For the similarly named historical Oregon architect (d. 1975), see Francis Marion Stokes. For the similarly named Austrian painter (d. 1927), see Marianne Stokes.
Marion Marguerite Stokes (néeButler; November 25, 1929 – December 14, 2012) was an American access television producer, businesswoman, investor, civil rights demonstrator, activist, librarian, and archivist, especially known for hoarding[1][2] and archiving hundreds of thousands of hours of television news footage spanning 35 years, from 1977 until her death in 2012,[2][3] at which time she had been operating nine properties and three storage units.[1] According to The Los Angeles Review of Books review of the 2019 documentary film Recorder, Stokes's massive project of recording the 24-hour news cycle "makes a compelling case for the significance of guerrilla archiving."[2]
Stokes worked as a librarian for the Free Library of Philadelphia for almost 20 years. In the early 1960s she was fired, likely due to her political activities.[7]
In 1960, she married teacher Melvin Metelits, also a member of the Communist Party, and had a son with him.[5] Stokes was spied on by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and she and her husband and son attempted to flee the United States and defect to Cuba.[6] They spent time in Mexico waiting for a Cuban visa, but were unable to obtain one.[8] Metelits and Stokes separated in the mid-1960s when their son was four.[6]
From 1967 to 1969, Stokes co-produced a Sunday morning television show in Philadelphia, Input, with her husband John.[4] Its focus was on social justice.[9]
Family outings with her husband and children were planned around the length of a VHS tape. Every six hours, when the tapes ran out, Stokes and her husband switched them out. Later in life, when she was less agile, Stokes trained a helper to do the task for her.[15] The archives grew to about 71,000 (originally erroneously reported as 140,000 in the media)[16][15]VHS and Betamax tapes (up to eight hours each) stacked in her home and apartments she rented just to store them.[3]
Stokes started the taping project because she became convinced there was a lot of detail in the news at risk of disappearing forever. Her son, Michael Metelits, told WNYC that Stokes "channeled her natural hoarding tendencies to [the] task [of creating an archive]."[1] She began non-stop recording of the news in 1979 during the Iranian Hostage Crisis.[17] Some of Stokes's tape collection consisted of 24/7 coverage of Fox, MSNBC, CNN, C-SPAN, CNBC, and other networks—recorded on up to eight separate VCRs in her house. Also included are a 1984 JVC VHS deck set recording regular programs from Boston in a six-hour Extended Play format.[18] Stokes's final recording took place on December 14, 2012, as she was dying; it captured coverage of the Sandy Hook massacre.[4][8]
Stokes's collection is not the only instance of massive television footage taping, but her care in preserving the collection is unusual. Known collections of similar scale have not been as well-maintained and lack the timely and local focus.[19]
Macintosh computers
Stokes bought many Macintosh computers.[15] Until the time of her death, 192 of the computers remained in her possession. Stokes kept the unopened items in a climate-controlled storage garage for posterity. The collection, speculated to be one of the last of its nature remaining, sold on eBay to an anonymous buyer.[20] Stokes invested in Apple stock with capital from her in-laws while the company was still fledgling. Later, she encouraged her already rich in-laws to invest in Apple, advice they took and profited from. Stokes then allocated part of her profits to her recording project.[10]
Others
Stokes received half a dozen daily newspapers and 100–150 monthly periodicals,[1] collected for half a century.[15] She also accumulated 30,000–40,000 books. Metelits told WNYC that in the mid-1970s the family frequented bookstores to purchase $800 worth of new books.[1] She also collected toys and dollhouses.[21]
Legacy
Stokes bequeathed the entire tape collection to her son Michael Metelits, with no instructions other than to donate it to a charity of his choice. After considering potential recipients, Metelits gave the collection to the Internet Archive one year after Stokes's death. Four shipping containers were required to move the collection to Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco,[3] a move that cost her estate $16,000.[21] It was the largest collection the Internet Archive had ever received.[22] The organization agreed to digitize the volumes, a process expected to run fully on round-the-clock volunteers, costing $2 million and taking 20 digitizing machines several years to complete. As of April 2022, the project is still incomplete, partially due to lack of funding.[23][24][3]
^ abcdeVogt, PJ; Goldman, Alex (December 12, 2013). "#9 – The Second Life of Marion Stokes". On the Media (Podcast). WNYC. Retrieved August 22, 2014. Marion Stokes was a hoarder. When she died last year, her family had to figure out what to do with 9 separate residences and 3 storage locations full of stuff – everything from tens of thousands of books to decades-old Apple computers. This is the story of how they found a home for the strangest artifact in her collection — 140,000 videocassettes filled with 35 years of round-the-clock cable TV news.
^ abcHadland, Grace (April 23, 2020). "Marion Stokes and the Power of Guerrilla Archiving". Los Angeles Review of Books. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022. Some might characterize Stokes's activities as hoarding, a compulsive act performed by eccentrics and neurotics unable to let go of things. But others might consider her practice one of radical historiography, Stokes's fundamental project being one of liberation: of truth, of knowledge, and, ultimately, of people.
^ abcdWinsor, Morgan (December 9, 2013). "TV producer's collection of 840,000 hours of news tapes finds a home". CNN. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014. Marion Stokes, a child of the Great Depression, spent her life saving everything – literally. The Philadelphia resident kept everything from newspapers and electronics to empty cigarette packets and sticky-notes. Among the cardboard boxes and magazine stacks in her home were 140,000 cassette tapes containing recordings of all local and national TV news programs from every channel.
^ abcClark, Vernon (December 21, 2012). "Obituaries: Marion Stokes, coproducer of TV show". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Marion Marguerite Stokes, 83, a librarian and social justice advocate who was a coproducer of a 1960s Sunday morning TV talk show entitled Input, died of lung disease Friday, Dec. 14, at her home in Rittenhouse Square.
^Hoffman, Jordan (April 30, 2019). "One woman's quest to record everything on TV led to her ruin". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Fueling the obsession was a kind of altruism. No one else was collecting the footage — certainly not anyone that can be trusted. Someone had to do something. Marion took on the task for the betterment of society.
^Smith, Imogen Sara (November 26, 2019). "Recorder: The Marion Stokes Project, Shooting the Mafia, and The Irishman". Film Comment. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020. Recorder: The Marion Stokes Project (2019) [is a] portrait of a woman who between 1979 and her death in 2012 obsessively taped TV news twenty-four hours a day, amassing a "secret archive" of 70,000 tapes.
^"Input Book". Matt Wolf. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
"Input"(1968–71) – one of the first television programs Stokes was involved in, producing at then-CBS affiliate WCAU-TV10; features political discussion and debate among people of varying socioeconomic statuses. She made sure the original Ampex one-inch tape broadcast reels were preserved and then copied them to Betamax L-500 tapes when the format was launched in the late 1970s.
TLDR podcast episode on the legacy of Marion Stokes; features an interview with her son, as well as Roger Macdonald, the director of the Internet Archive's television archive.
