphy (an organized crime figure who controlled multiple unions in the city), Teamsters founder Cornelius Shea and "Frenchy" Mader, president of the Chicago Building and Construction Trades Council.[33]
The United States annexed the Kingman Reef, an uninhabited island that is part of the Line Islands in the South Pacific Ocean, as U.S. territory. Although the reef itself has an area of 6.9 square miles (18 km2), more than 98% of the reef's surface, nearly all of it except for 0.12 square miles (0.31 km2) or 7.41 acres (3.00 ha) is submerged at high tide. After arriving on the motor ship PalmyraLorrin A. Thurston, an agent of the Palmyra Copra Company, raised the American flag and read a proclamation that declared that he was taking formal possession "on behalf of the United States of America" and claiming exclusive rights for the company for its use, acting under the authority of the Guano Islands Act of 1856.
Former U.S. Secretary of State Elihu Root and U.S. Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover addressed a meeting of prominent citizens at the invitation of the Russell Sage Foundation to urge support for the Foundation's project of planning for the managed growth of New York City over the next 100 years, as Root outlined his vision for the metropolis in the year 2022.[34]
Born:Nancy Walker, American TV actress and comedian; as Anna Myrtle Swoyer, in Philadelphia (d. 1992)
Problems continued in the attempt to make the first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic, as Portuguese aviators Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral attempted to resume their Portugal to Brazil crossing by flying back to the point where their original Fairey III seaplane, Lusitania had been wrecked on April 17. Departing in a replacement Fairey III (the Patria) from the island of Fernando de Noronha toward the "St. Paul Rocks", an island in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, the aviators ran into trouble again and ditched in the ocean, then drifted until they were rescued by a British steamship, the Paris City.[38] Ultimately, the Portuguese duo would complete the journey that began on March 30 and arrive in Rio in a third airplane on June 17.[39]
In London, Georges Carpentier knocked out Ted "Kid" Lewis in the first round to retain the World Light Heavyweight Title of boxing. The bout, which 16,000 people had paid to see and The New York Times said "people might miscall boxing", lasted only 2 minutes and 15 seconds when Lewis sat up in the ring after a sharp right hook, "with his eyes wide open but ominously glazed and looking as if he would get to his feet before the referee counted ten" but sat until he was counted out.[40][41]
Hawaii's first radio station, KGU, went on the air in Honolulu. It beat competitor KDYX by fifteen minutes.[42]
Ellis S. Joseph and Henry Burrell, Australian naturalists and entrepreneurs who made a career of capturing live animals and selling them to zoos in other nations, set out to bring the first platypus to the United States, departing on the steamer USS West Henshaw from Sydney en route to San Francisco with five platypuses. Four of the five animals died during the voyage, but Joseph and Burrell arrived in San Francisco on June 30 and delivered the surviving platypus to the New York Zoo on July 14, 1922. The platypus survived only 49 days.[43]
The Council of the League of Nations voted to approve the jurisdiction of the Court of International Justice to additional nations, including Russia and Germany, as well as Turkey, Hungary and Mexico, to seek neutral resolution of international disputes as an alternative to war. "Today's decision by the council", The New York Times wrote, "gives the court truly world jurisdiction of the first time."[44]
The government of Sweden announced that it would hold a referendum on August 27 on whether to prohibit the sale of alcohol, which was already under control of the government.[45]
Austria passed a law forbidding the sale of alcohol to minors.[46]
The resort town of Highland Beach, Maryland was incorporated as the first African-American municipality in that state. One of the businessmen incorporating the town, Haley Douglass (grandson of Frederick Douglass, became the first Highland Beach mayor and would serve for more than 30 years before his death on January 20, 1954.[47]
Born:
Murray Gershenz, American record store owner who became a TV actor at age 69; in New York City (d. 2013)
Eugenia Wheeler Goff, 78, American cartographer, historian and co-founder of the National Historical Publishing Company
May 13, 1922 (Saturday)
The Council of the League of Nations voted to assume a protectorate over Albania after the government of the Balkan nation requested the League to take responsibility for its international affairs.[48]
The Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes, now both events in the Triple Crown of thoroughbred horse racing in the United States, were run on the same day for the second (the other one was in 1917), and last time.[49]Morvich won the Derby[50] and Pillory won the Preakness.
Romantic film leading man Rudolph Valentino and Winifred Hudnut, the art director in his film Camille, were married in Mexico in Mexicali. Although Valentino had gotten a divorce from his first wife, Jean Acker, Valentino was arrested for bigamy because California law at the time required parties to wait one year after a divorce decree before getting remarried.[51]
Gladys Heldman, American tennis player and publisher who founded World Tennis magazine and campaigned for the promotion and advancement of women's professional tennis; as Gladys Medalie in New York City (d. 2003)
May 14, 1922 (Sunday)
Italian Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini fought a sword duel with a rival newspaper editor over differences arising in their respective newspapers. Mussolini was declared the victor.[52]
Tusko, billed by the Al G. Barnes Circus as "the largest elephant ever in captivity" as well as "The Meanest Elephant", escaped from the circus an hour before its show was to begin in the town of Sedro-Woolley, Washington, and went on a rampage, knocking down telephone poles, wrecking automobiles, uprooting trees and knocking down fences.[53] Damages were estimated at the time as $20,000 (equivalent to about $325,000 in 2021).[54]
In the only season that Italy's soccer football system was split between two rival leagues, both the Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (FIGC) and the rival Confederazione Calcistica Italiana (CCI) played championship games the same day. Pro Vercelli and Genoa C.F.C., who had played to a 0–0 draw in the first leg of the two-game aggregate score series, met for the second game and Pro Vercelli won the CCI title, 2 to 1. On the same day, U.S.D. Novese and Sampierdarenese, who had played a 0–0 draw on the first leg of their series, played another 0–0 draw. In the tiebreaker on May 21, Novese beat Sampdoria to win the CIGC title, 2 to 1.
Died: Eugenie Blair, 50, American stage actress, died moments after completing her performance of the role of "Marthy Owen, the water woman" in the play Anna Christie, at the Cort Theatre in Chicago. Blair appeared despite feeling unwell, and delivered her lines at the beginning of the play. She complained of a terrible headache, and the star, Pauline Lord, offered to call a doctor and send an understudy to substitute for Blair, who said that she would "stick it out" and make the second appearance in the play. "Gamely she went back before the footlights, and though her face twitched with pain, went through the lines", The New York Times wrote. After she came off stage, she sat down in a chair and died.[55]
The U.S. Supreme Court decided two cases that voided reform legislation as unconstitutional. In Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., the Court voided the Child Labor Tax Law of 1919 that had imposed a 10 percent tax on the profits of any company that employed children, commenting that the tax was actually a penalty intended to deter child employment.[57] In Hill v. Wallace, the Court struck down the Future Trading Act of 1921, a tax on contracts for future delivery of grain.
Died:Leslie Ward, 70, English portrait artist and caricaturist who used the pseudonym "Spy" in his popular illustrations for Britain's Vanity Fair magazine
May 16, 1922 (Tuesday)
RMS Majestic
The world's largest ship, the White Star liner RMS Majestic completed its maiden voyage, reaching New York Harbor from Southampton in 5 days 14 hours 45 minutes.[58] The Majestic was actually launched in Germany as the Hamburg America liner SS Bismarck in 1914, but was left incomplete for years due to the outbreak of the war and then sold to White Star.[59][60]
A bridge collapse killed 19 people in Texas when the structure over the Brazos River, between the towns of Marlin and Belton gave way. About 30 had gathered on the bridge to watch raging floodwaters when the west end of the bridge separated from its moorings and threw them into the river.[61]
Nikolaos Stratos formed a new government as Prime Minister of Greece[62] but he and the ministers resigned after only 48 hours when the National Assembly voted no confidence in his cabinet.[63]
Australian operatic soprano Florence Austral made her debut in the United Kingdom, appearing at Covent Garden as Brünnhilde in the production of Wagner's opera Die Walküre. Austral, born Florence Mary Wilson, adopted her stage name "Austral" in honor of her native land of Australia
The British Army formally handed over possession of its Portobello Barracks, in the Dublin suburb of Rathmines, to the Irish Free State Army in a ceremony at 3:00 in the afternoon, bringing a formal end to Britain's military presence in southern Ireland.[64] On behalf of the British, Major Clarke of the Worcestershire Regiment handed the document of transfer to Commandant-General Tom Ennis and said "This is your show now."[65] The barracks now houses the Irish Military Archives for Ireland's Department of Defence.
The British city of Manchester was introduced to radio as the Metropolitan-Vickers Company began broadcasting from station 2ZY. It would begin regular broadcasting on November 15, 1922, and is now BBC Radio Manchester.[66]
Dorothy Levitt, 40, British race car driver and aviator who became known as "The Fastest Girl on Earth" for the fastest speed driven by a woman in 1906 in reaching 86 miles per hour (138 km/h). Levitt was found dead at her home from what was deemed an accidental overdose ("death by misadventure") of morphine.[69]
Manuel Granero, 20, Spanish bullfighter already famous in Spain for his success, was killed by the bull "Pocapena" in Madrid.[70] According to witnesses, Granero was thrown against the wall of the bullring, then gored three times by the bull's horns, with the third goring tearing through his right eye into his skull. Ernest Hemingway would make reference to the incident in his 1932 book Death in the Afternoon,[71] and Georges Bataille would make it a feature in his novel Story of the Eye.[72]
In a dinner reception at the White House, 50 steel executives agreed to President Harding's request to reduce the 12-hour workday on humanitarian grounds.[74]
A fire in the nearly 12-century-old Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia complex in Rome killed 20 patients, most of them chronically ill persons confined to their beds.[75]
Charles Atkins, a 15-year-old African-American boy suspected of killing a white woman, was tortured and then burned to death by a lynch mob in Davisboro, Georgia.[76]
Representatives of nations at the Genoa Conference
The Genoa Conference of 34 nations to discuss economic and political issues ended after six weeks, with a general agreement to resume tying currencies to the gold standard.[79][80]
The Committee on Privileges of Britain's House of Lords voted, 20 to 4, to reject the proposal to allow women to sit in the House, a decision that affected 20 women holding Peerages (hereditary titles), and was prompted after the committee had earlier ruled that Lady Rhondda could become a member of the Lords.[81][82]
A group of Young Pioneers in 1983
The "Young Pioneers" (Юных пионеров or Yunykh pionerov) scouting organization, initially called "Spartak", was launched by Soviet Russia's Communist Party to consolidate youth groups that had been formed to compete with the Russian Boy Scouts (Русский Скаут or Russkiy Skaut) organization that had been organized on April 30, 1909. Renamed the "Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization" in 1924 after Lenin's death, the Young Pioneers became the only legal scouting organization upon its founding, and the Soviets banned the Russian Scouts and other organizations that had declined to follow the Communist ideology.
The WGN media company of Chicago began broadcasting, initially as the AM radio station WDAP, for the corporation Mid West Radio Central, Inc.; in 1924, it would be purchased by the Chicago Tribune and adopt new call letters to reflect the Tribune slogan ("World's Greatest Newspaper"). After starting a companion FM radio station in 1941 (WGNB) and in 1948 an independent television station, WGN-TV. In 1978, WGN-TV would become a nationwide channel for cable and satellite TV subscribers and in 2020 re-brand as NewsNation.
Born:
Joe Gilmore, Northern Ireland bartender for celebrities and heads of state, inventor of numerous cocktails; in Belfast (d. 2015)
Lilian Edirisinghe, Sri Lankan stage, film and TV actress; in Imbulgoda, Western Province, British Ceylon (d. 1993)
Air Marshal Nikolai Skomorokhov, Soviet Air Forces flying ace with 40 shootdowns in World War II; in Lapot village near Saratov, Russian SFSR (d. 1994)
Died:Son Byong-hi, 60, Korean nationalist and independence activist
May 20, 1922 (Saturday)
The sinking of the ocean liner SS Egypt killed 86 members of the crew and 16 passengers.[83][84] The P & O (Peninsular and Oriental Line) ship went down only 20 minutes after its hull was pierced in a collision with the French steamship Seine 32 miles (51 km) west of the coast of France. Another 267 survivors were able to evacuate in lifeboats and were rescued.[85][86] The accident happened at about 7:30 in the evening when many of the passengers were eating dinner.[83] SS Egypt had been carrying a cargo of over one million pounds sterling (equivalent to £58 million or $80 million in 2021)[87] and salvage attempts would begin immediately after the sunken vessel's rediscovery in 1930.
Joe Winters, a 19-year-old African-American man accused of assaulting a white girl, was burned in the courthouse square by a lynch mob in Conroe, Texas.[90][91]
Rudolph Valentino was arrested on a felony charge of bigamy after his return to the U.S. from his May 13 wedding to Winifred Hudnut. Although Valentino's first wife, Jean Acker, had gotten a judgment of divorce, California law required a one-year wait before either party could remarry.[51][92] Appearing with his lawyer, Valentino surrendered to the District Attorney's office in Los Angeles, entered a not guilty plea and was released after posting a bond of $10,000 for bail.[93]
Baseball stars Babe Ruth and Bob Meusel were reinstated after having been suspended for the first six weeks of the season for barnstorming in violation of organized baseball's regulations.[94] Ruth, playing his first game in the 1922 season after missing 33 games, failed to hit beyond the infield in four at bats in an 8 to 2 loss by the New York Yankees to the St. Louis Browns.[95]
James Nightall, railroad fireman and posthumous recipient of the George Crossfor his heroism in 1944 of towing away the lead car in an ammunition train before its explosion could set off a chain reaction of blasts in the other cars (killed 1944)
May 21, 1922 (Sunday)
The route of Mallory, Norton and Somervell upper left side[96]
Three English mountaineers on the British expedition to Mount Everest came within 2,239 feet (682 m) of the summit of the 29,032.7 feet (8,849.2 m) high mountain, the tallest on Earth, after leaving a base camp established at 25,000 feet (7,600 m) the day before. George Mallory and Major Edward F. Norton, accompanied by the expedition's physician, Dr. Howard Somervell climbed to an altitude of 26,800 feet (8,200 m), the highest reached by a climber up to that time before beginning their descent downward. The new altitude surpassed the mark set by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi of 24,533 feet (7,478 m) on K2 in 1909.[97]
The historical film Nero premiered at the Lyric Theatre in New York City.[100]
Born:James Lopez Watson, African-American federal judge who was the first to be assigned (starting in 1966) to the Deep South, including Georgia, Texas, and Florida; in Harlem, New York City (d. 2001)
Died:Michael Mayr, 58, Chancellor of Austria from 1920 to 1921
May 22, 1922 (Monday)
William J. Twaddell, a member of parliament for Northern Ireland, was shot and killed by the Irish Republican Army while walking to work. Three men followed the M.P. as he walked along Garfield Street in Belfast toward his drapery business on North Street and, "When he was within fifty yards of his premises", the three assailants fired at him with their revolvers, then fled while firing at any pursuers.[101] His death resulted in the arrest of 350 known IRA members during the investigation, but the only person put on trial would be acquitted of all charges.
London recorded its hottest May temperature in 50 years with a mark of 32.8 degrees Celsius (91 degrees Fahrenheit).[3][102]
An attempt by rebels to overthrow the government of Nicaragua failed after an intervention by U.S. Marines occupying the Central American nation. The rebels, led by General Arcenio Cruz, seized La Loma, a fortress overlooking the capital of Managua but the commander of a detachment of Marines encamped at Campo de Marte approached Cruz and warned him that "the marine force would not hesitate to use its artillery for the protection of American interests, the American Legation and the city"[103] Within eight hours, the rebels surrendered after the American Minister to Nicaragua worked out an agreement with the government to pardon any civilians who had participated in the rebellion and to limit punishment of members of the military to no more than 30 days imprisonment.
Looksmart Ngudle, black South African civil rights activist who was the first political prisoner to die while incarcerated for anti-apartheid protests; in KwaZali village, near Alice, Eastern Cape province (d. 1963)
Lorraine Fox, American book and magazine illustrator; in Brooklyn, New York City (d. 1976)
Died: Ada Jones, 48, English-born American singer and (starting in 1893) one of the first recording artists in the world, died of kidney failure.[104]
May 23, 1922 (Tuesday)
Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Soviet Union's Communist Party and premier of the USSR, suffered the first of three strokes, and was rendered paralyzed on his left side and unable to speak. A confirmation was made by the Soviet government on June 3, with a statement from Lenin's physicians that Lenin's illness was a minor disorder of the blood circulation which, however, within the next few days, began to improve."Lenin suffered a second stroke on June 1, prompting officials to return from a conference in Berlin to Moscow.[105][106] He would remain inactive until October.[3]
On the day after the assassination of Northern Ireland M.P. William Twaddell, the government of Northern Ireland, led by Sir James Craig, issued a declaration outlawing the Irish Republican Army, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Irish Volunteers and the women's and youth's society Cumann na mBan and warned that persons joining any of the four organizations advocating independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland would be liable to be arrested and prosecuted. At the same time, Sinn Féin was outlawed in the six Irish counties that constituted Northern Ireland[3] and the Ulster government began a roundup of Sinn Féin members, serving arrest warrants on 300 people between midnight and dawn and imprisoning them.[107]
Harry Greb won the American light heavyweight boxing championship from the previously undefeated Gene Tunney in what was literally one of the bloodiest bouts in boxing history. Despite bleeding profusely from a gash over his left eye, and having his nose broken, Tunney continued to fight for the full 15 rounds, and refused to quit. Referee Kid McPartland refused to stop the fight without Tunney's approval and the ring at Madison Square Garden was spattered as Tunney lost an estimated two quarts of blood.[109]
George Finch and Geoffrey Bruce, the lead mountaineers on the 1922 British Mount Everest expedition, became the first persons to climb to an altitude of more than 27,000 feet and more than 8,000 meters, reaching 27,300 feet (8,300 m) on the north ridge of Mount Everest, and coming within less than 2,000 feet or 550 meters of the summit of the world's tallest (29,031.7 feet (8,848.9 m)) mountain.[110]
Died: Leona Dare (stage name for Leona Adelaire Stewart), 67, American trapeze artist and acrobat who was popular worldwide in the 19th century during the 1870s and 1880s for her daring feats, including performing on a trapeze while at high altitude after ascending by balloon.[111]
May 24, 1922 (Wednesday)
The first use of binding arbitration in the United States, as a substitute for a civil trial in court, took place at a conference room of the New York City Lawyers' Club at 115 Broadway as the state of New York's Arbitration Act went into effect. The very first case was a dispute between business partners Benjamin H. Lee and Jesse M. Barrymore over the amount of $130, which The New York Times described as "so small that it would be eaten up in court costs and lawyers' fees no matter how quickly it was decided." The first arbitrator, agreed upon by the parties, was a private attorney, Alexander Rose, and was notable for requiring no lawyers to represent the parties and costing only $10 for a 75-minute hearing.[112]
Italy and Soviet Russia signed a two-year commercial treaty in Rome. Russia later refused to ratify it.[113][114][115]
Ten German Navy sailors aboard the torpedo boatT-18 were killed when the boat collided with the battleship Hannover.[117]
The unlucky Green Star Steamship freighter SS Eurana arrived back in New York after departing in September 1920 to Baltimore and then toward Singapore, stopping for major problems with turbines and boilers at Honolulu for three months, then Singapore, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Indonesia and Sri Lanka (where feed pumps and condenser tubes slowed the ship) then to Aden for more repairs before going through the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean and finally to the Atlantic and a return to New York.[citation needed]
A general strike was called in Rome in protest against the disorders in San Lorenzo. Thousands of pilgrims attending the Eucharistic Congress had to walk to St. Peter's Basilica to hear the Mass because all public transportation was shut down.[118]
Babe Ruth was ejected for the first time from a baseball game as a member of the New York Yankees. Only six days after returning from a five-week suspension, Ruth was playing against the Washington Senators (which the Yankees won, 6 to 4) at the Polo Grounds. He had thrown dirt in the face of umpire George Hildebrand after being called out at second base while trying to stretch a single into a double. Ejected from the game, Ruth was heckled by a fan the way to the dugout, and "in a flash he vaulted to the roof of the dugout, clambered through a box filled with people and started up the aisle in the direction of his tormentor" who "put several rows between him and the Babe and from this point of safety listened to a series of scathing remarks from the irate player." After Ruth left, the Pullman conductor who shouted the remarks and refused to give his name, left the park after being asked by the Yankees' management to go.[119] Ruth was fined $200 and suspended for one game.[120]
Born:Enrico Berlinguer, Italian Communist Party leader from 1972 until his death; in Sassari (d. 1984)
Troy Smith, American businessman who founded the Sonic Drive-In restaurant chain, originally as "Top Hat Drive-In" before changing the name to Sonic in 1959, then oversaw the nationwide of the business; in Oilton, Oklahoma (d. 2009)
Died:Ernest Solvay, 84, Belgian chemist and inventor who developed the ammonia-soda process for the manufacture of sodium carbonate.[122]
May 27, 1922 (Saturday)
A civil war broke out in Paraguay after President Eusebio Ayala canceled plans for a presidential election. Eduardo Schaerer, a candidate for president against Manuel Gondra, approved an attack by Adolfo Chirife and announced his intentions from the town of Paraguari with 1,700 troops to take control of the capital at Asunción. The war would continue for almost 14 months, ending after Chirife died of pneumonia. Although Chirife's successor Pedro Mendoza and his remaining forces reached the capital on July 9 without resistance, forces loyal to Gondra counter-attacked the next day and Schaerer's supporters surrendered.[123]
A parade of 25,000 Ukrainian Americans took place in New York City to protest the Polish military occupation of East Galicia The group then held a mass meeting in Madison Square Garden.[124] Although Poland claimed Galicia in the Peace of Riga, not all Ukrainians accepted the occupation as legitimate.[125]
Elections began in Hungary for 140 of the 244 seats in the new National Assembly. The other 104 districts held voting on June 1.[129]
Born:
Lou Duva, boxing trainer and manager of 19 different world champions, including Evander Holyfield, Lennox Lewis, and Héctor Camacho; in New York City (d. 2017)
John Munro Longyear, 72, American mining and timber company owner who developed coalfields in the Arctic Circle; the company town of Longyearbyen in Norway is named for him
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that American antitrust laws did not apply to Major League Baseball, the designation for the National League and the American League that had agreed not compete to against each other for players, and effectively had a monopoly on organized baseball at the major league and minor league level.[130] The decision in Federal Baseball Club v. National League, written by Oliver Wendell Holmes, determined that the travel of teams from one state to another to play baseball was not interstate commerce that could be regulated by the national government under the U.S. Constitution's Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8) applying to "Commerce... among the several States" and that "exhibitions of baseball, which are purely state affairs."[131]
American Christian evangelist and faith healer Aimee Semple McPherson surprised a crowd at a revival in Wichita, Kansas by seeming to make the rain stop falling, interrupting a speaker and then praying for the rain to wait until "after the message has been delivered to these hungry souls." The Wichita Eagle reported the event the next day with the headline "Evangelist's Prayers Hold Big Rain Back".[132]
British Liberal MP Horatio Bottomley was sentenced to seven years in prison for fraud by pocketing the money paid to his "Victory Bond" fund during the Great War. Bottomley had promoted the bonds in his capacity as editor of the magazine John Bull.[133]
The objection by Pope Pius XI to the proposed British Mandate over Palestine was received by the League of Nations. The objection was made on religious grounds, based on the Roman Catholic Church's position that creation of a Jewish homeland in the Holy Land in Palestine gave unequal privileges to Zionists.[134]
Died: Yevgeny Vakhtangov, 39, Russian-Armenian theater director and actor, from cancer
May 30, 1922 (Tuesday)
President Harding addressing the crowd
The Lincoln Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., on Memorial Day, with U.S. President Warren G. Harding praising President Abraham Lincoln. Construction of the building, designed by architect Henry Bacon, had started in 1912 and then was halted by World War I before resuming. "For ten years this white marble shrine with its massive Doric columns", The New York Times noted, "has been slowly rising on the banks of the Potomac at the western end of the Mall, where once there was a dismal, marshy waste."[135][136]Robert Todd Lincoln, the late President's 78-year-old son and only surviving descendant, appeared as a special guest at the dedication.[137] As part of the ceremony, the Memorial's centerpiece, sculptor Daniel Chester French's large marble statue of President Lincoln was unveiled to the public. Carved by the Piccirilli Brothers per French's design, the statue of Lincoln in an armchair is 19 feet (5.8 m) in height and sits on an 11 feet (3.4 m) high pedestal for a total height of 30 feet (9.1 m).
Germany mourned the loss of its territory in Upper Silesia by lowering flags outside the Reichstag Building to half mast, and most of the members of parliament wore black as they met to vote in favor of ratifying the German treaty with Poland. "It was the blackest day in the Reichstag's history today", Cyril Brown wrote in The New York Times, adding "This is a historic day, for Germany's eastward revanche dream dates from it officially."[138]
The Latvian government and the Vatican signed a concordat in which the Latvian government agreed to allow freedom for the Roman Catholic Church in Latvia, in return for instructions from the Vatican to all Catholic bishops. The treaty was signed in Rome by Latvian Foreign Minister Zigfrids A. Meierovics and the Vatican's treasurer, Cardinal Pietro Gasparri.[139]
Jimmy Murphy won the Indianapolis 500. Murphy set a new record for the race, averaging 94.484 miles per hour (152.057 km/h) in driving 500 miles in 5 hours, 17 minutes and 30.79 seconds and breaking the 1915 record set by Ralph DePalma by more than 16 minutes.[140]
Rose Evansky, German-born British hairdresser who introduced the "blow dry" look to women's styling in 1962, with the use of a hand-held hair dryer and hairbrush; as Rose Lerner in Worms (d. 2016)
May 31, 1922 (Wednesday)
Skywriting, the use of an airplane and visible exhaust to fly in order to "write" words and individual letters, was first used in advertising. Flying above Epsom Downs Racecourse in England, RAF Captain Cyril Turner wrote "Daily Mail" to promote the popular London newspaper in advance of the running of the Epsom Derby.[141]
In an address before the Greek National Assembly, Foreign Minister Georgios Baltatzis said that more than 300,000 civilians had been massacred by the Turks in the districts of Amasia (Amasya), Neo-Caesaria (Niksar or Tokat), Trebizond (Trabzon), Chaldia, Rodopolis (now Vartsikhe in Georgia and Kolenia, and gave the count as 303,238 people in the parts of Turkey that he was aware of.[142]
All of the works of French author Anatole France were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Vatican's list of prohibited books. They would remain there until the abolition of the index in 1966.[146]
The Swedish Riksdag voted 105 to 94 against the ratification of the March 1 trade agreement with Russia.[147][115][148]
Herbert Rowse Armstrong, 53, English lawyer and convicted murderer, was hanged at Gloucester Prison after being convicted of the murder of his wife. To date, he is the only British solicitor to have received the death penalty.[150]
^"Gen. Juan Gomez Elected President of Venezuela". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 4, 1922. p. 3.
^O'Connor, Barbara (2001). Barefoot Dancer: The Story of Isadora Duncan. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Lerner Publishing Group. p. 79. ISBN978-0-87614-807-5.
^Dailey, Charles (May 4, 1922). "Gen. Wi Killed by Cannon Fire, Chang Reports". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 7.
^"Gen. Wu's Army Circles Peking; Chang in Flight". Chicago Daily Tribune: 7. May 5, 1922.
^Tufty, Barbara (3 August 2012). 1001 Questions Answered About: Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Other Natural Air Disasters. Dover Publications. p. 81. ISBN978-0-486-14443-6.
^"Tornado Causes Death and Destruction As It Sweeps Over Austin, Tex., Suburbs", The New York Times, May 5, 1922, p. 1
^"England's First Woman Barrister. Miss Ivy Williams "Called", The Times (London), May 11, 1922, p. 7
^"9 Million Marks are Levied on Germany for Destroying Zeppelins". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 10, 1922. p. 1.
^"200 Labor Chiefs Arrested in Chicago After Two Policemen Are Shot Dead and Industrial Plants Are Bombed— Raids Follow Terrorism", The New York Times, May 11, 1922, p. 1
^"New York in 2022 Foretold by Root", The New York Times, May 11, 1922, p. 1
^ ab"Gounaris Cabinet Out; Greek Premier Resigns After Vote of Confidence by Majority of One", The New York Times, May 13, 1922, p. 12
^"Bethlehem Steel to Buy Lackawanna, in $60,000,000 Deal", The New York Times, May 12, 1922
^"Steel Merger Put Into Legal Effect", The New York Times, October 11, 1922
^"Portuguese Aviators Saved From the Sea", The New York Times, May 13, 1922, p. 9
^"Child Labor Law Declared Invalid; Supreme Court Holds 1919 Act Unconstitutional in That It Usurps State Function", The New York Times, May 16, 1922, p. 1
^"Biggest Liner Here With World Record", The New York Times, May 17, 1922, p. 3
^"Giant of Seas, Majestic, Ends Maiden Voyage". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 17, 1922. p. 3.
^"RMS Majestic (2nd)". Titanic and Other White Star Line Ships. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
^"4 Drowned, 15 Missing in Bridge Collapse", The New York Times, May 17, 1922, p. 3
^"New Cabinet Formed by Stratos", Los Angeles Evening Express, May 16, 1922, p. 21
^"Greek Cabinet Crisis— New Premier Resigns", Daily Telegraph (London), May 19, 1922, p. 11
^Paul McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels: British Intelligence and Ireland, 1916–1945 (Boydell & Brewer, 2008) p. 67
^Sean Boyne, Emmet Dalton: Somme Soldier, Irish General, Film Pioneer (Merrion Press, 2014)
^Michael Nevell, Manchester at Work: People and Industries Through the Years (Amberley Publishing, 2018)
^"Grigg–Skjellerup (comet)", in Concise Dictionary of Science (V & S Publishers, 2013) p. 134
^Tremayne, David (2005). Donald Campbell: The Man Behind The Mask. Bantam Press. p. 49. ISBN978-1-4464-3849-7.
^Jean Williams, A Contemporary History of Women's Sport, Part One: Sporting Women, 1850–1960 (Taylor & Francis, 2014) p. 105
^"Matador Granero Is Killed By a Bull in Madrid Ring", May 8, 1922, p. 1
^Miriam E. Mandel, A Companion to Hemingway's Death in the Afternoon (Camden House, 2009) pp. 172-173
^Stuart Kendall, Critical Lives: Georges Bataille (Reaktion Books, 2007)
^"Radio Broadcasts President Harding's Speech Praising Merchant Marine", Richmond (IN) Palladium, May 23, 1922, page 1
^Henning, Arthur Sears (May 19, 1922). "Harding Wins Shorter Day". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"20 Die in Ruins of Rome Hospital— Historic Santo Spirito Burns, Burying Patients Under Its Heavy Walls". The New York Times. May 19, 1922. p. 3.
^"Negro Boy Tortured and Burned at Stake In Georgia After Killing White Woman". The New York Times. May 19, 1922. p. 1.
^Jackson, Kevin (2012). Constellation of Genius – 1922: Modernism Year One. London: Hutchinson. ISBN978-0-091-93097-4.
^"British Premier Counsels Russia to Admit Debts". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 19, 1922. p. 1.
^"Allies Hopeful as Genoa parley Ends", The New York Times, May 20, 1922, p.1
^"Votes to Exclude Woman From Lords— Committee of the British Upper House Decides Against Lady Rhondda, 20 to 4; Reverses Former Decision, The New York Times, May 20, 1922, p.2
^"May 1922". Dublin City University. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
^"Protopapadakis Forms New Cabinet in Greece", Chicago Tribune, May 21, 1922, p. 1-3
^"Two Negroes Lynched for Attacks on Girls; One Is Burned in Texas and the Other Hanged in Ohio— Eight in Month of May", The New York Times, May 21, 1922, p. 18
^Holston, Kim R. (2013). Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 27. ISBN978-0-7864-6062-5.
^"Ulster M.P. Slain in Belfast Street; Terror Grips City— W.J. Twaddell, a Prominent Orangeman, Is Shot by Assassins on Way to Business; Craig Summons Cabinet", The New York Times, May 23, 1922, p.1
^"Lenin Suffers Stroke; Soviet Leaders Hurry Home", The New York Times, June 4, 1922, p. 1
^"Admit that Lenin Suffered a Stroke— But His Physicians Say He Is 'on the Road to Full Recovery.'", The New York Times, June 5, 1922, p. 2
^"Ulster Rounds up Sinn Fein Leaders; Outlaws Societies— 300 Republican Army Men and Organization Officials Seized in Night Raids", The New York Times, May 24, 1922, p. 1
^"Leona Dare, Acrobat, Dead; Noted for Daring Exploits on Trapeze Hanging From Balloon", The New York Times, May 25, 1922, p. 15
^"Swift Justice Dealt by New Tribunal; First Case Heard by Arbitration Society in 75 Minutes at Cost of $10— No Lawyers and No Oath", The New York Times, May 25, 1922, p. 11
^"Treaty with Italy Signed by Russians", The New York Times, May 25, 1922, p. 2
^ abSlusser, Robert M.; Triska, Jan F. (1959). A Calendar of Soviet Treaties, 1917–1957. Stanford University Press. pp. 399–400.
^"Pope Says World Still Awaits Peace", The New York Times, May 25, 1922, p. 4
^"Ten Sailors Perish as German Battleship And Torpedo Boat Hit in Manoeuvres", The New York Times, May 25, 1922, p. 1
^"Strike in Rome Forces Pilgrim Throngs to Hike". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 26, 1922. p. 2.
^"Ruth in Row with Umpire and Fan at Polo Grounds", The New York Times, May 26, 1922, p. 1
^"Ruth Fined $200; Loses Captaincy", The New York Times, May 27, 1922, p. 1
^"Narcotic Bill Signed", Brooklyn Times Union, May 26, 1922, p. 1
^"Ernest Solvay, Rich Inventor, Dies at 84—Belgian, Originator of Soda Process, Was Imprisoned by Germany During War"", The New York Times, May 27, 1922, p. 10
^"Civil War of 1922-23", in Historical Dictionary of Paraguay, ed. by R. Andrew Nickson (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) p. 143
^Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1244 ISBN978-3-8329-5609-7
^"Hungarian Elections Begin", The New York Times, May 29, 1922, p. 3
^"Baseball Is Victor in Trust Law Fight— Supreme Court Decision Denies That Operation of Leagues Is Interstate Commerce", The New York Times, May 30, 1922, p. 15
^Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Aimee Semple McPherson: Everybody's Sister (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, Inc., 1993), p. 184
^"Bottomley Guilty of 150,000 Fraud; Gets 7-Year Term", The New York Times, May 30, 1922, p. 1
^"Gets the Pope's Protest; League Secretariat Has Text of Objections to the Palestine Mandate", The New York Times, May 30, 1922, p. 10
^"Harding Dedicates Lincoln Memorial; Blue and Gray Join— President Moved by Presence of Veterans of Both Armies to Emphasize Unity", The New York Times, May 31, 1922, p. 1
^"Huge Memorial To Be Dedicated To 'Abe' Lincoln; Harding Will Accept Marble Structure For Nation Today— Son of Rail-Splitter to Attend Ceremony", The Evening News (Baltimore), May 30, 1922, p. 1
^"Reichstag Mourns Giving Up Silesia— Flags at Half-Mast, Ministers in Black, as Geneva Agreement Is Formally Ratified", The New York Times, May 31, 1922, p. 9
^"Concordat Between the Holy See and the Latvian Government, Signed at the Vatican May 30, 1922", League of Nations — Treaty Series (League of Nations, 1923) pp. 367–372
^"Murphy Wins Great Auto Race Classic", The New York Times, May 31, 1922, p. 21
^The Guinness Book of Records 1976, ed. by Norris McWhirter and Alan McWhirter (Guinness World Records Limited, 1975) p. 89
^"303,238 Massacred, Greek Minister Says", The New York Times, June 2, 1922, p. 3
^"Germany Agrees to Allies Demands", The New York Times, May 30, 1922, p. 3
^"Allies Approve German Answer; Grant Moratorium", The New York Times, June 1, 1922, p. 1
^"1922". Music And History. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
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