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MPEG-2

MPEG-2 is used in Digital Video Broadcast and DVDs. The MPEG transport stream, TS, and MPEG program stream, PS, are container formats.

MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as was defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information".[1] It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data compression methods, which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. While MPEG-2 is not as efficient as newer standards such as H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC, backwards compatibility with existing hardware and software means it is still widely used, for example in over-the-air digital television broadcasting and in the DVD-Video standard.

Main characteristics

MPEG-2 is widely used as the format of digital television signals that are broadcast by terrestrial (over-the-air), cable, and direct broadcast satellite TV systems. It also specifies the format of movies and other programs that are distributed on DVD and similar discs. TV stations, TV receivers, DVD players, and other equipment are often designed to this standard. MPEG-2 was the second of several standards developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) and is an international standard (ISO/IEC 13818, titled Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information). Parts 1 and 2 of MPEG-2 were developed in a collaboration with ITU-T, and they have a respective catalog number in the ITU-T Recommendation Series.

While MPEG-2 is the core of most digital television and DVD formats, it does not completely specify them. Regional institutions can adapt it to their needs by restricting and augmenting aspects of the standard. See Video profiles and levels.

Systems

MPEG-2 Part 1 (ISO/IEC 13818-1 and ITU-T Rec. H.222.0[2][3]), titled Systems, defines two distinct, but related, container formats. One is the transport stream, a data packet format designed to transmit one data packet in four ATM data packets for streaming digital video and audio over fixed or mobile transmission mediums, where the beginning and the end of the stream may not be identified, such as radio frequency, cable and linear recording mediums, examples of which include ATSC/DVB/ISDB/SBTVD broadcasting, and HDV recording on tape. The other is the program stream, an extended version of the MPEG-1 container format with less overhead than transport stream. Program stream is designed for random access storage mediums such as hard disk drives, optical discs and flash memory.

Transport stream file formats include M2TS, which is used on Blu-ray discs, AVCHD on re-writable DVDs and HDV on compact flash cards. Program stream files include VOB on DVDs and Enhanced VOB on the short lived HD DVD. The standard MPEG-2 transport stream contains packets of 188 bytes. M2TS prepends each packet with 4 bytes containing a 2-bit copy permission indicator and 30-bit timestamp.

ISO authorized the "SMPTE Registration Authority, LLC" as the registration authority for MPEG-2 format identifiers. The registration descriptor of MPEG-2 transport is provided by ISO/IEC 13818-1 in order to enable users of the standard to unambiguously carry data when its format is not necessarily a recognized international standard. This provision will permit the MPEG-2 transport standard to carry all types of data while providing for a method of unambiguous identification of the characteristics of the underlying private data.[4]

Video

MPEG-2 Part 2 (ISO/IEC 13818-2 and ITU-T Rec. H.262), titled Video, is similar to the previous MPEG-1 Part 2 standard, but adds support for interlaced video, the format used by analog broadcast TV systems. MPEG-2 video is not optimized for low bit rates, especially less than 1 Mbit/s at standard-definition resolutions. All standards-compliant MPEG-2 Video decoders are fully capable of playing back MPEG-1 Video streams conforming to the constrained parameters bitstream (CPB) limits.

With some enhancements, MPEG-2 Video and Systems are also used in some HDTV transmission systems, and is the standard format for over-the-air ATSC digital television.[citation needed]

Audio

MPEG-2 introduces new audio encoding methods compared to MPEG-1:[5]

MPEG-2 Part 3

MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3), titled Audio, enhances MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel. This method is backwards-compatible with MPEG-1, allowing MPEG-1 audio decoders to decode the two main stereo components of the presentation.[6] This extension is called MPEG Multichannel or MPEG-2 BC (backwards-compatible).[7][8][9][10]

MPEG-2 Part 3 also defines additional bit rates and sampling rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layers I, II, and III.[11] This extension is known as MPEG-2 LSF (low sampling frequencies), since the new sampling rates are one-half multiples (16, 22.05 and 24 kHz) of the sampling rates defined in MPEG-1 (32, 44.1 and 48 kHz).

MPEG-2 Part 7

MPEG-2 Part 7 (ISO/IEC 13818-7), titled Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) specifies a rather different, non-backwards-compatible audio format.[9] This format is most commonly called Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), but was originally called MPEG-2 NBC (non-backwards-compatible).[7][8][12]

AAC is more efficient than the previous MPEG audio standards, and is in some ways less complicated than its predecessor, MPEG-1 Part 3 Audio Layer 3, in that it does not have the hybrid filter bank. It supports from 1 to 48 channels at sampling rates of 8 to 96 kHz, with multichannel, multilingual, and multiprogram capabilities.[5]

AAC is also defined in MPEG-4 Part 3.[citation needed]

MPEG-2 Parts

MPEG-2 standards are published as "Parts". Each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification.

MPEG-2 Parts[13][14]
Part Number First public release date (first edition) Latest public release date (last edition) Latest amendment Identical ITU-T Rec. Title Description
Part 1 ISO/IEC 13818-1 1996 2015 2016[15] H.222.0 Systems Synchronization and multiplexing of video and audio. See MPEG transport stream and MPEG program stream.
Part 2 ISO/IEC 13818-2 1996 2013 H.262 Video Video coding format for interlaced and non-interlaced video signals
Part 3 ISO/IEC 13818-3 1995 1998 Audio Audio coding format for perceptual coding of audio signals. A multichannel-enabled extension and extension of bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. Backwards-compatible (BC) audio (backwards-compatible with MPEG-1).
Part 4 ISO/IEC 13818-4 1998 2004 2009[16] Conformance testing
Part 5 ISO/IEC TR 13818-5 1997 2005 Software simulation
Part 6 ISO/IEC 13818-6 1998 1998 2001[17] Extensions for DSM-CC DSM-CC (digital storage media command and control)[18][19]
Part 7 ISO/IEC 13818-7 1997 2006 2007[20] Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) Advanced Audio Coding (AAC). Non-backwards-compatible (NBC) audio (not backwards-compatible with MPEG-1).
Part 8 Withdrawn 10-bit video extension. Primary application was studio video, allowing artifact-free processing without giving up compression. Work began in 1995, but was terminated in 2007 because of insufficient industry interest.[21][22]
Part 9 ISO/IEC 13818-9 1996 1996 Extension for real time interface for systems decoders
Part 10 ISO/IEC 13818-10 1999 1999 Conformance extensions for Digital Storage Media Command and Control (DSM-CC)
Part 11 ISO/IEC 13818-11 2004 2004 IPMP on MPEG-2 systems Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP).[23][24] XML IPMP messages are also defined in ISO/IEC 23001-3.[25]

History

MPEG-2 evolved out of the shortcomings of MPEG-1.

MPEG-1's known weaknesses:

  • An audio compression system limited to two channels (stereo)
  • No standardized support for interlaced video with poor compression when used for interlaced video
  • Only one standardized "profile", constrained parameters bitstream (CBP), which was unsuited for higher resolution video. MPEG-1 could support 4K video but there was no easy way to encode video for higher resolutions, and identify hardware capable of supporting it, as the limitations of such hardware were not defined.
  • Support for only one chroma subsampling, 4:2:0

Sakae Okubo of NTT was the ITU-T coordinator for developing the H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video coding standard and the requirements chairman in MPEG for the MPEG-2 set of standards.[26] The majority of patents underlying MPEG-2 technology are owned by three companies: Sony (311 patents), Thomson (198 patents) and Mitsubishi Electric (119 patents).[27] Hyundai Electronics (now SK Hynix) developed the first MPEG-2 SAVI (System/Audio/Video) decoder in 1995.[28]

Filename extensions

.mpg, .mpeg, .m2v, .mp2, .mp3 are some of a number of filename extensions used for MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 audio and video file formats.

File extension MP3 (formally MPEG-1 Audio Layer III or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III) is a coding format for digital audio developed largely by the Fraunhofer Society in Germany, with support from other digital scientists in the United States and elsewhere.

Applications

DVD-Video

The DVD-Video standard uses MPEG-2 video, but imposes some restrictions:

  1. ^ 1.85:1 and 2.35:1, among others, are often listed as valid DVD aspect ratios, but are wider film aspects with letterbox style padding to create a 16:9 image
  • Allowed frame rates
    • 29.97 interlaced frame/s (NTSC)
    • 23.976 progressive frame/s (for NTSC 2:3 pull-down to 29.97[dvdrates 1])
    • 25 interlaced frame/s (PAL)
  1. ^ By using a pattern of REPEAT_FIRST_FIELD flags on the headers of encoded pictures, pictures can be displayed for either two or three fields and almost any picture display rate (minimum ⅔ of the frame rate) can be achieved. This is most often used to display 23.976 (approximately film rate) video on NTSC. See telecine for more information on how this works.
  • Audio + video bitrate
    • Video peak 9.8 Mbit/s
    • Total peak 10.08 Mbit/s
    • Minimum 300 kbit/s
  • YUV 4:2:0
  • Additional subtitles possible
  • Closed captioning (NTSC only)
  • Audio
    • Linear Pulse Code Modulation (LPCM): 48 kHz or 96 kHz; 16- or 24-bit; up to six channels (not all combinations possible due to bitrate constraints)
    • MPEG Layer 2 (MP2): 48 kHz, up to 5.1 channels (required in PAL players only)
    • Dolby Digital (DD, also known as AC-3): 48 kHz, 32–448 kbit/s, up to 5.1 channels
    • Digital Theater Systems (DTS): 754 kbit/s or 1510 kbit/s (not required for DVD player compliance)
    • NTSC DVDs must contain at least one LPCM or Dolby Digital audio track.
    • PAL DVDs must contain at least one MPEG Layer 2, LPCM, or Dolby Digital audio track.
    • Players are not required to play back audio with more than two channels, but must be able to downmix multichannel audio to two channels.
  • GOP structure (Group Of Pictures)
    • Sequence header must be present at the beginning of every GOP
    • Maximum frames per GOP: 18 (NTSC) / 15 (PAL), i.e. 0.6 seconds both
    • Closed GOP required for multi-angle DVDs

HDV

HDV is a format for recording and playback of high-definition MPEG-2 video on a DV cassette tape.

MOD and TOD

MOD and TOD are recording formats for use in consumer digital file-based camcorders.

XDCAM

XDCAM is a professional file-based video recording format.

DVB

Application-specific restrictions on MPEG-2 video in the DVB standard:

Allowed resolutions for SDTV:

  • 720, 704, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 480 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s
  • 352 × 240 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s
  • 720, 702, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 576 pixel, 25 frame/s
  • 352 × 288 pixel, 25 frame/s

For HDTV:

  • 720 x 576 x 50 frame/s progressive (576p50)
  • 1280 x 720 x 25 or 50 frame/s progressive (720p50/720p50)
  • 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s progressive (1080p25 = film mode)
  • 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s interlace (1080i50)

ATSC

The ATSC A/53 standard used in the United States, uses MPEG-2 video at the Main Profile @ High Level (MP@HL), with additional restrictions such as the maximum bitrate of 19.39 Mbit/s for broadcast television and 38.8 Mbit/s for cable television, 4:2:0 chroma subsampling format, and mandatory colorimetry information.

ATSC allows the following video resolutions, aspect ratios, and frame/field rates:

  • 1920 × 1080 pixel (16:9, square pixels), at 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, 59.94i.
  • 1280 × 720 pixel (16:9, square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, or 23.976p
  • 704 × 480 pixel (4:3 or 16:9, non-square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, or 59.94i
  • 640 × 480 pixel (4:3, square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, or 59.94i

ATSC standard A/63 defines additional resolutions and aspect rates for 50 Hz (PAL) signal.

The ATSC specification and MPEG-2 allow the use of progressive frames, even within an interlaced video sequence. For example, a station that transmits 1080i60 video sequence can use a coding method where those 60 fields are coded with 24 progressive frames and metadata instructs the decoder to interlace them and perform 3:2 pulldown before display. This allows broadcasters to switch between 60 Hz interlaced (news, soap operas) and 24 Hz progressive (prime-time) content without ending the MPEG-2 sequence and introducing several seconds of delay as the TV switches formats. This is the reason why 1080p30 and 1080p24 sequences allowed by the ATSC specification are not used in practice.

The 1080-line formats are encoded with 1920 × 1088 pixel luma matrices and 960 × 540 chroma matrices, but the last 8 lines are discarded by the MPEG-2 decoding and display process.

ATSC A/72 is the newest revision of ATSC standards for digital television, which allows the use of H.264/AVC video coding format and 1080p60 signal.

MPEG-2 audio was a contender for the ATSC standard during the DTV "Grand Alliance" shootout, but lost out to Dolby AC-3.

ISDB-T

Technical features of MPEG-2 in ATSC are also valid for ISDB-T, except that in the main TS has aggregated a second program for mobile devices compressed in MPEG-4 H.264 AVC for video and AAC-LC for audio, mainly known as 1seg.

Blu-ray

MPEG-2 is one of the three supported video coding formats supported by Blu-ray Disc. Early Blu-ray releases typically used MPEG-2 video, but recent releases are almost always in H.264 or occasionally VC-1. Only MPEG-2 video (MPEG-2 part 2) is supported, Blu-ray does not support MPEG-2 audio (parts 3 and 7). Additionally, the container format used on Blu-ray discs is an MPEG-2 transport stream, regardless of which audio and video codecs are used.

Patent pool

As of January 3, 2024, MPEG-2 Patents have expired worldwide, with the exception of only Malaysia, where the last patent is expected to expire in 2035.[29] The last US patent expired on February 23, 2018.[30][31]

MPEG LA, a private patent licensing organization, had acquired rights from over 20 corporations and one university to license a patent pool of approximately 640 worldwide patents, which it claimed were "essential" to use of MPEG-2 technology. The patent holders included Sony, Mitsubishi Electric, Fujitsu, Panasonic, Scientific Atlanta, Columbia University, Philips, General Instrument, Canon, Hitachi, JVC Kenwood, LG Electronics, NTT, Samsung, Sanyo, Sharp and Toshiba.[32][33] Where Software patentability is upheld and patents have not expired (only Malaysia), the use of MPEG-2 requires the payment of licensing fees to the patent holders. Other patents were licensed by Audio MPEG, Inc.[34] The development of the standard itself took less time than the patent negotiations.[35] Patent pooling between essential and peripheral patent holders in the MPEG-2 pool was the subject of a study by the University of Wisconsin.[36]

According to the MPEG-2 licensing agreement any use of MPEG-2 technology in countries with active patents (Malaysia) is subject to royalties.[37] MPEG-2 encoders and decoders are subject to $0.35 per unit.[37] Also, any packaged medium (DVDs/Data Streams) is subject to licence fees according to length of recording/broadcast. The royalties were previously priced higher but were lowered at several points, most recently on January 1, 2018.[37] An earlier criticism of the MPEG-2 patent pool was that even though the number of patents had decreased from 1,048 to 416 by June 2013 the license fee had not decreased with the expiration rate of MPEG-2 patents.[38][39][40]

Patent holders

The following organizations have held patents for MPEG-2, as listed at MPEG LA. See also List of United States MPEG-2 patents.

Organization Patents[27]
Sony Corporation 311
Thomson Licensing 198
Mitsubishi Electric 119
Philips 99
GE Technology Development, Inc. 75
Panasonic Corporation 55
CIF Licensing, LLC 44
JVC Kenwood 39
Samsung Electronics 38
Alcatel Lucent (including Multimedia Patent Trust) 33
Cisco Technology, Inc. 13
Toshiba Corporation 9
Columbia University 9
LG Electronics 8
Hitachi 7
Orange S.A. 7
Fujitsu 6
Robert Bosch GmbH 5
General Instrument 4
British Telecommunications 3
Canon Inc. 2
KDDI Corporation 2
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) 2
ARRIS Technology, Inc. 2
Sanyo Electric 1
Sharp Corporation 1
Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Company 1

See also

References

  1. ^ "ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000 - Information technology -- Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems". www.iso.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  2. ^ ITU-T. "H.222.0 : Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems". Archived from the original on 2012-09-03. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
  3. ^ ITU-T (May 2006). "H.222.0 Summary". Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
  4. ^ SMPTE Registration Authority, LLC - registration authority for MPEG-2 format identifiers Archived 2010-01-28 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2009-07-06
  5. ^ a b D. Thom, H. Purnhagen, and the MPEG Audio Subgroup (October 1998). "MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG Audio". Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2009-10-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Werner Oomen; Leon van de Kerkhof. "MPEG-2 Audio Layer I/II". chiariglione.org. Archived from the original on 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
  7. ^ a b ISO (October 1998). "MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC". ISO. Archived from the original on 2010-02-18. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  8. ^ a b MPEG.ORG. "AAC". Archived from the original on 2007-08-31. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  9. ^ a b ISO (2006-01-15), ISO/IEC 13818-7, Fourth edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-06, retrieved 2009-10-28
  10. ^ ISO (2004-10-15), ISO/IEC 13818-7, Third edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-13, retrieved 2009-10-19
  11. ^ Predrag Supurovic, MPEG Audio Frame Header, Retrieved on 2009-07-11
  12. ^ ISO (March 1996). "Florence Press Release". ISO. Archived from the original on 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  13. ^ MPEG. "MPEG standards". chiariglione.org. Archived from the original on 2014-07-21. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
  14. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information". Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  15. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-1:2015/Amd 6:2016, Carriage of Quality Metadata in MPEG-2 Systems". Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  16. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-4:2004/Amd 3:2009, Level for 1080@50p/60p conformance testing". Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  17. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-6:1998/Amd 3:2001, Transport buffer model in support of synchronized user-to-network download protocol". Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  18. ^ MPEG (1997-02-21). "DSM-CC FAQ Version 1.0". MPEG. Archived from the original on 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  19. ^ IEEE (1996). "An Introduction to Digital Storage Media - Command and Control (DSM-CC)". MPEG. Archived from the original on 2010-05-20. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  20. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-7:2006/Amd 1:2007, Transport of MPEG Surround in AAC". Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  21. ^ chiariglione.org (2010-02-04). "Riding the Media Bits, The development of MPEG-2 - Part A". Archived from the original on 2011-11-01. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  22. ^ Van der Meer, Jan (2014). Fundamentals and Evolution of MPEG-2 Systems: Paving the MPEG Road. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118875940.
  23. ^ "MPEG Intellectual Property Management and Protection". MPEG. April 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  24. ^ IPMP in MPEG – W3C DRM workshop 22/23 January 2001 (PPT), archived from the original on 16 July 2012, retrieved 2010-08-01
  25. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 23001-3:2008, Information technology -- MPEG systems technologies -- Part 3: XML IPMP messages". Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  26. ^ "Sakae Okubo". ITU. Archived from the original on 2005-03-02. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
  27. ^ a b "MPEG-2 Patent List" (PDF). MPEG LA. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  28. ^ "History: 1990s". SK Hynix. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  29. ^ "3 Malaysia MPEG-2 Patents left". Bryan Quigley. 2024-01-03.
  30. ^ "MPEG-2 Attachment 1" (PDF). MPEG LA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  31. ^ Richard Chirgwin (15 February 2018). "Waddawewant? Free video codecs! When dowe .. oh, look, the last MPEG-2 patent expired!". The Register. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018.
  32. ^ "MPEG-2 Patent Portfolio License Program". MPEG LA. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  33. ^ "audioMPEG.com - - - US Patents". 18 March 2004. Archived from the original on 18 March 2004. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  34. ^ "Sisvel - We protect ideas - Home". Archived from the original on 2013-01-02.
  35. ^ "Audio/Video - GNU Project - Free-Software Foundation". Archived from the original on 2012-12-24.
  36. ^ Quint, Dan; Amit Gandhi. "Economics of Patent Pools When Some (but not all) Patents are Essential". Working Paper. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
  37. ^ a b c "MPEG-2 License Agreement". MPEG LA. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  38. ^ "Patent Pools May Create Anticompetitive Effects, New Report Finds". Business Wire. 2013-05-09. Archived from the original on 2014-08-20. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  39. ^ Bret Swanson (2013-04-30). "MPEG-LA Shows Need to Rebuild IP Foundations". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2013-04-30. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
  40. ^ Steve Forbes (2013-03-18). "America's patent system is all wrong for today's high-tech world". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-06-05.

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「衛生管理者」、「船舶に乗り組む衛生管理者」、「安全衛生推進者」、あるいは「安全衛生責任者」とは異なります。 店社安全衛生管理者(てんしゃあんぜんえいせいかんりしゃ)は日本の建設業の現場のうち、特定の工種において小規模な現場の安全衛生管理を店社より指導支援する者である。 労働安全衛生法について、以下では条数のみ記す。 概要 建設業[1]…

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Gabriele Reuter pada tahun 1907 Gabriele Reuter (8 Februari 1859 – 16 Januari 1941) adalah seorang penulis Jerman. Gabriele Reuter, yang banyak dibaca di masa hidupnya meskipun sekarang hampir terlupakan, dikenal dengan novelnya From a Go…

Kolak, kudapan umum yang sering dijadikan takjil Takjil adalah istilah umum untuk kudapan yang dimakan sesaat setelah berbuka puasa, biasanya berupa makanan manis seperti kolak pisang, sup buah, es campur, dan lain sebagainya. Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), kata takjil memiliki arti mempercepat dalam berbuka puasa.[1] Kata tersebut berakar dari kata 'ajila dalam bahasa Arab yang memiliki arti menyegerakan, sehingga takjil bermakna perintah untuk menyegerakan untuk berbuka pua…

Lis NilheimLahirKaren Lis Nilheim5 Juni 1944 (umur 79)Stockholm, SwediaKebangsaanSwediaPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1964-kiniPasanganLars Göran Carlson (1966-)[1] Karen Lis Nilheim (lahir 5 Juni 1944) adalah seorang pemeran asal Swedia.[2] Ia memenangkan penghargaan untuk Aktris Terbaik di Penghargaan Guldbagge ke-11 untuk perannya dalam Maria.[3] Ia tampil dalam lebih dari 45 film dan acara televisi sejak 1964. Filmografi pilihan Äktenskapsbrottaren (1964) Mari…

American brand of footwear This article is about the brand of footwear. For other uses, see Hush puppies. Hush PuppiesProduct typeFootwearOwnerWolverine World WideCountryUnited StatesIntroduced1958; 65 years ago (1958)Markets120 countriesWebsitewww.hushpuppies.com Hush Puppies is an American brand of casual footwear. A division of Wolverine World Wide, Hush Puppies is headquartered in Rockford, Michigan. Wolverine also licenses the Hush Puppies name for apparel, toys and access…

For the public housing complex, see Kelly Village (Houston). Village in Tunapuna–Piarco, Trinidad and TobagoKelly VillageVillageKelly VillageKelly Village (Trinidad and Tobago)Coordinates: 10°35′N 61°22′W / 10.583°N 61.367°W / 10.583; -61.367Country Trinidad and TobagoRegionTunapuna–PiarcoHistoric CountyCaroniGovernment • Governing BodyVillage Council[1] • Member of ParliamentRishad Seecheran (Caroni East)[2]Populat…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Wheeler High School Georgia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Public high school in Marietta, GA, United StatesJoseph Wheeler High SchoolAddress375 Holt Rd.Marietta, GA 30068Unite…

Worldview centred on or biased towards Chinese civilisation This article is about the diplomatic system and state ideology. For ethnocentric attitudes among ethnic Han within China, see Han chauvinism. For Han ethnic-related nationalism, see Han nationalism. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (May 2022) SinocentrismTraditional Chines…

Вигна угловатая Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:РастенияКлада:Цветковые растенияКлада:ЭвдикотыКлада:СуперрозидыКлада:РозидыКлада:ФабидыПорядок:БобовоцветныеСемейство:БобовыеПодсемейство:МотыльковыеТриба:ФасолевыеПодтриба:ФасолевыеРод:ВигнаВид:Виг…

 Główny artykuł: Mistrzostwa Europy w Lekkoatletyce 1958. Mistrzostwa Europy w Lekkoatletyce 1958Bieg na 100 metrów kobiet Heather Young Wira Krepkina Christa Stubnick Wira Krepkina Christa Stubnick Bieg na dystansie 100 metrów kobiet był jedną z konkurencji rozgrywanych podczas VI Mistrzostw Europy w Sztokholmie. Biegi eliminacyjne zostały rozegrane 20 sierpnia, a półfinałowe oraz bieg finałowy 21 sierpnia 1958 roku. Zwyciężczynią tej konkurencji została reprezentantka Wiel…

Frozen confection inside plastic casing This article is about frozen confection inside plastic casing. For frozen confection on a stick, see Ice pop. Freeze pop redirects here. For the band, see Freezepop. FreezieTop: A blue raspberry flavored freezie from the United StatesBottom: Home-made pineapple and chocolate-flavored ice candy from the PhilippinesAlternative namesFreeze pop, freezer pop, ice pole, icy pole, sip up, ice candy, cool popTypeFrozen dessertPlace of originUnited StatesMain ingre…

Santo Simon dialihkan ke sini. Lihat pula Saint-Simon. Santo Simon orang ZelotIkon Santo SimonRasul dan MartirLahirAbad pertama SM atau MKana atau KanaanMeninggal~107[1]kemungkinan Pella, Armenia atau Suanir, Persia atau EdessaDihormati diGereja Katolik Roma, Gereja Ortodoks, Gereja Ortodoks Oriental, Gereja Koptik, Gereja Katolik Ritus Timur, Gereja Anglikan, Gereja Lutheran.Tempat ziarahrelik berada di banyak tempat, termasuk Toulouse dan Basilika Santo Petrus[2]Pesta28 Oktober…

Skeppsbron Skeppsbron (Swedish: The Ship's Bridge) is both a street and a quay in Gamla stan, the old town of Stockholm, capital of Sweden, stretching from the bridge Strömbron in front of the Royal Palace southward to Slussen. The quay Skeppsbrokajen runs along the street. Several alleys connects Skeppsbron to the thoroughfare Österlånggatan: Slottskajen, Lejonbacken, Slottsbacken, Telegrafgränd, Skeppar Karls Gränd, Bredgränd, Kråkgränd, Nygränd, Brunnsgränd, Skottgränd, Stora Hopar…

Recurring sporting event For the professional wrestler, see Jerry Stubbs. Mr. OlympiaThe Mr. Olympia stage in 2008LocationUnited States← 2023 Mr. Olympia2024 Mr. Olympia → Mr. Olympia is the title awarded to the winner of the professional men's bodybuilding contest in the open division at Olympia Fitness & Performance Weekend—an international bodybuilding competition that is held annually and is sanctioned by the IFBB Professional League.[1] Joe Weider created…

Sanjak of RhodesOttoman Turkish: Liva-i RodosSanjak of the Ottoman Empire1522–1912 FlagCapitalRhodesHistoryHistory • Ottoman conquest of Rhodes 1522• Italian capture 1912 Preceded by Succeeded by Hospitaller Rhodes Italian Dodecanese Today part ofGreece The Sanjak of Rodos or Rhodes (Ottoman Turkish: Sancak-i/Liva-i Rodos; Greek: λιβάς/σαντζάκι Ρόδου) was a second-level Ottoman province (sanjak or liva) encompassing the Dodecanese or Southern Sporades islan…

Sporting event delegationBurundi at theOlympicsIOC codeBDINOCComité National Olympique du BurundiMedals Gold 1 Silver 1 Bronze 0 Total 2 Summer appearances19962000200420082012201620202024 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Burundi at the Olympics.[1] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. # Event year Season Flag bearer Sport 7 2020 Summer Belly-Cresus Ganira Swimming [2] Ornella Havyarimana Boxing 6 2…

F.H. Fentener van Vlissingen Frederik Hendrik, or Frits Fentener van Vlissingen (Amsterdam, 20 July 1882 – Vught, 30 July 1962) was a Dutch businessman and entrepreneur credited with growing SHV into the first Dutch multinational corporation. He is the grandfather of Frits Fentener van Vlissingen, John Fentener van Vlissingen and Paul Fentener van Vlissingen.[1] Biography One of a series of old Lloyd's registers from former N.V. Vereenigde Steenkolenhandel offices in IJmuiden. Curr…

Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Artikel ini ditulis atau diterjemahkan secara buruk dari Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Jika halaman ini ditujukan untuk komunitas bahasa Inggris, halaman itu harus dikontribusikan ke Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Lihat daftar bahasa Wikipedia. Artikel yang tidak diterjemahkan dapat dihapus secara cepat sesuai kriteria A2. Jika Anda ingin memeriksa artikel ini, Anda boleh menggunakan mesin penerjemah. Namun ingat, mohon tidak menyal…

Municipality in Zealand, DenmarkSlagelse Municipality Slagelse Kommune (Danish)MunicipalityStreet in Slagelse Coat of armsCountryDenmarkRegionZealandEstablishedJanuary 1, 2007SeatSlagelseGovernment • MayorKnud Vincents (V)Area • Total567.34 km2 (219.05 sq mi)Population (1. January 2023)[1] • Total79,728 • Density140/km2 (360/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Municipal code330Websi…

متلازمة الكروموسوم إكس الهش Fragile X syndrome Boy with fragile X syndromeBoy with fragile X syndrome تسميات أخرى Martin-Bell syndrome,[1]Escalante syndrome معلومات عامة الاختصاص علم الوراثة الطبية، طب الأطفال، طب نفسي من أنواع متلازمة،  ومرض  الأسباب الأسباب اضطراب جيني (X-linked dominant)[1] المظهر السريري البداية الم…

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